This study introduces a novel heat transfer enhancement strategy that actively exploits liquid resonance, contrary to the conventional paradigm of avoiding it. We demonstrate that convective heat transfer can be enhanced by up to five times through resonant sloshing induced by tuned external excitation, effectively transforming natural into forced convection. Using a validated numerical model, we reveal that the most intense sloshing occurs at an effective resonant frequency (0.9f₁), deviating from linear theory due to nonlinear and damping effects, and that the transient heat transfer coefficient fluctuates predominantly at twice the excitation frequency (2F)—a distinct signature of slosh-driven forced convection. Systematic parametric analysis shows that the heat transfer coefficient decreases with higher filling levels but increases with elevated tube mounting heights, reaching a maximum of 2160 W/m²·K under resonance. These findings establish liquid resonance as a powerful and efficient mechanism, providing a novel pathway for passive thermal performance boost in dynamic environments (e.g., marine platforms or vehicles) where ambient motion can be harnessed without additional energy input.
{"title":"Sloshing resonance-driven enhancement of convection heat transfer in a partially filled vessel: A novel strategy for thermal energy storage","authors":"Xiaohang Qu , Pengjiang Guo , Xiaoni Qi , Zhenqiang Gao , Wei Yuan","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2026.128395","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2026.128395","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study introduces a novel heat transfer enhancement strategy that actively exploits liquid resonance, contrary to the conventional paradigm of avoiding it. We demonstrate that convective heat transfer can be enhanced by up to five times through resonant sloshing induced by tuned external excitation, effectively transforming natural into forced convection. Using a validated numerical model, we reveal that the most intense sloshing occurs at an effective resonant frequency (0.9f₁), deviating from linear theory due to nonlinear and damping effects, and that the transient heat transfer coefficient fluctuates predominantly at twice the excitation frequency (2F)—a distinct signature of slosh-driven forced convection. Systematic parametric analysis shows that the heat transfer coefficient decreases with higher filling levels but increases with elevated tube mounting heights, reaching a maximum of 2160 W/m²·K under resonance. These findings establish liquid resonance as a powerful and efficient mechanism, providing a novel pathway for passive thermal performance boost in dynamic environments (e.g., marine platforms or vehicles) where ambient motion can be harnessed without additional energy input.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":336,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer","volume":"259 ","pages":"Article 128395"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146035391","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-21DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2026.128394
Kai Fu, Xianghua Xu, Xingang Liang
Copper foam fin microchannels (FFMCs) have demonstrated effectiveness in mitigating bubble confinement and vapor backflow during flow boiling. However, the heat transfer performance of FFMCs is limited by the low efficiency of the foam fins and insufficient liquid replenishment within the foam fins. To address these limitations, two types of FFMCs are proposed in this study. The first type features straight channels of 0.5 mm in width and 1 mm in height, with copper foam layers of varying thickness (0.115 mm, 0.251 mm) at the channel bottom, designated as FFMC-S1 and FFMC-S2, respectively. The copper foam fins are 0.5 mm wide. The second type, FFMC-W, shares the same dimensions as FFMC-S2 but incorporates wavy channels. Flow boiling experiments using water are conducted at mass flow rates ranging from 0.3 to 2.0 g/s, heat fluxes from 2 to 297 W/cm², and outlet pressures from 104 to 146 kPa. Experimental results and flow visualizations reveal that a thicker copper foam layer at the channel bottom enhances heat transfer at low vapor quality and mass flow rates by enlarging the nucleate boiling area, but leads to heat transfer deterioration at high vapor quality due to insufficient liquid replenishment. The wavy-channel design (FFMC-W) significantly enhances heat transfer compared to the straight-channel configuration (FFMC-S2), especially after the onset of heat transfer deterioration, with heat transfer coefficient improvement of up to 193%. This improvement is attributed to enhanced liquid replenishment, driven by both capillary force and inertial flushing into the foam fins, which effectively delays dry-out. The transition from solid copper to copper foam at the channel bottom results in a significant increase in pressure drop due to higher friction, while the introduction of wavy channels causes only a slight additional pressure penalty. Copper foam fins balance pressure across channels, maintaining flow stability even under intensified boiling conditions.
