Cold-bent glass is seeing increasing adoption in construction projects with non-planar geometries. This paper presents work undergone for a set of four high-rise towers, featuring 11,136 unique cold-bent panels, hundreds of which are pushed beyond 250mm. The panels are all unique, non-rectangular, and in some cases, slightly curved. The challenging geometry complicates the prediction of the final panel shape, which is an essential step for producing fabrication drawings of a panel’s flat shape prior to bending. While Machine Learning is still a nascent technology in the AEC industry, prediction is a class of problems for which many Machine Learning techniques are ideal, especially when dealing with a large quantity of data, or in this case, panels. The paper discusses the geometric characteristics of highly bent glass, a methodology for the shape prediction of the panels, and the use of Machine Learning in its implementation. The methodology was deployed for over 3,500 pieces of installed architectural glass, and was shown to reduce geometric deviations as much as 75%, down to sub-millimetre tolerances.
{"title":"Extreme Cold-Bending: Geometric Considerations and Shape Prediction with Machine Learning","authors":"Keyan Rahimzadeh, Evan Levelle, J. Douglas","doi":"10.47982/cgc.8.460","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47982/cgc.8.460","url":null,"abstract":"Cold-bent glass is seeing increasing adoption in construction projects with non-planar geometries. This paper presents work undergone for a set of four high-rise towers, featuring 11,136 unique cold-bent panels, hundreds of which are pushed beyond 250mm. The panels are all unique, non-rectangular, and in some cases, slightly curved. The challenging geometry complicates the prediction of the final panel shape, which is an essential step for producing fabrication drawings of a panel’s flat shape prior to bending. While Machine Learning is still a nascent technology in the AEC industry, prediction is a class of problems for which many Machine Learning techniques are ideal, especially when dealing with a large quantity of data, or in this case, panels. The paper discusses the geometric characteristics of highly bent glass, a methodology for the shape prediction of the panels, and the use of Machine Learning in its implementation. The methodology was deployed for over 3,500 pieces of installed architectural glass, and was shown to reduce geometric deviations as much as 75%, down to sub-millimetre tolerances.","PeriodicalId":332145,"journal":{"name":"Challenging Glass Conference Proceedings","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121941838","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Designed by Neutelings & Riedijk and Bureau Bouwtechniek, the Heldentoren (Eng. Hero tower) is a 67 m high residential tower situated in Knokke-Heist at the Belgian coast. On floor level +2, +7, +12 and +17, the curtain wall façade spans two floors and is partially curved with a bending radius of 2.3 m for which 88.2(ANG, PVB)/15(Ar)/88.2(ANG, PVB) hot bent insulated glass units are used. Considering viscoelastic material behaviour of the interlayers, implementing the curved shape of the glazing and performing geometrically nonlinear analyses, however, will structurally result in more economical glass compositions. The structural design of this duplex façade faced some challenges: high aesthetical requirements by using slim profiles, the curvature resulting in horizontal in-plane reaction forces on the anchors and anchorages combined with large eccentricities, and the impossibility to apply traditional curtain wall design principles leading to the need of structural calculations on system level taking into account the stiffness of the connections between mullions and transoms. The node stiffness was obtained by designing stainless steel stiffeners. Glass bearers transferring the glazing’s self-weight directly to the mullions avoided torsion in the curved transoms. The adopted design method led to a reduction with a factor 4.2 for the bending moments and deflections of the mullions compared to traditional design principles. A mock-up of the duplex façade allowed the identification and solution of technical issues and installation-related difficulties by the façade builder. Potential consequences of these interventions with respect to the structural performance of the façade could be revised as well.
