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Milk quality and characterization of different geographic regions of Brazil: a literature review 巴西不同地理区域的牛奶质量和特征:文献综述
Pub Date : 2022-10-14 DOI: 10.36812/pag.2022281193-205
Sueli Fiorini Sommer, M. Richter
Milk is a rich source of nutrients that are important for human health. Due to its high nutritional value, it is considered an ideal substrate for the proliferation of pathogenic and deteriorating micro-organisms. Therefore, some control measures are necessary to guarantee the quality of milk and dairy products. The aim of this review is to present the main quality parameters in accordance with Brazilian legislation, as well as to provide data and studies on the characteristics and quality of milk in different regions of Brazil. For this purpose, besides consulting the legislation, articles were used located by the following keywords: "Milk quality", "Milk preservation" and "Milk storage", in the databases "Google Scholar", "SciELO" and "LILACs". It was found that even with control and regulation of dairy farming, failures can still occur in the various regions of the country, which can be minimised with technical assistance and rural extension.
牛奶是营养丰富的来源,对人体健康很重要。由于其高营养价值,它被认为是致病和变质微生物增殖的理想底物。因此,有必要采取一些控制措施来保证牛奶和乳制品的质量。本次审查的目的是根据巴西法律提出主要质量参数,并提供有关巴西不同地区牛奶特性和质量的数据和研究。为此,除了查阅法例外,文章亦使用了“谷歌Scholar”、“SciELO”及“LILACs”数据库中按“牛奶品质”、“牛奶保存”及“牛奶储存”等关键词定位的文章。研究发现,即使对奶牛养殖进行了控制和监管,在该国的各个地区仍然可能发生失败,这可以通过技术援助和农村推广来尽量减少。
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引用次数: 0
Colonização por micorrizas arbusculares em tangerineiras ‘Montenegrina’: interação entre porta-enxertos e sazonalidade 丛枝菌根在黑山柑桔中的定殖:砧木与季节性的相互作用
Pub Date : 2022-09-08 DOI: 10.36812/pag.2022281174-192
Priscila de Sousa Rollo Pereira, P. V. D. Souza, S. L. Stürmer, Vinicius Ribeiro Jardim, L. Z. Guasso, M. Gonzatto, S. F. Schwarz
O objetivo foi avaliar a influência da sazonalidade na colonização micorrízica nas raízes de seis porta-enxertos em pomar de tangerineiras ‘Montenegrina’ (Citrus deliciosa Tenore). Os porta-enxertos avaliados foram: ‘Flying Dragon’ [Poncirus trifoliata var. monstrosa (T. Ito) Swing.]; citrangeiro ‘Troyer’ [C. sinensis (L.) Osb. × P. trifoliata (L.) Raf.]; citrumeleiro ‘Swingle’ [C. paradisi Macf. × P. trifoliata]; limoeiro ‘Cravo’ (C. limonia Osb.); limoeiro ‘Volkameriano’ (C. volkameriana Ten. & Pasq.); laranjeira ‘Caipira’ (C. sinensis). Realizou-se a coleta de radicelas em quatro estações. Determinou-se a densidade de estruturas, colonização radicular (número de segmentos infectados/total analisado) e densidade de esporos. Os porta-enxertos apresentaram porcentagens elevadas de colonização na primavera (acima de 96,60%). No inverno, apenas ‘Swingle’ e ‘Cravo’ apresentaram altas taxas de colonização (96,60 e 95,00 %, respectivamente). Já, ‘Flying Dragon’, ‘Troyer’ e ‘Volkameriano’ apresentaram baixa colonização nessa estação (11,60 a 33,30 %). ‘Flying Dragon’ apresentou uma redução gradativa de colonização com o decorrer da época estudada: na primavera (100,00 %), verão (95,00 %), outono (63,30 %) e inverno (33,30 %). A colonização micorrízica ocorre naturalmente e de forma elevada nos porta-enxertos, variando entre os porta-enxertos e as épocas do ano. Há uma correlação negativa entre conteúdo nutricional foliar e presença de FMAs.
