Our research examines the viability of recycling soda lime glass from post-consumer Insulated Glass Units (IGU), mixing various types of architectural glass cullet and fusing them into flat plates by using electric kilns. Those kilns operate at lower temperatures than standard float glass production, which significantly reduces manufacturing emissions. The research outcomes suggest the potential for near-site operations, reducing transportation logistics, costs, and emissions. Strength and emissivity tests were performed on the recycled glass samples, to assess challenges arising from various production parameters including: glass types, processing methods, annealing temperatures and schedules, cullet sizes and distribution. These explorations offer high-level perspectives for developing post-consumer glass solutions driven by emissions and logistics primarily, and tectonics secondarily, exploring the cost-effective diversion of glass products from landfill to generate solutions staying within the built environment. The research examines performance aspects of recycled glass as emblematic of sustainability in design and underscores the role (and implications) of texture in architectural materiality. Performance and viability are weighted with considerations for the US market (hauling distances, energy grid emissivity across states, market culture, labor rates, incentives, or lack thereof). This exploration proposes innovative avenues for integrating distinctive, sustainable recycled glass as a hallmark into architectural frameworks.
{"title":"Re-Glass: Product Development Pathways for Post-Consumer Glass","authors":"Sophie Pennetier, Baizhen (Shirley) Yu","doi":"10.47982/cgc.9.649","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47982/cgc.9.649","url":null,"abstract":"Our research examines the viability of recycling soda lime glass from post-consumer Insulated Glass Units (IGU), mixing various types of architectural glass cullet and fusing them into flat plates by using electric kilns. Those kilns operate at lower temperatures than standard float glass production, which significantly reduces manufacturing emissions. The research outcomes suggest the potential for near-site operations, reducing transportation logistics, costs, and emissions. Strength and emissivity tests were performed on the recycled glass samples, to assess challenges arising from various production parameters including: glass types, processing methods, annealing temperatures and schedules, cullet sizes and distribution. These explorations offer high-level perspectives for developing post-consumer glass solutions driven by emissions and logistics primarily, and tectonics secondarily, exploring the cost-effective diversion of glass products from landfill to generate solutions staying within the built environment. The research examines performance aspects of recycled glass as emblematic of sustainability in design and underscores the role (and implications) of texture in architectural materiality. Performance and viability are weighted with considerations for the US market (hauling distances, energy grid emissivity across states, market culture, labor rates, incentives, or lack thereof). This exploration proposes innovative avenues for integrating distinctive, sustainable recycled glass as a hallmark into architectural frameworks.\u0000 ","PeriodicalId":332145,"journal":{"name":"Challenging Glass Conference Proceedings","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141335660","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Richard Green, Chiara Bedon, L. Galuppi, Andrew Crosby
The stability of monolithic glass beams is reasonably well defined; as an elastic material it behaves in a similar manner to other elastic materials such as steel, for which there are many equations of different forms which give similar results. Special care is required for continuous restraint to the tension flange. Equations presented in Australian Standard AS1288 Glass in Buildings – Selection and Installation have been used successfully for many years for monolithic fins when used with the strength model of AS1288 but require a more comprehensive approach when using laminated fins and/or strength models that allow higher levels of stress. A review of equations for cantilevers results in a wider range of approaches with significant variance between the outcomes of various published steel and glass standards. AS1288 has been used as the default standard for stability of glass fins, however for cantilevers it appears to have a misprint which has existed for decades. This paper presents strategies for determining the moment capacity of beams and cantilevers made of laminated glass with continuous flexible buckling restraints, such as structural silicone, which have initial imperfections and a known design strength capacity. Where multiple wave lengths form, the warping stiffness may contribute and formulations for rectangles are presented. The accuracy and validity of the approach is also assessed by means of comparisons with the outcomes of Finite Element numerical analyses.