{"title":"Design of a Curved Duplex Façade for a 67 m High Residential Tower at the Belgian Coast","authors":"B. Van Lancker, Kenny Martens","doi":"10.47982/cgc.8.459","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47982/cgc.8.459","url":null,"abstract":"Designed by Neutelings & Riedijk and Bureau Bouwtechniek, the Heldentoren (Eng. Hero tower) is a 67 m high residential tower situated in Knokke-Heist at the Belgian coast. On floor level +2, +7, +12 and +17, the curtain wall façade spans two floors and is partially curved with a bending radius of 2.3 m for which 88.2(ANG, PVB)/15(Ar)/88.2(ANG, PVB) hot bent insulated glass units are used. Considering viscoelastic material behaviour of the interlayers, implementing the curved shape of the glazing and performing geometrically nonlinear analyses, however, will structurally result in more economical glass compositions. The structural design of this duplex façade faced some challenges: high aesthetical requirements by using slim profiles, the curvature resulting in horizontal in-plane reaction forces on the anchors and anchorages combined with large eccentricities, and the impossibility to apply traditional curtain wall design principles leading to the need of structural calculations on system level taking into account the stiffness of the connections between mullions and transoms. The node stiffness was obtained by designing stainless steel stiffeners. Glass bearers transferring the glazing’s self-weight directly to the mullions avoided torsion in the curved transoms. The adopted design method led to a reduction with a factor 4.2 for the bending moments and deflections of the mullions compared to traditional design principles. A mock-up of the duplex façade allowed the identification and solution of technical issues and installation-related difficulties by the façade builder. Potential consequences of these interventions with respect to the structural performance of the façade could be revised as well.","PeriodicalId":332145,"journal":{"name":"Challenging Glass Conference Proceedings","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132857205","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Dongdong Xie, Jian Yang, Xing-er Wang, Chenjun Zhao, Xian Jiang, Gang Li
Laminated glass is growing its application in structural entities. The thermoplastic polymeric interlayer plays an important role in transferring force and achieving the composite action in laminated glass, which reveals evident temperature-dependent behavior. In this study, a novel composite interlayer (SGE®) was devised to improve the resistance of laminated glass against environmental actions and to enhance the post-fracture performance. It is comprised of modified ethylene-vinyl-acetate (PVE®) and polycarbonate (PC). Through dynamic mechanical thermal analysis, the temperature-dependent characteristics of SGE, PVE, and PC materials were investigated in detail. The results show that the thermal rheological behavior of SGE is similar to that of PVE. The temperature ranges of glass transition and crystal melting of SGE material are -35°C ~ -25°C and 45°C ~ 75°C, respectively. The corresponding ranges are -35°C ~ -15°C and 35°C ~ 65°C for PVE material. And temperature ranges of the main transition are influenced by imposed frequency. Besides, the relationship between time and temperature for PVE, PC, and SGE material is extensively complicated and the complexity depends on the investigated mechanical property, temperature range, and time range. And the simple thermal rheological behavior emerges in the storage modulus of polymers, but loss modulus and loss factor conform to the complex thermal rheological behavior at the temperature range of -50°C ~ 120°C under the frequency range of 0.1 Hz ~ 10 Hz.