目的是评估季节性对“黑山”柑橘(Citrus deliciosa Tenore) 6个砧木根菌根定植的影响。砧木评价为:“飞龙”[Poncirus trifoliata var. monstrosa (T. Ito) Swing.];“Troyer”(C。茶树(l)厨房。× P. trifoliata (L.)皇家空军);“摇摆”柑橘树[C。Macf总编。× P. trifoliata];柠檬“丁香”(C. limonia Osb.);volkamerian (C. volkameriana Ten)。& Pasq);“Caipira”(C. sinensis)。在四个站采集根系。测定了结构密度、根定植(感染节段数/总分析)和孢子密度。砧木春季定植率较高(96.60%以上)。在冬季,只有“Swingle”和“Cravo”的定植率较高(分别为96.60和95.00%)。“飞龙”、“特洛伊”和“Volkameriano”在这个季节的殖民化率较低(11.60 - 33.30%)。飞龙在春季(1000%)、夏季(95.00%)、秋季(63.30%)和冬季(33.30%)的定植率均逐渐下降。菌根定植在砧木中自然发生,并在砧木和季节之间变化。叶片营养含量与amf存在负相关。
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引用次数: 0
Effect of irrigation, planting position, and application of calcium silicate on garlic development in ‘Serra Gaúcha’ region, South Brazil 巴西南部塞拉Gaúcha地区灌溉、种植位置和硅酸钙施用对大蒜生长发育的影响
Pub Date : 2022-06-30 DOI: 10.36812/pag.2022281139-155
Rafaela Meneguzzo, W. Silvestre, Gabriel Fernandes Pauletti
Garlic crop is widely distributed in the Serra Gaúcha region, South Brazil. However, there is little information relative to irrigation in garlic, and on the influence of bulbil planting position in the development of the crop. Silicon is being used in garlic as an auxiliary fertilizer, but it is necessary to study further its effects in the crop. This study aimed to verify the effect of different irrigation regimes based on the evapotranspiration and empirically, evaluate the development of the plants that germinated under different planting positions, and observe the physiology of the plants according to the different doses of calcium silicate applied to the soil. Experiments were carried out in the municipality of São Marcos, using a design of randomized blocks, with four repetitions in each treatment. Plant height, stalk height and diameter, germination percentage of the bulbils, and average bulb mass were evaluated. The observed results indicated that irrigation induced higher plant heights when it was carried out based on evapotranspiration; planting with the bulbils face up have had the smaller germination time and the highest average bulb mass; the application of silicon at the highest dose (800 kg·ha-1) increased the average bulb mass by approximately 18 %.
大蒜作物广泛分布在巴西南部的Serra Gaúcha地区。然而,关于大蒜灌溉以及球茎种植位置对作物发展的影响的信息很少。硅被用作大蒜的辅助肥料,但有必要进一步研究它在作物中的作用。本研究旨在根据蒸散量和经验验证不同灌溉制度的效果,评估不同种植位置下发芽植物的发育情况,并根据土壤中施用不同剂量的硅酸钙观察植物的生理状况。实验在圣马科斯市进行,采用随机分组设计,每次治疗重复四次。对株高、茎高和直径、球茎发芽率和平均球茎质量进行了评估。观测结果表明,以蒸散量为基础的灌溉能提高植株高度;球茎面朝上种植的发芽时间较小,平均球茎质量最高;施用最高剂量(800kg·ha-1)的硅可使平均鳞茎质量增加约18%。
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引用次数: 0
Seasonal dynamics of magnesium in rangeland areas of Southeastern region of Rio Grande do Sul State/Brazil: 1. field research 巴西巴西南大德州东南部牧区镁元素的季节动态实地研究
Pub Date : 2022-06-17 DOI: 10.36812/pag.2022281111-124
A. C. Fluck, Michelle de Almeida Ollé, H. Alfaya, J. Reis, João P. da Silva
We aimed to evaluate the seasonal dynamics of magnesium (Mg) in the system soil - plant - animal. It was conducted in two natural rangeland areas on two types of undisturbed soils (medium-clayey texture) in the Serra do Sudeste region (Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil). In each area, 12 heifers were kept under continuous extensive grazing for twelve months without mineral supplementation. Samples of soil and vegetation were collected monthly from 16 fixed points and blood serum from each of the animals in each area monthly for the determination of Mg levels. The data were analyzed by analysis of variance, decomposition of the annual variation of the response variables and regression (harmonic analysis) for adjustment of function to express this variation. The Mg content in the soils of the two areas was high (1.86 ± 0.045 cmolc.dm-3). Mg levels in the vegetation (0.23 ± 0.0025 % DM) are sufficient to meet the needs of all categories of ruminants. The Mg contents in the blood serum (3.05 ± 0.0025) of grazing animals are considered medium to high and in normal levels. Mg supplementation is suggested in the cold season months for the most demanding animal categories (gestating and lactating females).