{"title":"Design and Stability of Laminated Glass Beams and Cantilevers with Continuous Lateral Silicone Restraint","authors":"Richard Green, Chiara Bedon, L. Galuppi, Andrew Crosby","doi":"10.47982/cgc.9.599","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47982/cgc.9.599","url":null,"abstract":"The stability of monolithic glass beams is reasonably well defined; as an elastic material it behaves in a similar manner to other elastic materials such as steel, for which there are many equations of different forms which give similar results. Special care is required for continuous restraint to the tension flange. Equations presented in Australian Standard AS1288 Glass in Buildings – Selection and Installation have been used successfully for many years for monolithic fins when used with the strength model of AS1288 but require a more comprehensive approach when using laminated fins and/or strength models that allow higher levels of stress. A review of equations for cantilevers results in a wider range of approaches with significant variance between the outcomes of various published steel and glass standards. AS1288 has been used as the default standard for stability of glass fins, however for cantilevers it appears to have a misprint which has existed for decades. This paper presents strategies for determining the moment capacity of beams and cantilevers made of laminated glass with continuous flexible buckling restraints, such as structural silicone, which have initial imperfections and a known design strength capacity. Where multiple wave lengths form, the warping stiffness may contribute and formulations for rectangles are presented. The accuracy and validity of the approach is also assessed by means of comparisons with the outcomes of Finite Element numerical analyses.","PeriodicalId":332145,"journal":{"name":"Challenging Glass Conference Proceedings","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141336043","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Increasing security concerns and a trend towards larger glass panels are driving the adoption of thicker laminate glass panels in prominent architectural works worldwide. However, the polymeric materials used in these laminates can lead to haze, a detrimental optical defect that impairs transparency perception, particularly when used in thick, multi-layer laminates. This work presents a novel technology capable of accurately and robustly measuring haze in glass laminates of arbitrary thickness, based on using computer-vision to measure changes in contrast when viewing a standard mask through the material under controlled diffuse lighting conditions. Unlike previous approaches, this technology can be employed on installed glasses without requiring exposed edges for double-sided measurements, making it suitable for on-site work. The experimental evidence provided indicates that its precision and robustness are adequate for quality control.
{"title":"A Portable Technology for Measuring Haze Levels in Thick Laminated Glass Panels","authors":"Guillermo Casas, Javier Marcipar, Adrian Betanzos","doi":"10.47982/cgc.9.618","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47982/cgc.9.618","url":null,"abstract":"Increasing security concerns and a trend towards larger glass panels are driving the adoption of thicker laminate glass panels in prominent architectural works worldwide. However, the polymeric materials used in these laminates can lead to haze, a detrimental optical defect that impairs transparency perception, particularly when used in thick, multi-layer laminates. This work presents a novel technology capable of accurately and robustly measuring haze in glass laminates of arbitrary thickness, based on using computer-vision to measure changes in contrast when viewing a standard mask through the material under controlled diffuse lighting conditions. Unlike previous approaches, this technology can be employed on installed glasses without requiring exposed edges for double-sided measurements, making it suitable for on-site work. The experimental evidence provided indicates that its precision and robustness are adequate for quality control.","PeriodicalId":332145,"journal":{"name":"Challenging Glass Conference Proceedings","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141335632","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rianne Teeuwen, Roel Schipper, Jagoda Cupać, Hans Jansen, C. Louter
This article presents the metric avoided carbon for the reuse of aluminium unitised curtain wall façades from a donor building in a receiving building. The metric is used to compare seven proposed circular reuse strategies, each showing a different gradation of reuse. Based on literature and reference studies, we identify those parts of the façade where reuse has the most impact and is technically feasible. The seven reuse strategies and the avoided carbon method are applied on a real case study building as donor project and a fictive building as receiving project. We conclude that reuse is technically feasible, saves carbon, and that the proposed metric can help to incentivize building owners and project developers to choose circular reuse.
