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Józef Patkowski at the Darmstadt International Summer Courses for New Music Józef帕特科夫斯基在达姆施塔特国际新音乐暑期课程
Pub Date : 2019-12-15 DOI: 10.14746/rfn.2019.20.2
M. Nowak
Around 1960, the Darmstadt International Summer Courses for New Music were an important contact point for Polish composers and musicians to the Western avant-garde after years of isolation due to the doctrine of socialist realism imposed in Poland. During this first phase of Polish participation, Józef Patkowski participated twice in the Courses. Mainly based on sources to be found in the archives of the International Music Institute Darmstadt (IMD), this article di-scusses Patkowski’s perception of the Courses as well as his lecture on New Music in Poland which he held in Darmstadt 1962, and gives an insight into the organizational process of artistic contact between Poland and a Western festival.
1960年前后,达姆施塔特国际暑期新音乐课程成为波兰作曲家和音乐家与西方前卫音乐接触的重要接触点,此前波兰因社会主义现实主义而被孤立多年。在波兰参与的第一阶段,Józef帕特科夫斯基参加了两次课程。本文主要基于在达姆施塔特国际音乐学院(IMD)档案中找到的资料,讨论帕特科夫斯基对课程的看法以及他1962年在达姆施塔特举行的波兰新音乐讲座,并深入了解波兰与西方节日之间艺术接触的组织过程。
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引用次数: 0
Gra kompozytora z percepcją słuchacza na przykładzie twórczości Witolda Lutosławskiego
Pub Date : 2018-12-15 DOI: 10.14746/rfn.2018.19.6
Anna Zawadzka-Gołosz
The title issue of this article is preceded by reflections on the problem of perception as such, taking into account the perspective of the author’s creative and pedagogical experiences. The examples of perception problems of music-educated students, especially as part of the process of developing the auditory intellect (hearing education), are the bases of the introduced hypotheses and attempts to diagnose the problem. One of the theses in this article is that the consciousness and knowledge of the mechanisms of perceptual hearing (both its possibilities and limitations) should accompany the creator of the musical creation. There is also an attempt to answer the question who the composer and who their listener is today. The distinction between the “composing creator” and the “creating creator” is emphasized. Attention is drawn to the problems of the perception of a contemporary work; listeners’ habits, resulting from knowledge limitation and lack of development of the so called “cognitive attention”, limit the acceptance of new aesthetic and technical attitudes. The “perception shock” caused by the inflow of unknown information does not allow the strategy to organize the visual or auditory scene into a logical whole. The emergence of new sound qualities and their new aesthetic categorization (melodies of colors, melodies of textures, harmonies of colors, etc., and a new approach to time and space) in the 20th and 21st century music, requires “guiding the listener on the new sound stage” and opening them to appropriate perceptual strategies.Witold Lutosławski’s work – in the context of his philosophy of creation, becomes a unique example of inviting the listener to the perception game, which is based, above all, on the composer’s desire to meet his audience in a deep aesthetic experience.
考虑到作者的创作和教学经验,本文的标题问题首先是对感知问题的反思。接受音乐教育的学生的感知问题的例子,特别是作为发展听觉智力(听力教育)过程的一部分,是介绍假设和尝试诊断问题的基础。本文的一个论点是,对感性听觉机制的意识和认识(包括它的可能性和局限性)应该伴随着音乐创作的创造者。这也试图回答今天谁是作曲家,谁是听众的问题。强调了“构成创造者”与“创造创造者”的区别。注意力被吸引到当代作品的感知问题;听者的习惯,由于知识的局限和缺乏所谓的“认知注意”的发展,限制了新的审美和技术态度的接受。未知信息流入造成的“感知冲击”使策略无法将视觉或听觉场景组织成一个逻辑整体。20世纪和21世纪音乐中出现的新音质及其新的审美分类(颜色旋律、织体旋律、颜色和声等,以及对时间和空间的新方法),要求“在新的声音舞台上引导听众”,并让他们接受适当的感知策略。Witold Lutosławski的作品-在他的创作哲学的背景下,成为邀请听众参与感知游戏的独特例子,这首先是基于作曲家在深刻的美学体验中满足听众的愿望。
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引用次数: 0
Emocje estetyczne w świetle badań psychologii muzyki: opis i mechanizmy wyjaśniające
Pub Date : 2018-12-15 DOI: 10.14746/rfn.2018.19.1
Julia Kaleńska-Rodzaj
The main aim of this article is to review contemporary research on aesthetic emotions from the perspective of music psychology. By analyzing the results of research review in the broader theoretical context, the author attempts to answer the question of the appropriateness of distinguishing a separate category of aesthetic emotions and musical aesthetic emotions. She concludes that despite the specific terminologyused to describe aesthetic musical emotions (classification of aesthetic emotions by M. Zentner et al.), some specific induction mechanisms (a multi-level theory of emotion causation by P.N. Juslin) and functions fulfilled in the listener’s life, there is no clear evidence to distinguish musical aesthetic emotions as a separate category of emotions, and the term aesthetic emotions should be reserved only for the emotions arising as a result of the cognitive evaluation of the stimulus according the listener’s aesthetic criteria.