研究了土壤-植物-动物系统中镁元素的季节性动态。该研究在巴西苏德斯特山脉(Serra do Sudeste)地区的两种未受干扰的土壤(中粘土质地)上的两个天然牧场进行。在每个地区,12头小母牛连续放牧12个月,不补充矿物质。每月在16个定点采集土壤和植被样本,每月在每个地区采集每只动物的血清,测定Mg水平。对数据进行方差分析,分解响应变量的年变化,回归(调和分析)调整函数来表达这种变化。两区土壤Mg含量均较高(1.86±0.045 cmol .dm-3)。植被中Mg含量(0.23±0.0025% DM)足以满足各类反刍动物的需要。放牧动物血清Mg含量(3.05±0.0025)属于中、高、正常水平。对于要求最高的动物类别(妊娠期和哺乳期雌性),建议在寒冷季节补充镁。
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引用次数: 0
Dynamics of magnesium in rangeland areas of Southeastern region of the State Rio Grande do Sul/Brazil. 2. Correlations 巴西南巴西大州东南部牧场地区镁元素动态。2. 相关性
Pub Date : 2022-06-17 DOI: 10.36812/pag.2022281125-138
A. C. Fluck, H. Alfaya, Michelle de Almeida Ollé, João P. da Silva, J. Reis
We aimed to evaluate the dynamics of magnesium (Mg) in the soil - plant – animal chain. It was conducted in two natural rangeland areas on two types of undisturbed (virgin) soils (medium/clayey texture) in the Serra do Sudeste (Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil). In each of these areas, 12 animals (heifers) were kept under continuous extensive grazing for twelve months without mineral supplementation. Every month, samples of soil and vegetation were collected at 16 fixed points (radius: 25 m) as well as blood serum from each of the animals in each area for the determination of Mg and other minerals levels. The data were analyzed using the analysis of variance, decomposition of the annual variation of the response variables and periodic regression (harmonic analysis) for adjustment of function to express this variation. The relationship of Mg with other variables within the links of the soil-plant-animal chain is influenced by some factors such as physicochemical and biological soil reactions, floristic composition and environmental conditions. In natural non perturbed rangeland areas the organic matter is the main colloid of the soil for the availability of magnesium to plants and, consequently, to the animals.
本文旨在评价土壤-植物-动物链中镁的动态变化。该研究是在两个自然牧场地区进行的,在苏德斯特山脉(巴西南大州)的两种未受干扰的(原始)土壤(中/粘土质地)上进行的。在每个地区,12头动物(小母牛)连续放牧12个月,不补充矿物质。每月在16个定点(半径为25 m)采集土壤和植被样本,并在每个区域采集每只动物的血清,测定Mg和其他矿物质水平。对数据进行方差分析,分解响应变量的年变化,并采用周期回归(调和分析)对函数进行调整来表达这种变化。土壤-植物-动物链各环节中Mg与其他变量的关系受土壤理化和生物反应、植物区系组成和环境条件等因素的影响。在自然无扰动的牧场地区,有机质是土壤的主要胶体,为植物提供镁,从而也为动物提供镁。
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引用次数: 0
Forage yield of tetraploid bahiagrass hybrids 四倍体巴哈马草杂交种的牧草产量
Pub Date : 2022-05-17 DOI: 10.36812/pag.202228194-110
Ilson Ghellar Junior, Júlio Antoniolli, K. Krycki, Mariana Lima, R. Weiler, A. Brunes, C. Simioni, M. Dall’Agnol
In Southern Brazil, much of the livestock activity is developed in native grasslands. Studies about forage traits, frost tolerance and nutritional value of native forage species there has been increasing with better results of productive efficiency (animal gain). The objective of this work was to evaluate forage yield of forty-five intraspecific hybrids of segregating progenies of bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum Flügge) from agronomic analyses under greenhouse conditions and determine the reproduction mode of selected hybrids. The hybrids had great variability in all agronomic characteristics measured. The plants with the highest total dry mass production were 17PN10P3 and 17PN29P1 (sexual reproduction), 17PN10P5, 17PN16P3 and 17PN28P4 (apomictic reproduction). The high correlation of the total dry mass with tillers number and with the root dry mass demonstrate that the hybrids can be used as forage and also to reduce the effects of soil erosion in degraded areas. The evaluations of agronomic characteristics and the determination of the mode of reproduction of the selected hybrids allowed the identification of promising genetic materials for forage yield and to soil cover, selecting them for additional stages in the breeding program.