{"title":"Circularity of Existing Aluminium Unitised Curtain Wall Façades","authors":"Rianne Teeuwen, Roel Schipper, Jagoda Cupać, Hans Jansen, C. Louter","doi":"10.47982/cgc.9.652","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47982/cgc.9.652","url":null,"abstract":"This article presents the metric avoided carbon for the reuse of aluminium unitised curtain wall façades from a donor building in a receiving building. The metric is used to compare seven proposed circular reuse strategies, each showing a different gradation of reuse. Based on literature and reference studies, we identify those parts of the façade where reuse has the most impact and is technically feasible. The seven reuse strategies and the avoided carbon method are applied on a real case study building as donor project and a fictive building as receiving project. We conclude that reuse is technically feasible, saves carbon, and that the proposed metric can help to incentivize building owners and project developers to choose circular reuse.","PeriodicalId":332145,"journal":{"name":"Challenging Glass Conference Proceedings","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141335910","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Anticlastic glass surfaces play a significant role in free-form glass facades. For realizing anticlastic surface, cold bending by loading at the corner of the plate is more adaptive and more economic than traditional hot bending method. Previous research on anticlastic cold bending mainly focuses on the description of instability phenomenon and qualitative analysis of parameters. However, the failure mechanisms of glass plates during cold bending and the influence of lamination remains unclear. In this paper, the anticlastic cold bending test was conducted to explore the influence of various factors, including aspect ratio, scale and composition of the plates. Subsequently, an effective finite element model was established and validated by test results, which is used for further explore the cold bending controlling condition for better engineering practice. The failure modes are considered as instability and strength failure. For laminated glass, maximum stresses can be derived from monolithic glass based on equivalent thickness method. The instability is induced by the compression area in the middle surface of glass plate which is significantly influenced by the composition of the laminates. Consequently, thin glass laminates exhibit enhanced stability because a reduced glass to PVB thickness ratio changes the compression area from bi-directional to uni-directional.
{"title":"Mechanical Properties of Glass Plate During Anticlastic Cold Bending","authors":"Xiaohan Hao, Suwen Chen","doi":"10.47982/cgc.9.613","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47982/cgc.9.613","url":null,"abstract":"Anticlastic glass surfaces play a significant role in free-form glass facades. For realizing anticlastic surface, cold bending by loading at the corner of the plate is more adaptive and more economic than traditional hot bending method. Previous research on anticlastic cold bending mainly focuses on the description of instability phenomenon and qualitative analysis of parameters. However, the failure mechanisms of glass plates during cold bending and the influence of lamination remains unclear. In this paper, the anticlastic cold bending test was conducted to explore the influence of various factors, including aspect ratio, scale and composition of the plates. Subsequently, an effective finite element model was established and validated by test results, which is used for further explore the cold bending controlling condition for better engineering practice. The failure modes are considered as instability and strength failure. For laminated glass, maximum stresses can be derived from monolithic glass based on equivalent thickness method. The instability is induced by the compression area in the middle surface of glass plate which is significantly influenced by the composition of the laminates. Consequently, thin glass laminates exhibit enhanced stability because a reduced glass to PVB thickness ratio changes the compression area from bi-directional to uni-directional.","PeriodicalId":332145,"journal":{"name":"Challenging Glass Conference Proceedings","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141335882","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We discuss a novel approach, based on fractional calculus with a non-uniform time discretization, to numerically simulate interlayer viscoelastic behaviour and associated time-dependent deformation of laminated glass. Reference is made to the classic example of a simply supported laminated glass beam under long-duration loads. The fractional model is compared with some results obtained using the widely used finite element software ABAQUS 2021, which for the viscoelastic properties of the polymeric interlayer, utilizes the more traditional approach based on the Wiechert model and approximation via Prony series of the relaxation function and a uniform discretization of time for the numerical solution. The model is also validated through the comparison with experimental test. The novel approach based on fractional calculus presents two main advantages: 1) the definition of the model parameters from experimental data is simplified; and 2) the numerical implementation is easier and computationally more efficient. When a long observation time is considered, the use of a non-uniform time discretization presents the great advantage of not neglecting any part of the relaxation function. Use of traditional uniform time discretization requires the use of large time steps making it impossible to describe all the changes of the relaxation curve within the large time interval. Practical examples will be presented using viscoelastic models for Trosifol® Extra Stiff (PVB) and SentryGlas® interlayers. This methodology also shows potential to advance next generation standards for the design of structural laminated glass.
