Rozemarijn Veenstra, C. Noteboom, F. Oikonomopoulou, M. Overend
This research revolves around the design, fabrication and testing of tubular glass columns, with particular focus on their redundancy and fire-safety mechanisms; moreover, addressing aspects such as: the column shape; cleaning and maintenance; end connections; geometric tolerances in the glass and demountability. Two alternative circular hollow (tube) column designs are initially developed and engineered to address these aspects, namely: the MLA (Multi Layered with Air) and the SLW (Single Layered with water). In both concepts the main load-bearing structure consists of two concentric laminated glass tubes. Thus, in order to explore the manufacturing challenges and structural potential of these concepts, the prototyping and experimental work focuses on six 300 mm long samples with 115 mm outer diameter that are laminated and fitted into customized, engineered steel end-connections. Particular attention in terms of manufacturing is paid to the lamination process and associated bubble formation, the possible fracture of the glass by internal resin-curing stresses and the interface between the glass tube and the steel end-connections. All samples are laminated with Ködistruct LG 2-PU component. Three samples are assembled using DURAN® (annealed) glass and the other three are using DURATAN® (heat-strengthened) glass. Subsequently, the six samples are tested in compression until failure to investigate the behaviour of the interlayer material, the post-fracture behaviour of the designs, the differences between annealed and heat-strengthened samples, the capacity of the glass tubes and the performance of the end connections. Initial cracks appeared between 95-160 kN (compression strength of 30-50 MPa) in the DURAN® samples and between 120-160 kN (compression strength of 37-50 MPa) in the DURATAN® samples. These loads are lower than the ones estimated by calculations; in specific, the first cracks occurred at 34-64% of the calculated load. Nevertheless, the samples are found to be robust, with a considerable load-bearing capacity beyond the first cracks, leading to a maximum nominal compression strength capacity of up to 152 MPa for the DURATAN® samples and up to 233 MPa for the DURAN® samples.
{"title":"Design, Engineering and Experimental Testing of Tubular Glass Columns","authors":"Rozemarijn Veenstra, C. Noteboom, F. Oikonomopoulou, M. Overend","doi":"10.47982/cgc.8.410","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47982/cgc.8.410","url":null,"abstract":"This research revolves around the design, fabrication and testing of tubular glass columns, with particular focus on their redundancy and fire-safety mechanisms; moreover, addressing aspects such as: the column shape; cleaning and maintenance; end connections; geometric tolerances in the glass and demountability. Two alternative circular hollow (tube) column designs are initially developed and engineered to address these aspects, namely: the MLA (Multi Layered with Air) and the SLW (Single Layered with water). In both concepts the main load-bearing structure consists of two concentric laminated glass tubes. Thus, in order to explore the manufacturing challenges and structural potential of these concepts, the prototyping and experimental work focuses on six 300 mm long samples with 115 mm outer diameter that are laminated and fitted into customized, engineered steel end-connections. Particular attention in terms of manufacturing is paid to the lamination process and associated bubble formation, the possible fracture of the glass by internal resin-curing stresses and the interface between the glass tube and the steel end-connections. All samples are laminated with Ködistruct LG 2-PU component. Three samples are assembled using DURAN® (annealed) glass and the other three are using DURATAN® (heat-strengthened) glass. Subsequently, the six samples are tested in compression until failure to investigate the behaviour of the interlayer material, the post-fracture behaviour of the designs, the differences between annealed and heat-strengthened samples, the capacity of the glass tubes and the performance of the end connections. Initial cracks appeared between 95-160 kN (compression strength of 30-50 MPa) in the DURAN® samples and between 120-160 kN (compression strength of 37-50 MPa) in the DURATAN® samples. These loads are lower than the ones estimated by calculations; in specific, the first cracks occurred at 34-64% of the calculated load. Nevertheless, the samples are found to be robust, with a considerable load-bearing capacity beyond the first cracks, leading to a maximum nominal compression strength capacity of up to 152 MPa for the DURATAN® samples and up to 233 MPa for the DURAN® samples.","PeriodicalId":332145,"journal":{"name":"Challenging Glass Conference Proceedings","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128355772","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Since the early 2000s, an increasing number of globally reported fires in tall buildings, which have spread quickly, have been attributed to the façade. These dramatic events have raised concerns regarding the fire risk posed by materials used in façades and inside the building. Improved performance in both reaction to fire and fire resistance is a necessary requirement for construction materials. Silicone is used in many locations of the façade and buildings, such as sealing of linear joints or firestopping of penetrants in fire-rated walls and floors. Standardized testing enables the evaluation of the fire resistance of such linear and penetration seals in terms of integrity (avoiding the passage of hot smoke and flames) and insulation (limiting the rise of temperature on the non-exposed side). Silicone can also be used to assemble glass-to-metal frames in bonding applications such as smoke barriers. In these applications, retention of bonding and the mechanical properties of the silicone are a cause for concern when exposed to smoke and high temperature. This paper reviews the high-temperature behavior of a selected range of silicones used for sealing and bonding in construction.