在巴西南部,大部分牲畜活动都是在当地草原上进行的。随着生产效率(动物增益)的提高,对本地饲草品种的饲草性状、抗冻性和营养价值的研究不断增加。本工作的目的是通过农艺分析,在温室条件下评估45个分离子代的bahigrass(Paspalum notatum Flügge)种内杂交种的饲草产量,并确定所选杂交种的繁殖模式。杂交种在所有农艺性状上都有很大的变异性。总干物质产量最高的植物是17PN10P3和17PN29P1(有性繁殖)、17PN10P5、17PN16P3和17PN 28P4(无融合生殖)。总干物质与分蘖数和根干物质的高度相关性表明,杂交种可以用作牧草,也可以减少退化地区土壤侵蚀的影响。通过对所选杂交种的农艺特性的评估和繁殖模式的确定,可以鉴定出有前景的饲料产量和土壤覆盖遗传物质,并将其选择用于育种计划的其他阶段。
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引用次数: 0
Nutritional implications of exogenous proteases in fish feeding 外源蛋白酶在鱼类饲养中的营养意义
Pub Date : 2022-05-05 DOI: 10.36812/pag.202228170-93
Thamara Luísa Staudt Schneider, R. Lazzari
The increase in demand for fish production drives the search for food strategies to maximize productivity. In this review, the nutritional implications of the use of exogenous proteases on fish growth were described. Exogenous proteases help in digestive processes, acting in the hydrolysis of macromolecules and in the release of smaller particles, such as amino acids and peptides. Dietary supplementation improves fish growth, mainly due to the availability and greater use of nutrients. The action of proteases is directly linked to better intake, feed efficiency and protein synthesis. On the other hand, enzyme activity depends on substrate and dietary composition as there are limitations on digestibility. Furthermore, in feed processing, thermal stability and the form of inclusion of the protease influence its efficiency. However, the increase in fish weight gain can offset the cost of including the enzyme in the diet. However, there are still gaps regarding the effects of protease in fish feeding, for example, enzyme: specific substrate and enzyme: digestive system ratio; and, stabilization technologies (mainly extruded diets), so further studies are needed.