{"title":"Viscoelastic Fractional Model with a Non-Uniform Time Discretization for Laminated Glass: Experimental Validation","authors":"Lorenzo Santi, Stephen Bennison, Michael Haerth","doi":"10.47982/cgc.9.619","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47982/cgc.9.619","url":null,"abstract":"We discuss a novel approach, based on fractional calculus with a non-uniform time discretization, to numerically simulate interlayer viscoelastic behaviour and associated time-dependent deformation of laminated glass. Reference is made to the classic example of a simply supported laminated glass beam under long-duration loads. The fractional model is compared with some results obtained using the widely used finite element software ABAQUS 2021, which for the viscoelastic properties of the polymeric interlayer, utilizes the more traditional approach based on the Wiechert model and approximation via Prony series of the relaxation function and a uniform discretization of time for the numerical solution. The model is also validated through the comparison with experimental test. The novel approach based on fractional calculus presents two main advantages: 1) the definition of the model parameters from experimental data is simplified; and 2) the numerical implementation is easier and computationally more efficient. When a long observation time is considered, the use of a non-uniform time discretization presents the great advantage of not neglecting any part of the relaxation function. Use of traditional uniform time discretization requires the use of large time steps making it impossible to describe all the changes of the relaxation curve within the large time interval. Practical examples will be presented using viscoelastic models for Trosifol® Extra Stiff (PVB) and SentryGlas® interlayers. This methodology also shows potential to advance next generation standards for the design of structural laminated glass.","PeriodicalId":332145,"journal":{"name":"Challenging Glass Conference Proceedings","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141335687","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Joseph Robert Yost, Jorge Huisa Chacon, Yoa Lu, Masoud Akbarzadeh, Damon Bolhassani, Fahimeh Yavartanoo, Phillipp Amir Chhadeh, Jens Schneider
This research is related to the structural performance of a shell-type system made of hollow glass units (HGU) that utilizes glass as the primary structural material. The efficient structural function of the proposed shell-type system is designed using Polyhedral Graphic Statics to achieve a system geometry that maximizes in-plane compression and limits the presence of tension. The large-scale shell structure is constructed using a modular assembly of individual hollow glass units. To date, the research team has completed studies on individual HGU strength and stiffness, and the performance of the interface material necessary to transmit the high in-plane compression forces between neighboring HGUs. As well, the feasibility of the proposed modular system has also been demonstrated through the successful assembly and disassembly of a 3 m span prototype pedestrian bridge known as Tortuca. Tortuca is comprised of 13 individual interlocking HGUs assembled into a compression-dominant form supported on steel abutments. In the current research study, the physical performance of Tortuca is experimentally investigated under controlled laboratory testing and using an extensive assortment of displacement and strain sensors. Significant findings related to experimental testing of Tortuca will be reported.