{"title":"Thermal Rheological Behavior of Composite Interlayer in Laminated Glass","authors":"Dongdong Xie, Jian Yang, Xing-er Wang, Chenjun Zhao, Xian Jiang, Gang Li","doi":"10.47982/cgc.8.408","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47982/cgc.8.408","url":null,"abstract":"Laminated glass is growing its application in structural entities. The thermoplastic polymeric interlayer plays an important role in transferring force and achieving the composite action in laminated glass, which reveals evident temperature-dependent behavior. In this study, a novel composite interlayer (SGE®) was devised to improve the resistance of laminated glass against environmental actions and to enhance the post-fracture performance. It is comprised of modified ethylene-vinyl-acetate (PVE®) and polycarbonate (PC). Through dynamic mechanical thermal analysis, the temperature-dependent characteristics of SGE, PVE, and PC materials were investigated in detail. The results show that the thermal rheological behavior of SGE is similar to that of PVE. The temperature ranges of glass transition and crystal melting of SGE material are -35°C ~ -25°C and 45°C ~ 75°C, respectively. The corresponding ranges are -35°C ~ -15°C and 35°C ~ 65°C for PVE material. And temperature ranges of the main transition are influenced by imposed frequency. Besides, the relationship between time and temperature for PVE, PC, and SGE material is extensively complicated and the complexity depends on the investigated mechanical property, temperature range, and time range. And the simple thermal rheological behavior emerges in the storage modulus of polymers, but loss modulus and loss factor conform to the complex thermal rheological behavior at the temperature range of -50°C ~ 120°C under the frequency range of 0.1 Hz ~ 10 Hz.","PeriodicalId":332145,"journal":{"name":"Challenging Glass Conference Proceedings","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132340881","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper showcases the challenges in design, fabrication, and installation of glass projects. The modus operandi of an engineer working with glass is presented and the rationale behind the decisions explained. The first section discusses the motivations in several projects. The life cycle phases of the projects are outlined. The second chapter introduces the importance of conceptual design and generation of options on an all-glass staircase project example. Communication of the design intent is outlined in the third chapter, supported with graphical communication extracted from our recent project of a feature wall and glass elevator. The paper concludes with a brief discussion on procurement and construction phases with primary focus on the recently finished Coal Drops Yard in London. Final remarks on the structural glass design experience are presented in the conclusions.
{"title":"Planning Phases of Glass Projects","authors":"P. Lenk","doi":"10.47982/cgc.8.445","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47982/cgc.8.445","url":null,"abstract":"This paper showcases the challenges in design, fabrication, and installation of glass projects. The modus operandi of an engineer working with glass is presented and the rationale behind the decisions explained. The first section discusses the motivations in several projects. The life cycle phases of the projects are outlined. The second chapter introduces the importance of conceptual design and generation of options on an all-glass staircase project example. Communication of the design intent is outlined in the third chapter, supported with graphical communication extracted from our recent project of a feature wall and glass elevator. The paper concludes with a brief discussion on procurement and construction phases with primary focus on the recently finished Coal Drops Yard in London. Final remarks on the structural glass design experience are presented in the conclusions.","PeriodicalId":332145,"journal":{"name":"Challenging Glass Conference Proceedings","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133440009","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Barbara Foolen de Oliveira, Arjen Veenstra, Maria Meizoso Aguilar, M. Overend
From early 20th century architects have envisioned transparent buildings such as Mies van der Rohe’s “skin and bones” concept and his 1921 proposal for the Friedrichstrasse Skyscraper competition in Berlin. One hundred years on, there is a much better understanding of the energy consumption implications of highly glazed buildings, yet architects, developers and users are still attracted to fully transparent facades. This paper sheds some light on the challenges to build with high performing glazing façade systems (originally called curtain wall systems) while efficiently utilising resources and reducing its manufacturing embodied carbon. This can be achieved by omitting the typical frame (mullions and transoms) and making the glass work structurally. Built examples by Octatube are Triodos Bank (Netherlands) and Echo Building (TU Delft- Netherlands). A further option that will focus on sustainable unitised systems is currently being explored by Octatube and TU Delft Building Technology graduation student. This is based on an optimised unitised frame integrated in between glazed units. These different systems will be assessed and compared against each other regarding its end-of-life recovery potential, embodied carbon and visual impact.