鱼类生产需求的增加推动了对粮食战略的探索,以最大限度地提高生产力。在这篇综述中,介绍了使用外源蛋白酶对鱼类生长的营养影响。外源蛋白酶有助于消化过程,参与大分子的水解和较小颗粒的释放,如氨基酸和肽。膳食补充剂改善了鱼类的生长,主要是由于营养物质的可用性和更多的使用。蛋白酶的作用与更好的摄入量、饲料效率和蛋白质合成直接相关。另一方面,酶活性取决于底物和膳食成分,因为消化率有限制。此外,在饲料加工中,蛋白酶的热稳定性和包合形式影响其效率。然而,鱼类体重增加可以抵消在饮食中加入这种酶的成本。然而,蛋白酶在鱼类饲养中的作用仍存在差距,例如,酶与特定底物的比例和酶与消化系统的比例;以及稳定技术(主要是挤压日粮),因此需要进一步研究。
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引用次数: 1
Bioprospecting of strawberry guava leaf essential oil in Caxias do Sul region, South Brazil 巴西南部南卡西亚斯地区草莓番石榴叶精油的生物勘探
Pub Date : 2022-05-02 DOI: 10.36812/pag.202228158-69
W. Silvestre, Luanna Mazzotti, Gabriel Fernandes Pauletti
The strawberry guava (Psidium cattleianum Sabine) is a fruit species native from South-Southeast Brazil whose leaf essential oil has potential for commercial uses due to its bioactive properties. However, little is known about the influence of the geographical distribution in small scale on P. cattleianum essential oil chemical composition and yield. The present work aimed to evaluate the yield and chemical composition of the leaf essential oil of P. cattleianum populations in the region of Caxias do Sul, South Brazil. Samples of twelve populations were collected and the essential oil was extracted by hydrodistillation. The chemical composition of the essential oils was determined by GC/MS and GC-FID. The results showed a high variability of essential oil yield, which ranged between 0.08 and 0.75% v/w. Regarding the chemical profiles, nine populations presented the 1,8-cineole chemotype, the β-caryophyllene chemotype was observed in two of them, and in one population there were four major compounds. Both hierarchical cluster and principal component analyses showed differences in essential oil composition in populations geographically close, indicating the existence of an important genetic variability in populations of the same geographical area.
草莓番石榴(Psidium catleanum Sabine)是一种原产于巴西东南部东南部的水果,其叶子精油因其生物活性特性而具有潜在的商业用途。然而,小尺度地理分布对牛皮草挥发油化学成分和产量的影响尚不清楚。本研究旨在对巴西南部南卡西亚斯(Caxias do Sul)地区牛颡鱼(P. catleanum)种群叶精油的产量和化学成分进行评价。收集了12个种群的样品,采用水蒸气蒸馏法提取精油。采用GC/MS和GC- fid对精油的化学成分进行了测定。结果表明,精油得率在0.08 ~ 0.75% v/w之间变化很大。在化学图谱上,9个居群为1,8-桉树脑化学型,2个居群为β-石竹烯化学型,1个居群中有4个主要化合物。层次聚类分析和主成分分析均显示地理位置相近的人群中精油成分存在差异,表明同一地理区域的人群中存在重要的遗传变异。
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引用次数: 1
Agronomic evaluation of ‘Riesling Itálico’, ‘Chardonnay’, ‘Merlot’ and ‘Cabernet Franc’ grapevine clones “Riesling Itálico”、“Chardonnay”、“Merlot”和“Cabernet Franc”葡萄无性系的农艺评价
Pub Date : 2022-04-20 DOI: 10.36812/pag.202228148-57
R. Anzanello, Tainan Graeff Tasso, Cláudia Martellet Fogaça, A. Cargnin, Leo Duc Haa Carson Schwartzhaupt da Conceição, Gabriele Becker Delwing Sartori, A. Heemann Junges
This study aimed to evaluate clones of ‘Riesling Itálico’, ‘Chardonnay’, ‘Merlot’ and ‘Cabernet Franc’ grapevines that best adapt to the edaphoclimatic conditions in Veranópolis, RS. The experiment was carried out at the State Center for Diagnosis and Research in Fruticulture - DDPA/SEAPDR. Three 'Riesling Itálico' clones (ISV-1, RI12V23, VCR-365), four 'Chardonnay' clones (INRA-95, INRA-132, INRA-548, VCR-6), four 'Merlot' clones (INRA-181, INRA-347, VCR-13, VCR-494) and seven 'Cabernet Franc' clones (INRA-212, INRA-214, ISV-8, ISV-101, VCR-2, VCR- 4, VCR-10) were evaluated. The experimental design was randomized blocks, with 4 replications and 10 plants per plot. The clones were evaluated in the 2020/2021 cycle for phenology (budburst and maturation dates), production (kg/plant, ton/ha weight/bunch) and fruit quality (soluble solids-SS, titratable acidity-AT, pH). The results showed the potentiality of the clone RI12V23 for 'Riesling Itálico', INRA-132 for 'Chardonnay', VCR-13 for 'Merlot' and VCR-10 for 'Cabernet Franc'. The 'Riesling Itálico' and 'Chardonnay' clones showed greater production precocity than the 'Merlot' and 'Cabernet Franc' clones.
