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29 Art. 80 GG: Issuance of Executive Orders 29《基本法》第80条:发布行政命令
Pub Date : 2019-02-28 DOI: 10.1093/law/9780198808091.003.0029
Bumke Christian, Voßkuhle Andreas
This chapter discusses the relevant provisions of Art. 80 of the Grundgesetz (GG) with regard to the issuance of executive orders. Under the Grundgesetz, only the federal government, a federal minister, or state governments may create executive orders, and only to the extent that they are expressly authorised to do so by a parliamentary law. The chapter first examines the Federal Constitutional Court's jurisprudence concerning the scope of Art. 80 GG, focussing on the delegation of law-making power to the executive in the form of authorisation to promulgate executive orders. It then considers the specificity of the delegation of powers, with emphasis on the four formulas developed by the Court: foreseeability formula, autonomous decision formula, program formula and clarity formula. It also analyses the requirement of citation for authorities which create an executive order, the procedure for issuing executive orders, and executive orders which require consent by the Bundesrat.
本章讨论《基本法》第80条关于发布行政命令的有关规定。根据《基本法》,只有联邦政府、联邦部长或州政府才能制定行政命令,而且只有在议会法律明确授权的情况下才能这样做。本章首先考察联邦宪法法院关于《宪法》第80条范围的判例,重点关注以授权颁布行政命令的形式将立法权委托给行政部门。然后,它考虑了权力授权的特殊性,重点是法院制定的四种模式:可预见模式、自主决定模式、方案模式和清晰度模式。本章还分析了制定行政命令的机关的引证要求、发布行政命令的程序以及需要得到联邦参议院同意的行政命令。
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引用次数: 0
13 Art. 12 GG: Occupational Freedom 《GG》第12条:职业自由
Pub Date : 2019-02-28 DOI: 10.1093/LAW/9780198808091.003.0013
Bumke Christian, Voßkuhle Andreas
This chapter discusses freedom of occupation, a fundamental right guaranteed by Art. 12 of the Grundgesetz (GG). It first examines the Federal Constitutional Court's jurisprudence regarding the scope of protection for occupational freedom, focussing on cases that emphasise the importance of occupational freedom to the human personality, consequences of the personal interpretation of occupational freedom, and restrictions on the guarantees afforded by the scope of protection. It then considers the reservation of authority to regulate the practice of an occupation, with emphasis on the three-step theory of regulatory authority. It also analyses the issue of interference with the right to choose an occupation, along with the definition of occupations. It concludes by giving examples of the step theory in operation, one for an objective condition on entry and another for a subjective condition on entry.
本章讨论职业自由,这是《基本法》第12条所保障的一项基本权利。它首先审查了联邦宪法法院关于职业自由保护范围的判例,重点是强调职业自由对人的个性的重要性的案件、对职业自由的个人解释的后果以及对保护范围所提供的保障的限制。然后,它考虑了对职业实践进行监管的权力保留,重点是监管权力的三步理论。它还分析了干涉选择职业的权利的问题,以及职业的定义。最后给出了阶跃理论在实际应用中的例子,一个用于客观条件下的进场,另一个用于主观条件下的进场。
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引用次数: 0
23 Art. 21 GG: Political Parties 23第21条:政党
Pub Date : 2019-02-28 DOI: 10.1093/law/9780198808091.003.0023
Bumke Christian, Voßkuhle Andreas
This chapter considers the relevant provisions of Art. 21 of the Grundgesetz (GG) with regard to political parties. Art. 21 GG does not define the term ‘political party’ and provides only a description of its function, which is ‘to participate in the formation of the political will of the people’. There are two conceptions of political party in the literature: the model of the ‘party state’ and the model of ‘party competition’. Political parties display the elements described in both models. The chapter first examines the Federal Constitutional Court's jurisprudence concerning the definition of ‘party’ before discussing the constitutional freedom to found and organise parties, prohibition of parties, competition between political parties and equality of opportunity among parties, and party financing (private financing and state financing).
本章审议《基本法》第21条关于政党的有关规定。《基本法》第21条没有对“政党”一词下定义,只对其职能作了描述,即“参与形成人民的政治意志”。文献中的政党概念有两种:“党国”模式和“政党竞争”模式。政党表现出两种模型中描述的要素。本章首先考察了联邦宪法法院关于“政党”定义的判例,然后讨论了建立和组织政党的宪法自由、禁止政党、政党之间的竞争和政党之间的机会平等以及政党融资(私人融资和国家融资)。
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引用次数: 0
32 Art. 103 GG: Right to a Lawful Hearing, Ban on Retroactive Punishment, and Ban on Multiple Punishments for the Same Crime 32《刑法》第103条:合法听审的权利、禁止追溯处罚、禁止对同一罪行实行多重处罚
Pub Date : 2019-02-28 DOI: 10.1093/LAW/9780198808091.003.0032
Bumke Christian, Voßkuhle Andreas
This chapter discusses three separate fundamental rights that are guaranteed in Art. 103 of the Grundgesetz (GG): the right to a hearing before a court, the ban on retroactive punishment and the requirement of specificity in criminal laws, and the ban on multiple punishments for the same crime. It first examines the Federal Constitutional Court's jurisprudence concerning the function and significance of the right to a hearing and the direct applicability of Art. 103 before explaining the Court's position on the timing of the hearing and the right to a hearing in relation to the procedural rules of preclusion. It also analyses the Court's decisions in cases relating to the requirement of specificity in criminal laws and the prohibition of retroactivity, including those that deal with Sit-In Protest and preventive detention.