{"title":"Experimental Behavior of a Prototype 3m-Span Modular Glass Pedestrian Bridge","authors":"Joseph Robert Yost, Jorge Huisa Chacon, Yoa Lu, Masoud Akbarzadeh, Damon Bolhassani, Fahimeh Yavartanoo, Phillipp Amir Chhadeh, Jens Schneider","doi":"10.47982/cgc.9.620","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47982/cgc.9.620","url":null,"abstract":"This research is related to the structural performance of a shell-type system made of hollow glass units (HGU) that utilizes glass as the primary structural material. The efficient structural function of the proposed shell-type system is designed using Polyhedral Graphic Statics to achieve a system geometry that maximizes in-plane compression and limits the presence of tension. The large-scale shell structure is constructed using a modular assembly of individual hollow glass units. To date, the research team has completed studies on individual HGU strength and stiffness, and the performance of the interface material necessary to transmit the high in-plane compression forces between neighboring HGUs. As well, the feasibility of the proposed modular system has also been demonstrated through the successful assembly and disassembly of a 3 m span prototype pedestrian bridge known as Tortuca. Tortuca is comprised of 13 individual interlocking HGUs assembled into a compression-dominant form supported on steel abutments. In the current research study, the physical performance of Tortuca is experimentally investigated under controlled laboratory testing and using an extensive assortment of displacement and strain sensors. Significant findings related to experimental testing of Tortuca will be reported.","PeriodicalId":332145,"journal":{"name":"Challenging Glass Conference Proceedings","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141335639","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Chiara Bedon, Alessandro Massi Pavan, Nicola Cella, Nicola Blasuttigh
In engineering applications, the frequency analysis represents a first and practical step to collect relevant parameters for structural and mechanical diagnostics. Any possible material / component degradation and deterioration can be prematurely detected by frequency modifications that exceed a certain alert value. In this paper, the attention is given to the dynamic mechanical analysis of commercial photovoltaic (PV) modules, in which the solar cells are typically encapsulated in thin viscoelastic interlayers made of Ethylene-Vinyl Acetate (EVA), which are primarily responsible for the load-bearing capacity of the sandwich PV system. As a major effect of ageing, ambient conditions, non-uniform / cyclic thermal gradients, humidity and even extreme mechanical / thermal loads, the rigidity of these films can largely modify and decrease, thus possibly affecting the mechanical capacity of the PV module, and even exposing the solar cells to fault. Knowledge of the effective bonding level is an important step for diagnostic purposes. In this regard, the present study is based on a preliminary but extensive parametric Finite Element (FE) numerical investigation of full-scale commercial PV modules of typical use in buildings. The attention is given – for PV module arrangements of technical interest – to the effect of EVA stiffness in terms of vibration modes and especially frequency sensitivity. As shown, when compared to newly installed PV modules, any kind of stiffness decrease is associated to major frequency modifications for the composite system, and in the worst configuration, such a frequency scatter can decrease down to -40% the original condition. Such a marked stiffness decrease would be implicitly associated to a weak mechanical performance of the sandwich section, with major stress peaks and deflections in the PV system, even under ordinary loads. The presented results, in this sense, suggest that major consequences can be prevented and minimized by monitoring the vibration frequency of PV modules.
在工程应用中，频率分析是收集结构和机械诊断相关参数的第一步，也是非常实用的一步。任何可能的材料/部件降解和劣化都可以通过超过一定警戒值的频率变化提前检测出来。本文关注的是商用光伏（PV）模块的动态机械分析，其中太阳能电池通常封装在由乙烯-醋酸乙烯（EVA）制成的薄粘弹性夹层中，主要负责夹层光伏系统的承载能力。由于老化、环境条件、非均匀/周期性热梯度、湿度甚至极端机械/热负荷的主要影响，这些薄膜的刚度会发生很大程度的变化和降低，从而可能影响光伏组件的机械能力，甚至使太阳能电池发生故障。了解有效粘合水平是诊断的重要一步。为此，本研究对建筑物中典型使用的全尺寸商用光伏组件进行了初步但广泛的参数有限元 (FE) 数值研究。对于具有技术意义的光伏组件布置，重点关注 EVA 刚度对振动模式的影响，尤其是频率敏感性。如图所示，与新安装的光伏组件相比，任何刚度的降低都会对复合系统的频率产生重大影响，在最坏的情况下，频率散射会降低到原始状态的 -40%。这种明显的刚度下降将隐含地与夹层部分的薄弱机械性能相关联，即使在普通负载下，光伏系统也会出现较大的应力峰值和挠度。从这个意义上讲，上述结果表明，通过监测光伏组件的振动频率，可以防止并最大限度地减少重大后果。