本文的主要目的是从音乐心理学的角度来回顾当代关于审美情感的研究。通过在更广阔的理论背景下分析研究综述的结果,笔者试图回答将审美情感与音乐审美情感单独划分一类是否合适的问题。她的结论是,尽管使用了特定的术语来描述审美音乐情感(M. Zentner等人的审美情感分类),一些特定的诱导机制(P.N. Juslin的多层次情感因果理论)和在听者生活中履行的功能,但没有明确的证据将音乐审美情感区分为一个单独的情感类别。审美情感一词仅指听者根据自己的审美标准对刺激物进行认知评价而产生的情感。
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引用次数: 1
Muzyka w służbie „naukowego zarządzania” – od tayloryzmu do audiomarketingu
Pub Date : 2018-12-15 DOI: 10.14746/rfn.2018.19.2
Sylwia Makomaska
The presence of music in the contemporary world also encompasses its functioning within activities that can be termed “acoustic engineering”. It is a strategy that involves the designing, construction  and modification of the acoustic space of a given place by means of programmed music using scientific and technical knowledge. Its purpose is to modify or change the recipients’ responses and behaviour in a way consistent with the values and interests of the sender. In such an approach, music is embedded in the framework of the social communication model, which assumes that the end result of the communication process is to control the recipients’ responses and  behaviour (usually unconsciously for them). This strategy primarily  concerns activities carried out in public space. The analysis of the selected concepts that use music as an instrument of “scientific management” in the workplaces and at the points of sale (e.g. Muzak and audiomarketing) seems to confirm that music was and is being used  as an effective tool for the control and change of the workers or/and consumers behaviour. In this way, the listener is reduced to the role of a responsive recipient and becomes “the slave of the surrounding world”. The purpose of this article is to show the relationship between the “scientific management” doctrine introduced by Frederick Winslow Taylor in 1911 and the selected concepts in which music is treated as a tool of influence. Special attention will be paid to the contemporary activities known as audiomarketing, which, according to the Author, can be regarded as a manifestation of neo-Taylorism.
音乐在当代世界的存在也包括它在活动中的功能,可以被称为“声学工程”。它是一种策略,涉及到设计,建设和修改的声学空间的一个给定的地方通过程序音乐使用科学和技术知识。其目的是修改或改变收件人的反应和行为,以符合发件人的价值观和利益。在这种方法中,音乐被嵌入到社会交流模型的框架中,该模型假设交流过程的最终结果是控制接受者的反应和行为(通常是他们无意识的)。这一战略主要涉及在公共空间开展的活动。对在工作场所和销售点(例如Muzak和audiomarketing)使用音乐作为“科学管理”工具的选定概念的分析似乎证实,音乐过去和现在都被用作控制和改变工人或/和消费者行为的有效工具。这样,听者就沦为了一个回应的接受者,成为了“周围世界的奴隶”。本文的目的是展示Frederick Winslow Taylor在1911年引入的“科学管理”学说与将音乐视为影响力工具的选定概念之间的关系。将特别注意被称为声音营销的当代活动,根据作者的说法,它可以被视为新泰勒主义的一种表现。
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引用次数: 0
Tragedia lalki w żywiole komedii. Operowy kontekst filmu Aria Piotra Sapiegina (2001)
Pub Date : 2018-12-15 DOI: 10.14746/rfn.2018.19.8
Anna Igielska
The subject of the analysis is the animated puppet film Aria by Pjotr Sapegin, which refers to the plot and the music – through the quotes from the aria ‘Un bel dì vedremo’ in the arrangement of Normand Roger – of the opera Madama Butterfly by Giacomo Puccini. By taking as a main reference point a description of musical operations made in the film and their contribution in constructing the meanings of the audiovisual work, the author of the article moves successively between several interpretation levels: historical (she situates the film within the puppet’s opera tradition), media-theoretical (she considers the qualitative transformation of the doll in theater and film in the perspective of different aesthetics of both media), theatrological (she reflects on the doll’s ontology, with particular emphasis on the question of comicality), and operological (she refers in part to the entire opera of Puccini and portrays more accurately verbal, musical and dramaturgical values of the aria ‘Un bel dì vedremo’, while proving that the Sapegin’s film is an example of meta-reflection on aria as a form of dramatic-musical expression). The multiple perspectives of the study are used to reveal the dramatic, stylistic, adaptive and philosophical complexity of Sapegin’s work and lead to the recognition of the capabilities of an animated film as an audiovisual medium that continually leads a creative dialogue with music as well as the potential of the puppet aesthetics at the beginning of the 21st century.