{"title":"Slim Skins: Towards a New Glazed Façade System","authors":"Barbara Foolen de Oliveira, Arjen Veenstra, Maria Meizoso Aguilar, M. Overend","doi":"10.47982/cgc.8.435","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47982/cgc.8.435","url":null,"abstract":"From early 20th century architects have envisioned transparent buildings such as Mies van der Rohe’s “skin and bones” concept and his 1921 proposal for the Friedrichstrasse Skyscraper competition in Berlin. One hundred years on, there is a much better understanding of the energy consumption implications of highly glazed buildings, yet architects, developers and users are still attracted to fully transparent facades. This paper sheds some light on the challenges to build with high performing glazing façade systems (originally called curtain wall systems) while efficiently utilising resources and reducing its manufacturing embodied carbon. This can be achieved by omitting the typical frame (mullions and transoms) and making the glass work structurally. Built examples by Octatube are Triodos Bank (Netherlands) and Echo Building (TU Delft- Netherlands). A further option that will focus on sustainable unitised systems is currently being explored by Octatube and TU Delft Building Technology graduation student. This is based on an optimised unitised frame integrated in between glazed units. These different systems will be assessed and compared against each other regarding its end-of-life recovery potential, embodied carbon and visual impact.","PeriodicalId":332145,"journal":{"name":"Challenging Glass Conference Proceedings","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114305657","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Franziska Rehde, Maria Heinrich, A. Schmölder, Katharina Lohr, C. Louter
Glass surfaces are characteristic elements of façades and make a significant contribution to the authenticity of architectural monuments. Glass as a material is considered an important testimony of its time. Depending on the manufacturing process, it differs both in surface and material composition. The period of high modernism (ca. 1880-1970) overlapped with the technical developments of the industrial revolution, which led from manual production to industrial production. The further development of manufacturing processes as well as the dimensions and qualities of the glass thus shaped the development of glass constructions, which had to be made increasingly slimmer over time in order to guarantee a high degree of transparency. Today, historical windows are often replaced by new glazing made of float glass, which can cause the authentic character of buildings to be lost. A team working on the research project at the Technical University of Dresden and the University of Bamberg has therefore set itself the goal of examining in detail the glass and its construction in the period from around 1880 to around 1970. The aim is to define the living character of industrially manufactured glass from the time before the introduction of float glass as an authentic and style-defining feature of the period. The present work focuses on the chronological presentation of the development of glass designs. Furthermore, the development and use of refined flat glass is analysed and presented. This includes wired glass, laminated glass, thermally toughened glass, insulating glass and curved glass. The significance of historical glass constructions for engineers and planners can be derived from the results and the evaluation.
{"title":"The Chronology of Historical Glass Constructions","authors":"Franziska Rehde, Maria Heinrich, A. Schmölder, Katharina Lohr, C. Louter","doi":"10.47982/cgc.8.452","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47982/cgc.8.452","url":null,"abstract":"Glass surfaces are characteristic elements of façades and make a significant contribution to the authenticity of architectural monuments. Glass as a material is considered an important testimony of its time. Depending on the manufacturing process, it differs both in surface and material composition. The period of high modernism (ca. 1880-1970) overlapped with the technical developments of the industrial revolution, which led from manual production to industrial production. The further development of manufacturing processes as well as the dimensions and qualities of the glass thus shaped the development of glass constructions, which had to be made increasingly slimmer over time in order to guarantee a high degree of transparency. Today, historical windows are often replaced by new glazing made of float glass, which can cause the authentic character of buildings to be lost. A team working on the research project at the Technical University of Dresden and the University of Bamberg has therefore set itself the goal of examining in detail the glass and its construction in the period from around 1880 to around 1970. The aim is to define the living character of industrially manufactured glass from the time before the introduction of float glass as an authentic and style-defining feature of the period. The present work focuses on the chronological presentation of the development of glass designs. Furthermore, the development and use of refined flat glass is analysed and presented. This includes wired glass, laminated glass, thermally toughened glass, insulating glass and curved glass. The significance of historical glass constructions for engineers and planners can be derived from the results and the evaluation.","PeriodicalId":332145,"journal":{"name":"Challenging Glass Conference Proceedings","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134217995","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Glass is an attractive, transparent but brittle material which is increasingly popular in civil engineering. Not only small and secondary glass structures such as canopies or railings, but also load-bearing structures or structural elements such as stairways, beams, facades, etc. are commonly designed today. The wider use of glass places demands on the connections of glass-to-glass or glass-to-other materials. Mechanical connections are commonly used owing to their known mechanical properties but there is pressure to use adhesives for their considerable advantages. Unfortunately, there is not enough information about the mechanical properties of adhesives exposed to environmental effects and elevated temperature. The paper is focused on experimental testing of glass-to-glass connection using transparent adhesives. The specimens were prepared as double-lap shear joints with 1 mm adhesive joint thickness. In the study, three two-component epoxy adhesives were selected, one rigid adhesive and two semi-rigid adhesives. Specimens were tested at room temperature (reference set) and at elevated temperature (80 °C), six sets of specimens were prepared in total. The test was controlled by displacement with continuous loading until the specimen’s collapse. The cross-head speed was 0.05 mm/min. Shear strength at failure rapidly decreased for specimens exposed to elevated temperature and each specimen failed due to loss of adhesion between adhesive and glass.