{"title":"Early-Detection of EVA Encapsulant Degradation in PV Modules Based on Vibration Frequency Analysis","authors":"Chiara Bedon, Alessandro Massi Pavan, Nicola Cella, Nicola Blasuttigh","doi":"10.47982/cgc.9.614","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47982/cgc.9.614","url":null,"abstract":"In engineering applications, the frequency analysis represents a first and practical step to collect relevant parameters for structural and mechanical diagnostics. Any possible material / component degradation and deterioration can be prematurely detected by frequency modifications that exceed a certain alert value. In this paper, the attention is given to the dynamic mechanical analysis of commercial photovoltaic (PV) modules, in which the solar cells are typically encapsulated in thin viscoelastic interlayers made of Ethylene-Vinyl Acetate (EVA), which are primarily responsible for the load-bearing capacity of the sandwich PV system. As a major effect of ageing, ambient conditions, non-uniform / cyclic thermal gradients, humidity and even extreme mechanical / thermal loads, the rigidity of these films can largely modify and decrease, thus possibly affecting the mechanical capacity of the PV module, and even exposing the solar cells to fault. Knowledge of the effective bonding level is an important step for diagnostic purposes. In this regard, the present study is based on a preliminary but extensive parametric Finite Element (FE) numerical investigation of full-scale commercial PV modules of typical use in buildings. The attention is given – for PV module arrangements of technical interest – to the effect of EVA stiffness in terms of vibration modes and especially frequency sensitivity. As shown, when compared to newly installed PV modules, any kind of stiffness decrease is associated to major frequency modifications for the composite system, and in the worst configuration, such a frequency scatter can decrease down to -40% the original condition. Such a marked stiffness decrease would be implicitly associated to a weak mechanical performance of the sandwich section, with major stress peaks and deflections in the PV system, even under ordinary loads. The presented results, in this sense, suggest that major consequences can be prevented and minimized by monitoring the vibration frequency of PV modules.","PeriodicalId":332145,"journal":{"name":"Challenging Glass Conference Proceedings","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141335537","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Paolo Matricardi, Marc Ottele, C. Louter, Alessandra Luna Navarro
This paper draws attention to the environmental impact of passive smart windows, a novel high-performance glazing technologies that can change their solar transmittance to control the amount of solar gain, thus reducing cooling energy demand. Despite the large influence of building envelope technologies on overall embodied carbon in buildings, the environmental impact of passive smart windows has been inadequately addressed, with a dearth of numerical data on various impact categories beyond energy consumption and Global Warming Potential (GWP). While current literature focuses on the advantages of these technologies in terms of operational energy savings, other critical environmental considerations are currently missing. This paper aims to bridge the existing gap by introducing a novel framework for evaluating the broader environmental impact of passive smart windows through a multi-category LCA method. By analysing the life cycle of these technologies, including production, usage, and disposal, the research seeks to provide a holistic understanding of their contribution to sustainability. The framework is based on systematic literature review on current state-of-art approaches and Interviews with key stakeholders in the dynamic glazing value chain. Literature review and interview results are presented, and then the framework is demonstrated through a case study of a thermochromic technologies for an office building in the Netherlands. Preliminary results show the critical areas where improvements on the methods or on the performance of the technology are required for the achievement of holistically sustainable high-performing glazing.