本研究旨在评估最适合RS Veranópolis土壤气候条件的“Riesling Itálico”、“Chardonnay”、“Merlot”和“Cabernet Franc”葡萄无性系。该实验在国家果树诊断与研究中心(DDPA/SEAPDR)进行。评估了三个“雷司令伊塔利科”克隆(ISV-1、RI12V23、VCR-365)、四个“霞多丽”克隆(INRA-95、INRA-132、INRA-548、VCR-6)、四种“梅洛”克隆(INRA-181、INRA-47、VCR-13、VCR-1494)和七个“赤霞珠”克隆(INRA-122、INRA-144、ISV-8、ISV-101、VCR-2、VCR-4、VCR-10)。实验设计是随机分组的,每个小区有4个重复和10株植物。在2020/2021周期中,对无性系的酚系(芽突和成熟日期)、产量(公斤/株,吨/公顷重量/串)和果实质量(可溶性固体SS、可滴定酸度AT、pH)进行了评估。结果表明,RI12V23对“Riesling Itálico”、INRA-132对“Chardonnay”、VCR-13对“Merlot”和VCR-10对“Cabernet Franc”具有潜力。“Riesling Itálico”和“Chardonnay”无性系比“Merlot”和“Cabernet Franc”无性系表现出更大的生产早熟性。
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引用次数: 0
Productivity and quality of sweet potato roots cultivation with and without chicken manure 加与不加鸡粪地瓜根栽培的产量和质量
Pub Date : 2022-01-21 DOI: 10.36812/pag.202228136-47
Andersson Daniel Steffler, Eduardo Canepelle, Rodrigo Rotili Junior, Marciel Redin
Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) has cultural, social and economic importance due to its rusticity and wide climate adaptation, being cultivated in Brazil for human and animal food. However, cultivation is carried out mainly without fertilization and with Creole cultivars. The objective was to evaluate the yield and quality of roots of sweet potato cultivars with and without fertilization of chicken manure in an Oxisol. The experiment was carried out under field conditions in the 2015/16 and 2016/17 seasons in a randomized block design with three replications in 6 m2 plots. Four sweet potato cultivars, BRS Rubissol, BRS Amélia, BRS Cuia and Crioula, were used. Root productivity, number, length and diameter of roots, and cracked roots were evaluated. In both cultivation conditions, the virus-free cultivars Rubissol, Amélia and Cuia showed higher average root yields, 43,941, 45,498 and 52,095 kg ha-1, respectively, compared to the Crioula cultivar with 3,389 kg ha-1. Fertilization with chicken manure does not increase the productivity, number, length and diameter of roots, but it does increase the number of cracked roots. The cultivation of virus-free sweet potato without fertilizer reduces cracked roots by an average of 51.4%.
甘薯(Ipomoea batatas)因其质朴性和广泛的气候适应性而具有文化、社会和经济重要性,在巴西被种植为人类和动物食品。然而,种植主要是在不施肥的情况下进行的,并使用克里奥尔品种。目的是评价在施鸡粪和不施鸡粪的情况下甘薯品种根系的产量和品质。试验于2015/16和2016/17两季在田间条件下进行,采用随机区组设计,3个重复,地块面积6 m2。选用BRS Rubissol、BRS amsamulia、BRS Cuia和Crioula 4个甘薯品种。对根系生产力、根系数量、根系长度、根系直径、断裂根系进行了评价。在两种栽培条件下,脱毒品种Rubissol、amsamulia和Cuia的平均根产量分别为43,941、45,498和52,095 kg ha-1,高于Crioula品种的3,389 kg ha-1。鸡粪施肥不会增加产量、根的数量、长度和直径,但会增加断裂根的数量。无肥脱毒甘薯栽培可使根裂率平均降低51.4%。
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引用次数: 1
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Pesquisa Agropecuaria Gaucha
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