分析的主题是Pjotr Sapegin的动画木偶电影《咏叹调》,它引用了Giacomo Puccini的歌剧《蝴蝶夫人》的情节和音乐——通过引用诺曼·罗杰编曲中的咏叹调“unbel dì vedremo”。本文以对影片中音乐操作的描述及其对构建音像作品意义的贡献为主要参照点,在几个解读层次之间依次移动:历史(她将电影置于木偶的歌剧传统中),媒介理论(她从两种媒体的不同美学角度考虑戏剧和电影中玩偶的质的转变),戏剧(她反思玩偶的本体论,特别强调滑稽性的问题)和歌剧(她部分参考了普契尼的整个歌剧,并更准确地描绘了语言,唱段“unbeldì vedremo”的音乐和戏剧价值,同时证明萨皮金的电影是对唱段作为戏剧音乐表达形式的元反思的一个例子)。该研究的多个视角被用来揭示萨皮金作品的戏剧性、风格、适应性和哲学复杂性,并导致人们认识到动画电影作为视听媒介的能力,它不断引领着与音乐的创造性对话,以及21世纪初木偶美学的潜力。
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引用次数: 0
Synestezja a sztuka, red. Aleksandra Rogowska, Julia Kaleńska-Rodzaj
Pub Date : 2018-12-15 DOI: 10.14746/rfn.2018.19.10
Maria Chełkowska-Zacharewicz
Tekst jest recenzją książki Synestezja a sztuka (red. Aleksandra Rogowska, Julia Kaleńska-Rodzaj).
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引用次数: 0
Neuropsychologiczne aspekty percepcji muzyki
Pub Date : 2018-12-15 DOI: 10.14746/rfn.2018.19.5
K. Czernecka
The article reviews selected neuropsychological studies on brain correlates of music perception. First, the role and specialization of auditory cortex is discussed, focusing on differences between primary/secondary cortices as well as hemispheric asymmetry. Second, brain structures giving rise to emotional experiences during music listening are discussed, along with several possible explanatory mechanisms. Third, studies showing strengthened relationships between motor and auditory areas of the brain are demonstrated in the context of relative easiness of music to organize actions. The last part of the article focuses on the role of prefrontal cortex in building musical expectations and error perception. The influence of additional variables, such as listener’s musical training, on the observed effects is also discussed.
本文综述了音乐感知脑相关因素的神经心理学研究。首先,讨论了听觉皮层的作用和专门化,重点讨论了初级/次级皮层之间的差异以及半球不对称性。其次,讨论了在听音乐时产生情感体验的大脑结构,以及几种可能的解释机制。第三,研究表明,在音乐相对容易组织行动的背景下,大脑的运动和听觉区域之间的关系得到了加强。文章的最后一部分重点讨论了前额叶皮层在建立音乐期望和错误感知中的作用。本文还讨论了附加变量(如听者的音乐训练)对观察到的效果的影响。
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引用次数: 0
Między- i metazmysły – percepcja w dobie sztuki multimedialnej
Pub Date : 2018-12-15 DOI: 10.14746/rfn.2018.19.3
A. Mądro
The mechanism of perceiving the world by mankind is still an unfathomable, yet highly discussed, problem of modern science in its various fields. If the issue is considered in the specific context of contemporary music and art – electroacoustic, multimedia, interactive – questions arise: how do the hearing and the mind react to the new synthesized sounds? What are the mechanisms and rules of multi-sensory perception? Are new perceptual skills developing in the face of new aesthetic situations? Does mankind in the age of the newmedia take another step on the long path of its “sensory evolution”?New media art often puts the senses to the proof; it is a game played with perception, with its limitations and capabilities. In turn, intensification of experience appears to the audience as liberation, escapism, but also as a search for new ways of knowing.