{"title":"Experimental investigations on enhancing flow boiling heat transfer in straight and wavy copper foam fin microchannels","authors":"Kai Fu, Xianghua Xu, Xingang Liang","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2026.128394","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2026.128394","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Copper foam fin microchannels (FFMCs) have demonstrated effectiveness in mitigating bubble confinement and vapor backflow during flow boiling. However, the heat transfer performance of FFMCs is limited by the low efficiency of the foam fins and insufficient liquid replenishment within the foam fins. To address these limitations, two types of FFMCs are proposed in this study. The first type features straight channels of 0.5 mm in width and 1 mm in height, with copper foam layers of varying thickness (0.115 mm, 0.251 mm) at the channel bottom, designated as FFMC-S1 and FFMC-S2, respectively. The copper foam fins are 0.5 mm wide. The second type, FFMC-W, shares the same dimensions as FFMC-S2 but incorporates wavy channels. Flow boiling experiments using water are conducted at mass flow rates ranging from 0.3 to 2.0 g/s, heat fluxes from 2 to 297 W/cm², and outlet pressures from 104 to 146 kPa. Experimental results and flow visualizations reveal that a thicker copper foam layer at the channel bottom enhances heat transfer at low vapor quality and mass flow rates by enlarging the nucleate boiling area, but leads to heat transfer deterioration at high vapor quality due to insufficient liquid replenishment. The wavy-channel design (FFMC-W) significantly enhances heat transfer compared to the straight-channel configuration (FFMC-S2), especially after the onset of heat transfer deterioration, with heat transfer coefficient improvement of up to 193%. This improvement is attributed to enhanced liquid replenishment, driven by both capillary force and inertial flushing into the foam fins, which effectively delays dry-out. The transition from solid copper to copper foam at the channel bottom results in a significant increase in pressure drop due to higher friction, while the introduction of wavy channels causes only a slight additional pressure penalty. Copper foam fins balance pressure across channels, maintaining flow stability even under intensified boiling conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":336,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer","volume":"259 ","pages":"Article 128394"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146035393","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-20DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2026.128406
Xudong Wang , Daqian Zhang
Accurate real-time estimation of transient surface heat flux from subsurface temperature measurements is a classical inverse heat transfer problem (IHTP) in thermal engineering. The weighted optimal two-stage Kalman filter (WOTSKF), which incorporates a weighting factor α, improves the performance of standard optimal two-stage Kalman filter (OTSKF). The introduced α can balance rapid adaptive capability and estimation accuracy for time-varying inputs. However, a systematic investigation into the optimal selection of α under varying operational conditions is lacking. The influences of key parameters on the determination of α in WOTSKF for heat flux inversion were comprehensively analyzed. Key quantitative results reveal that the optimal range of α is highly sensitive to measurement and thermal parameters. As the sensor distance increases from 0.05 m to 0.10 m, the optimal α range narrows and shifts from 0.84–0.95 to 0.96, while the minimum mean relative error (ηq) rises from 2.50% to 5.13%. Similarly, as measurement noise increases from 0.01 °C to 0.50 °C, the optimal range of α shifts higher to 0.92–0.97, and the performance improvement of WOTSKF over OTSKF becomes more pronounced, reducing ηq from 14.33% to 9.6%. Furthermore, thermal properties are decisive; for a material with low thermal conductivity of 0.25λ, improper selection of α can lead to an ηq of 145.08%, which is drastically reduced to approximately 5.1% within the optimal range of α from 0.95 to 0.97. This work not only validates the superiority of WOTSKF over OTSKF across diverse scenarios but also establishes a systematic criterion for selecting α, thereby providing practical guidance for robust heat flux inversion in ill-posed IHTPs.