{"title":"High-Temperature Behavior of Silicone Sealants","authors":"V. Hayez, G. Scheutz","doi":"10.47982/cgc.8.441","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47982/cgc.8.441","url":null,"abstract":"Since the early 2000s, an increasing number of globally reported fires in tall buildings, which have spread quickly, have been attributed to the façade. These dramatic events have raised concerns regarding the fire risk posed by materials used in façades and inside the building. Improved performance in both reaction to fire and fire resistance is a necessary requirement for construction materials. Silicone is used in many locations of the façade and buildings, such as sealing of linear joints or firestopping of penetrants in fire-rated walls and floors. Standardized testing enables the evaluation of the fire resistance of such linear and penetration seals in terms of integrity (avoiding the passage of hot smoke and flames) and insulation (limiting the rise of temperature on the non-exposed side). Silicone can also be used to assemble glass-to-metal frames in bonding applications such as smoke barriers. In these applications, retention of bonding and the mechanical properties of the silicone are a cause for concern when exposed to smoke and high temperature. This paper reviews the high-temperature behavior of a selected range of silicones used for sealing and bonding in construction.","PeriodicalId":332145,"journal":{"name":"Challenging Glass Conference Proceedings","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123376684","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The inspection of glass edges is gaining in importance in research, as the strength of a glass edge has been found to be highly dependent on its processing. Glass edges are produced by cutting. Depending on their type, they may be additionally seamed, ground or polished in the grinding process. Cutting and grinding processes create mechanical interference in the brittle material, leaving flaws and cracks in the edge surfaces. The current state of the art presents cutting process parameters which correlate with minor flaws and a high glass edge strength. Research at the Technische Universität Dresden aims to understand the impact of grinding processes and to develop parameters for processing glass edges with a defined and reproducible optical and mechanical quality. To isolate observations of the grinding process from the cutting process, this paper examines the impact of cutting process parameters on further processed glass edges. Several different cutting parameter-sets formed the basis of various test series that were performed on specimens whose glass edges were processed by the same manufacturer. This paper presents an optical and mechanical examination of the specimens. The results show that higher optical and mechanical qualities of the cut edge and arrised edge can be obtained by adjusting the cutting process parameters. It had no major impacts on smooth ground and polished edges.
玻璃边缘的检查在研究中越来越重要，因为玻璃边缘的强度已经被发现高度依赖于它的加工。玻璃的边缘是通过切割产生的。根据它们的类型，它们可以在研磨过程中进行额外的缝合、研磨或抛光。切割和研磨过程在脆性材料中产生机械干扰，在边缘表面留下缺陷和裂纹。目前的技术状态提出了切割工艺参数，这些参数与小缺陷和高玻璃边缘强度相关。Technische Universität Dresden的研究旨在了解磨削过程的影响，并开发具有定义和可复制的光学和机械质量的加工玻璃边缘的参数。为了从切割过程中分离出磨削过程的观察结果，本文研究了切割过程参数对进一步加工玻璃边缘的影响。几个不同的切割参数集构成了不同测试系列的基础，这些测试是在同一制造商加工的玻璃边缘的样品上进行的。本文介绍了对样品的光学和力学检查。结果表明，通过调整切削工艺参数，可以获得较高的切削边缘和到达边缘的光学和机械质量。它对光滑的地面和抛光的边缘没有重大影响。
{"title":"Impact of Cutting Process Parameters on the Mechanical Quality of Processed Glass Edges","authors":"P. Bukieda, B. Weller","doi":"10.47982/cgc.8.418","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47982/cgc.8.418","url":null,"abstract":"The inspection of glass edges is gaining in importance in research, as the strength of a glass edge has been found to be highly dependent on its processing. Glass edges are produced by cutting. Depending on their type, they may be additionally seamed, ground or polished in the grinding process. Cutting and grinding processes create mechanical interference in the brittle material, leaving flaws and cracks in the edge surfaces. The current state of the art presents cutting process parameters which correlate with minor flaws and a high glass edge strength. Research at the Technische Universität Dresden aims to understand the impact of grinding processes and to develop parameters for processing glass edges with a defined and reproducible optical and mechanical quality. To isolate observations of the grinding process from the cutting process, this paper examines the impact of cutting process parameters on further processed glass edges. Several different cutting parameter-sets formed the basis of various test series that were performed on specimens whose glass edges were processed by the same manufacturer. This paper presents an optical and mechanical examination of the specimens. The results show that higher optical and mechanical qualities of the cut edge and arrised edge can be obtained by adjusting the cutting process parameters. It had no major impacts on smooth ground and polished edges.","PeriodicalId":332145,"journal":{"name":"Challenging Glass Conference Proceedings","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134433862","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Glass balustrades are designed to prevent large deflections and high stress peaks under conventional lateral loads. In practice, linear restraints are generally described in the form of ideal linear clamps for glass, to replace the actual geometrical and mechanical properties of restraint components. This means that strong simplifications are introduced in place of multiple details and components expected to offer local flexibility and prevent premature stress peaks in glass. In this paper, attention is given to linear restraints that are commonly described in terms of “clamp” boundaries for glass panels under lateral loads. The use of simplified mechanical models to characterize the actual stiffness and linear restraints and components is addressed, with the support of refined Finite Element numerical models and literature experimental data for balustrades under twin-tyre impact.