人类感知世界的机制,在现代科学的各个领域中,仍然是一个深不可测而又备受讨论的问题。如果把这个问题放在当代音乐和艺术的特定背景下考虑——电声、多媒体、互动——问题就出现了:听觉和大脑对新的合成声音有什么反应?多感官知觉的机制和规律是什么?面对新的审美情境,新的感知技能是否正在发展?新媒体时代的人类是否在“感官进化”的漫漫长路上又迈出了一步?新媒体艺术常常把感官作为证明;这是一场与感知有关的游戏,有其局限性和能力。反过来,对观众来说,经验的强化表现为解放、逃避,但也表现为对新的认识方式的探索。
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引用次数: 0
Percepcja muzyki – słuchanie muzyki czy słuchanie dźwięków
Pub Date : 2018-12-15 DOI: 10.14746/rfn.2018.19.4
P. Podlipniak
Listening to music is usually understood as perception of a stimulus of a particular kind which, however, does not differ in any special way from listening to other, non-musical sound stimuli. Numerous observations show, however, that the majority of musical stimuli is perceived in a particular manner, suggesting that alongside the cognitive strategies used in the perception of all kinds of sound stimuli, listening to music also activates music-specific cognitive mechanisms. On the other hand, a large section of musical artistic output of the Western culture in the twentieth century became an exceptional phenomenon, both in historical and geographical perspective, in that it abandoned the organisation of the sound structure of music on the basis of pitch-rhythm relationships. From the psychological perspective, this exceptionality consists above all in omitting, during the perceptual processing of this kind of music, of some of the perceptual cognitive structures characteristically involved in the perception of traditionally conceived melodic structures. For a full understanding of the ways of perceiving music it is thus necessary to apply contemporary knowledge of the specific features of the human cognitive system and its evolutionary sources. The aim of the article is to presenta number of various cognitive mechanisms of different evolutionary age which are involved in the perception of music, as well as an attempt to indicate their differentiated participation in the creation of the aesthetic experience of different kinds of music.
听音乐通常被理解为对一种特殊刺激的感知,然而,这种刺激与听其他非音乐的声音刺激没有任何特殊的区别。然而,大量的观察表明,大多数音乐刺激都以一种特定的方式被感知,这表明除了感知各种声音刺激时使用的认知策略外,听音乐也激活了音乐特定的认知机制。另一方面,从历史和地理的角度来看,20世纪西方文化的很大一部分音乐艺术产出成为一种特殊现象,因为它放弃了以音高节奏关系为基础的音乐声音结构的组织。从心理学的角度来看,这种特殊性首先在于,在对这种音乐的感知加工过程中,忽略了一些传统旋律结构感知中特有的感知认知结构。为了充分理解感知音乐的方式,因此有必要应用人类认知系统的具体特征及其进化来源的当代知识。本文的目的是提出不同进化年龄的人在音乐感知中所涉及的各种认知机制,并试图表明它们在不同类型音乐的审美体验创造中的差异化参与。
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引用次数: 0
Dotyk fortepianu. Wybrane zagadnienia fenomenologii wykonania i percepcji utworu muzycznego
Pub Date : 2018-12-15 DOI: 10.14746/rfn.2018.19.7
Anna Chęćka
The main purpose of the article is to reflect on performer’s aesthetic concretization of a musical work. The virtuoso’s concretization blurs the boundaries of the subject and the object of experience: the musician becomes a screen for music, embodies it. The artist’s perception is sharpened, which is shown in the article based on the experience of a pianist performing Claude Debussy’s music. Especially important – apart from hearing – is the sense of touch in this experience. The analysis of the experience of the perceptive performer presented here is in a significant way inspired by the pedagogical practice of the French pianist, Alfred Cortot – his statements, recordings and testimonies of his pupils. On the theoretical side, it is founded on the phenomenology of Maurice Merleau-Ponty and Michel Henry, and indirectly also refers to the comments of Roman Ingarden about aesthetic concretization.
本文的主要目的是反思演奏者对音乐作品的审美具体化。艺术大师的具象化模糊了经验的主体和客体的界限:音乐家成为音乐的屏幕,体现了音乐。这篇文章通过钢琴家演奏克劳德·德彪西(Claude Debussy)的音乐的经验,展示了艺术家的感知能力。在这种体验中,除了听觉之外,尤其重要的是触觉。本文对这位具有洞察力的演奏者的经验分析,在很大程度上受到了法国钢琴家阿尔弗雷德·科尔托(Alfred Cortot)的教学实践的启发——他的陈述、录音和学生的证词。在理论方面,它建立在梅洛-庞蒂和亨利的现象学基础上,也间接参考了英加登关于审美具体化的评论。
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引用次数: 0
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Res Facta Nova. Teksty o muzyce współczesnej
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