{"title":"Effects of measurement and thermal parameters on the determination of weighting factor in weighted optimal two-stage Kalman filter for inverse estimation of heat flux","authors":"Xudong Wang , Daqian Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2026.128406","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2026.128406","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Accurate real-time estimation of transient surface heat flux from subsurface temperature measurements is a classical inverse heat transfer problem (IHTP) in thermal engineering. The weighted optimal two-stage Kalman filter (WOTSKF), which incorporates a weighting factor <em>α</em>, improves the performance of standard optimal two-stage Kalman filter (OTSKF). The introduced <em>α</em> can balance rapid adaptive capability and estimation accuracy for time-varying inputs. However, a systematic investigation into the optimal selection of <em>α</em> under varying operational conditions is lacking. The influences of key parameters on the determination of <em>α</em> in WOTSKF for heat flux inversion were comprehensively analyzed. Key quantitative results reveal that the optimal range of <em>α</em> is highly sensitive to measurement and thermal parameters. As the sensor distance increases from 0.05 m to 0.10 m, the optimal <em>α</em> range narrows and shifts from 0.84–0.95 to 0.96, while the minimum mean relative error (<em>η<sub>q</sub></em>) rises from 2.50% to 5.13%. Similarly, as measurement noise increases from 0.01 °C to 0.50 °C, the optimal range of <em>α</em> shifts higher to 0.92–0.97, and the performance improvement of WOTSKF over OTSKF becomes more pronounced, reducing <em>η<sub>q</sub></em> from 14.33% to 9.6%. Furthermore, thermal properties are decisive; for a material with low thermal conductivity of 0.25<em>λ</em>, improper selection of <em>α</em> can lead to an <em>η<sub>q</sub></em> of 145.08%, which is drastically reduced to approximately 5.1% within the optimal range of <em>α</em> from 0.95 to 0.97. This work not only validates the superiority of WOTSKF over OTSKF across diverse scenarios but also establishes a systematic criterion for selecting <em>α</em>, thereby providing practical guidance for robust heat flux inversion in ill-posed IHTPs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":336,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer","volume":"259 ","pages":"Article 128406"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146035397","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This work demonstrates the use of Physics-informed Neural Networks (PiNNs) to infer the continuous flow fields and local mass transfer in the liquid-vapor phase-change problem of a vapor bubble rising in a subcooled liquid domain. The model does not assume any mass transfer model and uses time-scattered data of the volume fraction and liquid velocity to predict the flow fields and the mass transfer. A synthetic dataset was generated using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations, considering an empirical heat and mass exchange model for mass transfer, and the relevant parameters at time-scattered values were extracted from these simulations. A PiNN model was trained with the governing physics-based partial differential equations (PDEs) and the observed data as the loss functions to infer the continuous mass transfer. Dynamic weighting and residual-based pointwise attention were implemented in the PiNN model to improve the accuracy of the predictions. The results show that local mass transfer can be inferred from CFD data, which is a substitute for experimentally observable data for the present work, combined with the governing PDEs, without presupposing any mass transfer model, paving the way for extracting mass transfer for more complex cases to improve the existing mass transfer models.
{"title":"Physics-informed neural networks to predict mass transfer at interfaces in liquid-vapor phase change problems","authors":"Aaditya Rahul Sakrikar, Raghav Rajeev, Satish Kumar","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2026.128392","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2026.128392","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This work demonstrates the use of Physics-informed Neural Networks (PiNNs) to infer the continuous flow fields and local mass transfer in the liquid-vapor phase-change problem of a vapor bubble rising in a subcooled liquid domain. The model does not assume any mass transfer model and uses time-scattered data of the volume fraction and liquid velocity to predict the flow fields and the mass transfer. A synthetic dataset was generated using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations, considering an empirical heat and mass exchange model for mass transfer, and the relevant parameters at time-scattered values were extracted from these simulations. A PiNN model was trained with the governing physics-based partial differential equations (PDEs) and the observed data as the loss functions to infer the continuous mass transfer. Dynamic weighting and residual-based pointwise attention were implemented in the PiNN model to improve the accuracy of the predictions. The results show that local mass transfer can be inferred from CFD data, which is a substitute for experimentally observable data for the present work, combined with the governing PDEs, without presupposing any mass transfer model, paving the way for extracting mass transfer for more complex cases to improve the existing mass transfer models.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":336,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer","volume":"259 ","pages":"Article 128392"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146035356","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-20DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2026.128381
C.P. Batuwatta-Gamage , H. Jeong , ZG Welsh , M.A. Karim , H.C.P. Karunasena , C.M. Rathnayaka , Y.T. Gu
This paper introduces a new computational framework for analysing heat and mass transfer during the drying of plant tissues, using Fourier Feature Embedded Physics-Informed Neural Networks (FFE-PINN). The proposed FFE-PINN framework enables direct communication between two physics-informed neural network-based models: PINN-MT for mass transfer and PINNHT for heat transfer, which are trained simultaneously to investigate heat and mass transfer characteristics. The novelty of this study is the integration of Fourier Feature Embedding (FFE) into the PINN framework to examine coupled heat and mass transfer during drying to significantly improve the accuracy and robustness of drying-kinetics-based predictions. The developed model demonstrates strong alignment with experimental data on moisture content variation and numerical results from Finite Element Analysis (FEA), with maximum deviations of 8.73% for moisture concentration and 4.51% for temperature predictions. The findings indicated that these differences are primarily due the distinct derivation techniques utilised in PINN and FEA, rather than any limitations of the proposed framework. Importantly, this study marks a significant milestone as the first to apply a PINN-based approach to analyse coupled heat and mass transfer in dried plant tissues over an extended 60-minute drying period, without relying on transfer learning, due to FFE introduction. The proposed FFE-PINN framework emerges as a promising computational tool, offering a physics-consistent approach to predict complex and nonlinear heat and mass transfer phenomena associated not only with drying, but further beyond.