{"title":"Environmental Impact of Passive Smart Window Technologies","authors":"Paolo Matricardi, Marc Ottele, C. Louter, Alessandra Luna Navarro","doi":"10.47982/cgc.9.605","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47982/cgc.9.605","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000This paper draws attention to the environmental impact of passive smart windows, a novel high-performance glazing technologies that can change their solar transmittance to control the amount of solar gain, thus reducing cooling energy demand. Despite the large influence of building envelope technologies on overall embodied carbon in buildings, the environmental impact of passive smart windows has been inadequately addressed, with a dearth of numerical data on various impact categories beyond energy consumption and Global Warming Potential (GWP). While current literature focuses on the advantages of these technologies in terms of operational energy savings, other critical environmental considerations are currently missing. This paper aims to bridge the existing gap by introducing a novel framework for evaluating the broader environmental impact of passive smart windows through a multi-category LCA method. By analysing the life cycle of these technologies, including production, usage, and disposal, the research seeks to provide a holistic understanding of their contribution to sustainability. The framework is based on systematic literature review on current state-of-art approaches and Interviews with key stakeholders in the dynamic glazing value chain. Literature review and interview results are presented, and then the framework is demonstrated through a case study of a thermochromic technologies for an office building in the Netherlands. Preliminary results show the critical areas where improvements on the methods or on the performance of the technology are required for the achievement of holistically sustainable high-performing glazing.\u0000","PeriodicalId":332145,"journal":{"name":"Challenging Glass Conference Proceedings","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141335939","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The use of glass as structural material has highlighted the need for more reliable numerical approaches to analyze its mechanical behavior, especially in the accidental eventuality of fracture. Modelling the behavior of fractured laminated glass, in fact, is fundamental to assess the Post-Fracture load-bearing capacity. However, this is a highly challenging task because of the many interplaying factors, such as the viscoelastic and thermal-dependent behavior of the interlayer, the presence of a highly complex and variable crack pattern and the interaction among fragments. The objective of the present work is the development and testing of a robust numerical model that can naturally introduce the generated crack pattern into virtual specimens and manage the interaction among many fragments. The phase field fracture model is herein explored, by assigning the damage variable to fit the pre-existing crack pattern. Then, the specimen is loaded letting the phase field managing the fragments interaction. The dependence of the stress tensor with the damage variable is herein defined through the Cleavage-Deviatoric model, since it prevents fully damaged regions from transmitting tensile and shear stresses yet keeping their ability to bear compressive forces. Indeed, this model can asymptotically reproduce unilateral and frictionless contact conditions between the existing crack lips. Preliminary case studies are discussed to check the potentiality of the proposed approach.
{"title":"Phase Field Fracture Model for Assessing the Load Bearing Capacity of Fractured Glass","authors":"Mauro Corrado, A. Chao Correas, Giulio Ventura","doi":"10.47982/cgc.9.594","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47982/cgc.9.594","url":null,"abstract":"The use of glass as structural material has highlighted the need for more reliable numerical approaches to analyze its mechanical behavior, especially in the accidental eventuality of fracture. Modelling the behavior of fractured laminated glass, in fact, is fundamental to assess the Post-Fracture load-bearing capacity. However, this is a highly challenging task because of the many interplaying factors, such as the viscoelastic and thermal-dependent behavior of the interlayer, the presence of a highly complex and variable crack pattern and the interaction among fragments. The objective of the present work is the development and testing of a robust numerical model that can naturally introduce the generated crack pattern into virtual specimens and manage the interaction among many fragments. The phase field fracture model is herein explored, by assigning the damage variable to fit the pre-existing crack pattern. Then, the specimen is loaded letting the phase field managing the fragments interaction. The dependence of the stress tensor with the damage variable is herein defined through the Cleavage-Deviatoric model, since it prevents fully damaged regions from transmitting tensile and shear stresses yet keeping their ability to bear compressive forces. Indeed, this model can asymptotically reproduce unilateral and frictionless contact conditions between the existing crack lips. Preliminary case studies are discussed to check the potentiality of the proposed approach.","PeriodicalId":332145,"journal":{"name":"Challenging Glass Conference Proceedings","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141335746","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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