本章讨论了《刑法》第103条所保障的三项独立的基本权利:法庭听审权、禁止追溯处罚和刑法的专一性要求、禁止对同一罪行实行多重处罚。它首先审查联邦宪法法院关于听审权的功能和意义以及第103条的直接适用性的判例,然后解释法院关于听审时间和听审权与排除程序规则的关系的立场。它还分析了法院在涉及刑法的具体要求和禁止溯及力的案件中的判决,包括涉及静坐抗议和预防性拘留的案件。
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引用次数: 0
19 Art. 20 GG: Democracy 19第20条:民主
Pub Date : 2019-02-28 DOI: 10.1093/law/9780198808091.003.0019
Bumke Christian, Voßkuhle Andreas
This chapter discusses the democracy principle as articulated in Art. 20 of the Grundgesetz (GG). Art. 20 para. 2 GG defines democracy in this manner: ‘All state authority is derived from the people. It shall be exercised by the people’. GG associates the concept of democracy with the concept of the state. Although the Federal Constitutional Court has avoided any reference to the principle of democracy, it has interpreted some fundamental rights in light of the principle. The chapter first considers the Court's jurisprudence regarding political will formation in a representative democracy, focussing on cases dealing with voting rights of foreigners, elections to district assemblies, popular referendum, and public-information campaigns. It then examines cases relating to exercise of state authority, with emphasis on the position of Parliament in relation to other branches of government, forms of democratic legitimation, and functional self-government.
本章讨论《基本法》第20条所阐述的民主原则。第20条第1款GG是这样定义民主的:“所有的国家权力都来自人民。”它由人民行使。”GG把民主的概念和国家的概念联系在一起。虽然联邦宪法法院避免提及民主原则,但它根据这一原则解释了一些基本权利。本章首先考虑了法院关于代议制民主中政治意愿形成的判例,重点是处理外国人投票权、地区议会选举、全民公决和公共信息运动的案件。然后,它考察了与国家权力行使有关的案例,重点是议会与其他政府部门、民主合法化形式和功能性自治的关系。
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引用次数: 0
10 Art. 9 GG: Freedom of Association 《基本法》第9条:结社自由
Pub Date : 2019-02-28 DOI: 10.1093/law/9780198808091.003.0010
Bumke Christian, Voßkuhle Andreas
This chapter deals with freedom of association which is guaranteed by Art. 9 of the Grundgesetz (GG). It first reviews the Federal Constitutional Court's decision concerning the constitutionality of the Codetermination Law of 1976, which expanded the rights of employees to jointly participate in corporate decision making. It then examines the Court's jurisprudence regarding the scope of protection for freedom of association, including the freedom to form income tax assistance associations. It also tackles the question of interference with the right of freedom of association, along with the constitutional justification of such interferences. Finally, it analyses the scope of protection for the fundamental right to form labour groups and employers' associations — or coalitions — to safeguard and improve working and economic conditions, focussing on cases relating to replacement of striking workers and wage-replacement payments in labour disputes.
本章论述《基本法》第9条所保障的结社自由。它首先审查了联邦宪法法院关于1976年《共同决定法》是否合宪性的决定,该法扩大了雇员共同参与公司决策的权利。然后,它审查了法院关于保护结社自由的范围的判例,包括成立所得税援助协会的自由。它还处理了干涉结社自由权利的问题,以及这种干涉的宪法正当性。最后,本报告分析了保护成立劳工团体和雇主协会(或联盟)以保障和改善工作和经济条件的基本权利的范围,重点是与替换罢工工人和在劳资纠纷中支付替代工资有关的案件。
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引用次数: 0
21 Art. 20 GG: The Federal Principle 《基本法》第20条:联邦原则
Pub Date : 2019-02-28 DOI: 10.1093/LAW/9780198808091.003.0021
Bumke Christian, Voßkuhle Andreas
This chapter discusses the federalism principle as articulated in Art. 20 of the Grundgesetz (GG). It first examines the Federal Constitutional Court's jurisprudence concerning the idea that the federal government is an ‘entire state’ (Gesamtstaat). In particular, it considers the doctrine of the ‘tripartite federal state’ (‘entire state’ of the Federal Republic of Germany — federal government — states) and shows that the federal government is the entire state based on the doctrine of the ‘bipartite federal state’. It also explores the notion that the federal government is the ‘community of states’, the community of the federal government and the states, and the homogeneity of the federal and state governments. Finally, it explains the principle of loyalty to the federal state and the ensuing requirement of ‘federalism-friendly conduct’.