{"title":"Potentials and Limits of Simplified Models for Linearly Restrained Glass Balustrades under Static Loads and Impact","authors":"E. Rizzi, Chiara Bedon, A. Bez, C. Amadio","doi":"10.47982/cgc.8.402","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47982/cgc.8.402","url":null,"abstract":"Glass balustrades are designed to prevent large deflections and high stress peaks under conventional lateral loads. In practice, linear restraints are generally described in the form of ideal linear clamps for glass, to replace the actual geometrical and mechanical properties of restraint components. This means that strong simplifications are introduced in place of multiple details and components expected to offer local flexibility and prevent premature stress peaks in glass. In this paper, attention is given to linear restraints that are commonly described in terms of “clamp” boundaries for glass panels under lateral loads. The use of simplified mechanical models to characterize the actual stiffness and linear restraints and components is addressed, with the support of refined Finite Element numerical models and literature experimental data for balustrades under twin-tyre impact.","PeriodicalId":332145,"journal":{"name":"Challenging Glass Conference Proceedings","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133261729","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Civil engineering design and industry are continuously evolving with the support of advancements in technology. Digital tools are able to assist designers in solving several issues with more accuracy and minimized efforts. In parallel, maximization of human comfort is a target for various design procedures, where mathematical models and standardized protocols are conventionally used to optimize well-being of customers. Major challenges and troubles can indeed derive, structurally speaking, from human reactions, which are related to a multitude of aspects, and may further enforced by slender / transparent glass components. The so-called “emotional architecture” and its nervous feelings are intrinsic part of the issue, and hence the mutual interaction of objective and subjective parameters can make complex the building design optimization. This paper presents some recent studies in which human comfort for glass structures occupants is quantitatively measured, both with the support of remote digital technologies based on facial micro-expression analysis and in-field experiments able to capture kinematic and biometric parameters for customers moving in glass environments.
{"title":"Pilot Experiments for Multi-Criteria Human Comfort-Driven Structural Glass Design Assessment","authors":"Chiara Bedon","doi":"10.47982/cgc.8.405","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47982/cgc.8.405","url":null,"abstract":"Civil engineering design and industry are continuously evolving with the support of advancements in technology. Digital tools are able to assist designers in solving several issues with more accuracy and minimized efforts. In parallel, maximization of human comfort is a target for various design procedures, where mathematical models and standardized protocols are conventionally used to optimize well-being of customers. Major challenges and troubles can indeed derive, structurally speaking, from human reactions, which are related to a multitude of aspects, and may further enforced by slender / transparent glass components. The so-called “emotional architecture” and its nervous feelings are intrinsic part of the issue, and hence the mutual interaction of objective and subjective parameters can make complex the building design optimization. This paper presents some recent studies in which human comfort for glass structures occupants is quantitatively measured, both with the support of remote digital technologies based on facial micro-expression analysis and in-field experiments able to capture kinematic and biometric parameters for customers moving in glass environments.","PeriodicalId":332145,"journal":{"name":"Challenging Glass Conference Proceedings","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121054006","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Michaela Zdražilová, Zdeněk Sokol, Martina Eliášová
Glass became a very popular building material in recent decades. Modern architecture often works with glass facades, roofs, banisters or columns. However, using glass elements in structures may be problematic due to glass elements connections. The connection must bear all stresses arising during the lifetime period and meet high aesthetical standards at the same time. Various bolted and adhesive connections were developed in order to achieve as transparent look as possible. The embedded laminated connection combines mechanical and adhesive fixing systems. The ongoing research at the Faculty of Civil Engineering of the CTU in Prague is focused on the characteristics of this type of connection. Within this research, two sets of real-scale laminated banister panels with the embedded connection were tested. The first set included the samples consisting of two 8 mm glass plies bonded with two layers of an EVA foil. The second set of samples consisted of one 10 mm glass ply and one 6 mm glass ply also bonded with two layers of an EVA foil. There was one pair of embedded steel countersunk bolts with HDPE liners in each of the lower corners. A short-term vertical load was applied on the samples. During the experiment, stresses and deflections in several points were measured. The experiments showed the collapse mode and a short-term resistance of a laminated glass panel with two sets of embedded point connections under a vertical load. It also allowed comparing the behaviour and resistance of two panels of identical total thickness differing in glass ply compositions.