{"title":"Influence of Elevated Temperature on the Mechanical Properties of Transparent Adhesive Glass-Glass Joints","authors":"M. Zikmundová, M. Eliášová","doi":"10.47982/cgc.8.439","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47982/cgc.8.439","url":null,"abstract":"Glass is an attractive, transparent but brittle material which is increasingly popular in civil engineering. Not only small and secondary glass structures such as canopies or railings, but also load-bearing structures or structural elements such as stairways, beams, facades, etc. are commonly designed today. The wider use of glass places demands on the connections of glass-to-glass or glass-to-other materials. Mechanical connections are commonly used owing to their known mechanical properties but there is pressure to use adhesives for their considerable advantages. Unfortunately, there is not enough information about the mechanical properties of adhesives exposed to environmental effects and elevated temperature. The paper is focused on experimental testing of glass-to-glass connection using transparent adhesives. The specimens were prepared as double-lap shear joints with 1 mm adhesive joint thickness. In the study, three two-component epoxy adhesives were selected, one rigid adhesive and two semi-rigid adhesives. Specimens were tested at room temperature (reference set) and at elevated temperature (80 °C), six sets of specimens were prepared in total. The test was controlled by displacement with continuous loading until the specimen’s collapse. The cross-head speed was 0.05 mm/min. Shear strength at failure rapidly decreased for specimens exposed to elevated temperature and each specimen failed due to loss of adhesion between adhesive and glass.","PeriodicalId":332145,"journal":{"name":"Challenging Glass Conference Proceedings","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129900393","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Yost, M. Cregan, M. Bolhassani, M. Akbarzadeh, Yao Lu, P. A. Chhadeh, J. Schneider
In this experimental research a transparent thermoplastic manufactured by the DOW Corporation and known as Surlyn is investigated for use as an interface material in fabrication of an all-glass pedestrian bridge. The bridge is modular in construction and fabricated from a series of interlocking hollow glass units (HGU) that are geometrically arranged to form a compression dominant structural system. Surlyn is used as a friction-based interface between neighbouring HGUs preventing direct glass-to-glass contact. An experimental program consisting of axial loading of short glass columns (SGC) sandwiched between Surlyn sheets is used to quantify the bearing capacity at which glass fracture occurs at the glass-Surlyn interface location. Applied load cases include 100,000 cycles of cyclic load followed by 12 hours of sustained load followed by monotonic load to cracking, and monotonic loading to cracking with no previous load history. Test results show that Surlyn functions as an effective interface material with glass fracture occurring at bearing stress levels in excess of the column-action capacity of an individual HGU. Furthermore, load cycling and creep loading had no effect on the glass fracture capacity. However, the load history had a nominal effect on Surlyn, increasing stiffness and reducing deformation.