本章讨论《基本法》第20条所阐述的联邦制原则。它首先考察了联邦宪法法院关于联邦政府是一个“完整的国家”(Gesamtstaat)概念的判例。特别是,它考虑了“三方联邦制国家”的学说(德意志联邦共和国的“整个国家”-联邦政府-各州),并表明联邦政府是基于“三方联邦制国家”学说的整个国家。它还探讨了联邦政府是“州的共同体”的概念,联邦政府和各州的共同体,以及联邦和州政府的同质性。最后,解释了忠诚于联邦国家的原则以及随之而来的“亲联邦制行为”的要求。
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引用次数: 0
20 Art. 20 GG: The Social State 《社会状态》第20条
Pub Date : 2019-02-28 DOI: 10.1093/LAW/9780198808091.003.0020
Bumke Christian, Voßkuhle Andreas
This chapter discusses the principle of social state as articulated in Art. 20 of the Grundgesetz (GG). In contrast to the democracy principle, GG contains only a few provisions which can be assumed to be specific manifestations of the social-state principle. As a result, interpretation and application of the principle become problematic. As an objective right, the social-state principle requires the state to provide actual benefits. Art. 1 para. 1 GG, in combination with the social-state principle, justifies a claim ‘to the guarantee of a minimum livelihood in accordance with human dignity’. The chapter examines the Federal Constitutional Court's jurisprudence concerning individual social benefits that may be provided by the legislature to fulfill its obligations under the social-state clause, with particular emphasis on long-term care insurance, and the state's obligations under the social-state principle to create and maintain public social-welfare facilities.
本章讨论社会状态的原则,这是《社会发展概论》第20条所阐述的。与民主原则相比,GG只包含了少数条款,可以认为是社会国家原则的具体表现。因此,这一原则的解释和适用出现了问题。社会国家原则作为一项客观权利,要求国家提供实际利益。第1条第1款GG与社会国家原则相结合,证明了“保障符合人类尊严的最低生活”的主张是正当的。本章考察了联邦宪法法院关于立法机关为履行其在社会-国家条款下的义务而可能提供的个人社会福利的判例,特别强调了长期护理保险,以及国家在社会-国家原则下创建和维护公共社会福利设施的义务。
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引用次数: 0
26 Art. 33 GG: Equal Citizenship, Civil Service 《基本法》第33条:平等公民权、公务员制度
Pub Date : 2019-02-28 DOI: 10.1093/law/9780198808091.003.0026
Bumke Christian, Voßkuhle Andreas
This chapter deals with equal access to civil service which is guaranteed by Art. 33 of the Grundgesetz (GG). It first examines the Federal Constitutional Court's jurisprudence regarding the importance of the civil service to a democratic state founded on the rule of law before addressing the question of access to civil service, with emphasis on the performance principle and the procedures which safeguard it. It then analyses the Court's so-called ‘Radicals decision’, in which it ruled that the duty of political loyalty was one of the traditional principles of the professional civil service, and the scope of the functional reservation of Art. 33 para. 4 GG. It also explains the prohibition of strikes by civil servants, along with the traditional principles of the professional civil service. Finally, it describes the traditional principles of the civil service as individual rights comparable to fundamental rights.
本章涉及《基本法》第33条所保障的平等获得公务员职位的机会。它首先审查了联邦宪法法院关于公务员制度对建立在法治基础上的民主国家的重要性的判例,然后讨论公务员制度的使用问题,重点是履行原则和保障这一原则的程序。然后,它分析了法院所谓的“激进决定”,其中法院裁定政治忠诚的义务是专业公务员制度的传统原则之一,并分析了第33条第2款的功能保留范围。问:这也解释了为什么禁止公务员罢工,以及专业公务员的传统原则。最后,它将公务员制度的传统原则描述为与基本权利相当的个人权利。
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引用次数: 0
8 Art. 7 GG: School 8第7条:学校
Pub Date : 2019-02-28 DOI: 10.1093/law/9780198808091.003.0008
Bumke Christian, Voßkuhle Andreas
This chapter discusses the provisions of Art. 7 of the Grundgesetz (GG) concerning the state's organisational power, the freedom to establish private schools, and the legal position of parents, students, and educators. Art. 7 para 1. GG grants the state the authority — and imposes the obligation — to not stand by and allow the school system to be operated on its own, for example by commercial providers or religious or philosophical communities. Other provisions relate to religious instruction and the abolition of the pre-primary school. The chapter examines the jurisprudence of the Federal Constitutional Court with regard to the state's power to organise schools, child-rearing and instruction (for example, the issue of sex education in schools), the rights of parents concerning the care and education of children, and the rights of students in school.
本章讨论《基本法》第7条关于国家组织权力、建立私立学校的自由以及家长、学生和教育工作者的法律地位的规定。第七条第1款。GG授予国家权力——并施加义务——不袖手旁观,允许学校系统自行运营,例如由商业供应商或宗教或哲学团体运营。其他规定涉及宗教教育和废除学前教育。本章审查了联邦宪法法院关于国家组织学校的权力、儿童养育和教育(例如,学校的性教育问题)、父母在照顾和教育儿童方面的权利以及在校学生的权利方面的判例。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
German Constitutional Law
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