{"title":"Comparison of Behaviour of Laminated Banister Panels with Embedded Connections","authors":"Michaela Zdražilová, Zdeněk Sokol, Martina Eliášová","doi":"10.47982/cgc.8.438","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47982/cgc.8.438","url":null,"abstract":"Glass became a very popular building material in recent decades. Modern architecture often works with glass facades, roofs, banisters or columns. However, using glass elements in structures may be problematic due to glass elements connections. The connection must bear all stresses arising during the lifetime period and meet high aesthetical standards at the same time. Various bolted and adhesive connections were developed in order to achieve as transparent look as possible. The embedded laminated connection combines mechanical and adhesive fixing systems. The ongoing research at the Faculty of Civil Engineering of the CTU in Prague is focused on the characteristics of this type of connection. Within this research, two sets of real-scale laminated banister panels with the embedded connection were tested. The first set included the samples consisting of two 8 mm glass plies bonded with two layers of an EVA foil. The second set of samples consisted of one 10 mm glass ply and one 6 mm glass ply also bonded with two layers of an EVA foil. There was one pair of embedded steel countersunk bolts with HDPE liners in each of the lower corners. A short-term vertical load was applied on the samples. During the experiment, stresses and deflections in several points were measured. The experiments showed the collapse mode and a short-term resistance of a laminated glass panel with two sets of embedded point connections under a vertical load. It also allowed comparing the behaviour and resistance of two panels of identical total thickness differing in glass ply compositions.","PeriodicalId":332145,"journal":{"name":"Challenging Glass Conference Proceedings","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124893369","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Multiple modern glass and window products based on novel glazing designs, metal-dielectric coatings, and proprietary interlayer types have been developed recently. Advanced windows of today can control properties such as thermal emissivity, heat gain, colour, and transparency. In more recent and more novel glass products, solar energy harvesting through PV integration is also featured. Typically, semitransparent and also highly-transparent PV windows are purpose-designed, to include luminescent materials, special microstructures, and customized electric circuitry. Recently, significant progress has been demonstrated in building integrated highly-transparent solar windows (VLT up to 70%, with Pmax ~ 30-33 Wp/m2, eg Clearvue PV Solar Windows); these are expected to add momentum towards the development of smart cities. These Clearvue window systems are, at present in 2021, the only type of high-transparency and clear construction materials capable of providing significant energy savings in buildings, simultaneously with renewable energy generation. The technology has already been deployed and tested in both commercial property applications and in R&D greenhousing. Of special interest is the combination of properties provided by Clearvue solar window products, which includes significant power conversion efficiency (~3.3%), which is achieved in windows of colour rendering index of 99%, simultaneously featuring high PV Yield in multi-oriented building-integrated PV (BIPV) installations.
{"title":"High-transparency Clear Glass Windows with Large PV Energy Outputs","authors":"D. Moor, Victor Rosenberg, M. Vasiliev","doi":"10.47982/cgc.8.404","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47982/cgc.8.404","url":null,"abstract":"Multiple modern glass and window products based on novel glazing designs, metal-dielectric coatings, and proprietary interlayer types have been developed recently. Advanced windows of today can control properties such as thermal emissivity, heat gain, colour, and transparency. In more recent and more novel glass products, solar energy harvesting through PV integration is also featured. Typically, semitransparent and also highly-transparent PV windows are purpose-designed, to include luminescent materials, special microstructures, and customized electric circuitry. Recently, significant progress has been demonstrated in building integrated highly-transparent solar windows (VLT up to 70%, with Pmax ~ 30-33 Wp/m2, eg Clearvue PV Solar Windows); these are expected to add momentum towards the development of smart cities. These Clearvue window systems are, at present in 2021, the only type of high-transparency and clear construction materials capable of providing significant energy savings in buildings, simultaneously with renewable energy generation. The technology has already been deployed and tested in both commercial property applications and in R&D greenhousing. Of special interest is the combination of properties provided by Clearvue solar window products, which includes significant power conversion efficiency (~3.3%), which is achieved in windows of colour rendering index of 99%, simultaneously featuring high PV Yield in multi-oriented building-integrated PV (BIPV) installations.","PeriodicalId":332145,"journal":{"name":"Challenging Glass Conference Proceedings","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128241415","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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