{"title":"Experimental Investigation of a Transparent Interface Material for Glass Compression Members","authors":"J. Yost, M. Cregan, M. Bolhassani, M. Akbarzadeh, Yao Lu, P. A. Chhadeh, J. Schneider","doi":"10.47982/cgc.8.395","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47982/cgc.8.395","url":null,"abstract":"In this experimental research a transparent thermoplastic manufactured by the DOW Corporation and known as Surlyn is investigated for use as an interface material in fabrication of an all-glass pedestrian bridge. The bridge is modular in construction and fabricated from a series of interlocking hollow glass units (HGU) that are geometrically arranged to form a compression dominant structural system. Surlyn is used as a friction-based interface between neighbouring HGUs preventing direct glass-to-glass contact. An experimental program consisting of axial loading of short glass columns (SGC) sandwiched between Surlyn sheets is used to quantify the bearing capacity at which glass fracture occurs at the glass-Surlyn interface location. Applied load cases include 100,000 cycles of cyclic load followed by 12 hours of sustained load followed by monotonic load to cracking, and monotonic loading to cracking with no previous load history. Test results show that Surlyn functions as an effective interface material with glass fracture occurring at bearing stress levels in excess of the column-action capacity of an individual HGU. Furthermore, load cycling and creep loading had no effect on the glass fracture capacity. However, the load history had a nominal effect on Surlyn, increasing stiffness and reducing deformation.","PeriodicalId":332145,"journal":{"name":"Challenging Glass Conference Proceedings","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129227698","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Color Depth is a material-based research project investigating the optical and structural properties of thick glass. The research is driven by an interest in optical gradients of transparency and color, which are designed through a manipulation of geometric form and composition. These qualities can be attributed to the interrelated optical effects created through reflection, refraction, and volume color, in direct correlation to the geometry of individual glass pieces and overall glass assemblies. An example of this can be seen in viewing a monolithic volume of glass that would appear to change color by varying the depths of its form. This concept was originally discussed in Josef Albers’ Interaction of Colour, and applied more specifically to glass in recent essays by Heike Brachlow. Color Depth utilizes this phenomenon of perceived color variation to construct and analyze architectural glass forms in both physical prototypes and design speculation. To evaluate architectural design opportunities, a multi-objective optimization workflow simulates and evaluates varying glass colors, forms, and compositions to achieve a desired visual effect. Additionally, the digital optimization process reveals patterns and visual effects that further the understanding of optical gradients when applied in an architectural context with various seasonal and diurnal environments. Keying into the geometry of glass– to deploy changes in color, darkness, or translucency—Color Depth ties together the physical attributes of a material system with its surrounding light.
Color Depth是一个基于材料的研究项目，研究厚玻璃的光学和结构特性。这项研究是由对透明度和颜色的光学梯度的兴趣推动的，这些梯度是通过对几何形状和组成的操纵来设计的。这些品质可以归因于通过反射、折射和体积颜色产生的相互关联的光学效果，与单个玻璃片和整体玻璃组件的几何形状直接相关。这方面的一个例子可以在观察一个整体的玻璃体积时看到，它会通过改变其形状的深度来改变颜色。这个概念最初是在Josef Albers的《色彩的相互作用》中讨论的，并在Heike Brachlow最近的文章中更具体地应用于玻璃。Color Depth利用这种感知颜色变化的现象，在物理原型和设计推测中构建和分析建筑玻璃形式。为了评估建筑设计机会，一个多目标优化工作流程模拟和评估不同的玻璃颜色、形式和组成，以达到期望的视觉效果。此外，数字优化过程揭示了图案和视觉效果，当应用于各种季节和昼夜环境的建筑背景时，进一步理解光学梯度。关键是玻璃的几何形状-部署颜色，黑暗或半透明的变化-颜色深度将材料系统的物理属性与其周围的光线联系在一起。
{"title":"Color Depth","authors":"C. Newell, Ryan Craney","doi":"10.47982/cgc.8.409","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47982/cgc.8.409","url":null,"abstract":"Color Depth is a material-based research project investigating the optical and structural properties of thick glass. The research is driven by an interest in optical gradients of transparency and color, which are designed through a manipulation of geometric form and composition. These qualities can be attributed to the interrelated optical effects created through reflection, refraction, and volume color, in direct correlation to the geometry of individual glass pieces and overall glass assemblies. An example of this can be seen in viewing a monolithic volume of glass that would appear to change color by varying the depths of its form. This concept was originally discussed in Josef Albers’ Interaction of Colour, and applied more specifically to glass in recent essays by Heike Brachlow. Color Depth utilizes this phenomenon of perceived color variation to construct and analyze architectural glass forms in both physical prototypes and design speculation. To evaluate architectural design opportunities, a multi-objective optimization workflow simulates and evaluates varying glass colors, forms, and compositions to achieve a desired visual effect. Additionally, the digital optimization process reveals patterns and visual effects that further the understanding of optical gradients when applied in an architectural context with various seasonal and diurnal environments. Keying into the geometry of glass– to deploy changes in color, darkness, or translucency—Color Depth ties together the physical attributes of a material system with its surrounding light.","PeriodicalId":332145,"journal":{"name":"Challenging Glass Conference Proceedings","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115572240","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The main goal of Anti-Shatter Films (ASFs) applications for structural glass is to create a barrier able to keep together fragments and minimize risk after any impulsive or static load that could lead glass to cracking. The influence of ASF properties on the flexural strength of coated glass elements is thus a relevant topic for safe design purposes, but still little investigated. To this aim, an experimental material investigation is presented in this paper, in order to achieve a good knowledge of common ASFs from a chemical point of view. Moreover, the deterioration of mechanical and adhesion characteristics for ASF samples subjected to different environmental conditions and accelerated ageing is also investigated, so as to simulate the effects of long-term exposure to high humidity (HU) or high temperature (HT). An experimental campaign carried out on 20 small scale ASF-coated glass specimens is finally presented, based on a three-point bending (3PB) test setup. The out-of-plane bending response of unaged or aged samples is performed by taking into account two different displacement-rate levels, to assess their performance and bending capacity under steady-static or impulsive loads. In both cases, the attention is given to the characterization of elastic and post-failure performances. Finally, support for the interpretation of experimental outcomes is derived from a simplified theoretical model of composite beam with partial connection, in order to estimate the shear stiffness of ASF adhesive components in the elastic stage.
{"title":"Pre- and Post-Failure Experimental Bending Analysis of Glass Elements Coated by Aged Anti-Shatter Safety Films","authors":"Silvana Mattei, L. Cozzarini, C. Bedon","doi":"10.47982/cgc.8.401","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47982/cgc.8.401","url":null,"abstract":"The main goal of Anti-Shatter Films (ASFs) applications for structural glass is to create a barrier able to keep together fragments and minimize risk after any impulsive or static load that could lead glass to cracking. The influence of ASF properties on the flexural strength of coated glass elements is thus a relevant topic for safe design purposes, but still little investigated. To this aim, an experimental material investigation is presented in this paper, in order to achieve a good knowledge of common ASFs from a chemical point of view. Moreover, the deterioration of mechanical and adhesion characteristics for ASF samples subjected to different environmental conditions and accelerated ageing is also investigated, so as to simulate the effects of long-term exposure to high humidity (HU) or high temperature (HT). An experimental campaign carried out on 20 small scale ASF-coated glass specimens is finally presented, based on a three-point bending (3PB) test setup. The out-of-plane bending response of unaged or aged samples is performed by taking into account two different displacement-rate levels, to assess their performance and bending capacity under steady-static or impulsive loads. In both cases, the attention is given to the characterization of elastic and post-failure performances. Finally, support for the interpretation of experimental outcomes is derived from a simplified theoretical model of composite beam with partial connection, in order to estimate the shear stiffness of ASF adhesive components in the elastic stage.","PeriodicalId":332145,"journal":{"name":"Challenging Glass Conference Proceedings","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128199427","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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