{"title":"A Fourier feature-embedded physics-informed neural network framework to investigate coupled heat and mass transfer characteristics of plant tissues during drying","authors":"C.P. Batuwatta-Gamage , H. Jeong , ZG Welsh , M.A. Karim , H.C.P. Karunasena , C.M. Rathnayaka , Y.T. Gu","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2026.128381","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2026.128381","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper introduces a new computational framework for analysing heat and mass transfer during the drying of plant tissues, using Fourier Feature Embedded Physics-Informed Neural Networks (FFE-PINN). The proposed FFE-PINN framework enables direct communication between two physics-informed neural network-based models: PINN-MT for mass transfer and PINN<img>HT for heat transfer, which are trained simultaneously to investigate heat and mass transfer characteristics. The novelty of this study is the integration of Fourier Feature Embedding (FFE) into the PINN framework to examine coupled heat and mass transfer during drying to significantly improve the accuracy and robustness of drying-kinetics-based predictions. The developed model demonstrates strong alignment with experimental data on moisture content variation and numerical results from Finite Element Analysis (FEA), with maximum deviations of 8.73% for moisture concentration and 4.51% for temperature predictions. The findings indicated that these differences are primarily due the distinct derivation techniques utilised in PINN and FEA, rather than any limitations of the proposed framework. Importantly, this study marks a significant milestone as the first to apply a PINN-based approach to analyse coupled heat and mass transfer in dried plant tissues over an extended 60-minute drying period, without relying on transfer learning, due to FFE introduction. The proposed FFE-PINN framework emerges as a promising computational tool, offering a physics-consistent approach to predict complex and nonlinear heat and mass transfer phenomena associated not only with drying, but further beyond.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":336,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer","volume":"259 ","pages":"Article 128381"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146035322","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-20DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2026.128401
Dejene Alemayehu Ifa, Dame Alemayehu Efa
Advanced thermal management is increasingly challenged by rising power densities, device miniaturization, and the demand for energy efficiency, where conventional cooling strategies, such as finned heat sinks and tubular channels, are approaching their performance limits. The solution being proposed as a new disruptive approach to solve these problems is based on the Triply-Periodic Minimal Surfaces (TPMS), which provide a unique set of advantages based on their definition and bi-continuous geometric shapes. TPMS can provide the basis for structures with higher surface area-to-volume (SA/V) ratios due to the smooth surfaces and continuous interconnectivity of their porous networks. The production of TPMS-based components in metals, ceramics, and polymers with micron-level resolution is now possible because of additive manufacturing, thus opening up potential multifunctional applications that integrate thermal, structural, and fluid performance. Parametric design tools and computations with fluid dynamics integrated with finite element analysis could further optimize the scaling from micro-heat sinks to industrial heat exchangers. Although there have been improvements, challenges remain in the areas of thermomechanical reliability, the anisotropy of printed materials, and manufacturing costs. Compared with traditional heat exchangers, TPMS structures demonstrated an increase in the overall thermal-hydraulic performance of 90–110%, with heat transfer coefficients improving by 20–90% and pressure drops changing by ±60%, depending on the TPMS structure. In TPMS-based thermal architectures, breakthroughs in bridge design, manufacturing, and application are required to achieve high-performance thermal management in electronics, aerospace, and energy systems.
{"title":"TPMS-enabled architectures for heat dissipation in thermal systems: A review of current progress and future directions","authors":"Dejene Alemayehu Ifa, Dame Alemayehu Efa","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2026.128401","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2026.128401","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Advanced thermal management is increasingly challenged by rising power densities, device miniaturization, and the demand for energy efficiency, where conventional cooling strategies, such as finned heat sinks and tubular channels, are approaching their performance limits. The solution being proposed as a new disruptive approach to solve these problems is based on the Triply-Periodic Minimal Surfaces (TPMS), which provide a unique set of advantages based on their definition and bi-continuous geometric shapes. TPMS can provide the basis for structures with higher surface area-to-volume (SA/V) ratios due to the smooth surfaces and continuous interconnectivity of their porous networks. The production of TPMS-based components in metals, ceramics, and polymers with micron-level resolution is now possible because of additive manufacturing, thus opening up potential multifunctional applications that integrate thermal, structural, and fluid performance. Parametric design tools and computations with fluid dynamics integrated with finite element analysis could further optimize the scaling from micro-heat sinks to industrial heat exchangers. Although there have been improvements, challenges remain in the areas of thermomechanical reliability, the anisotropy of printed materials, and manufacturing costs. Compared with traditional heat exchangers, TPMS structures demonstrated an increase in the overall thermal-hydraulic performance of 90–110%, with heat transfer coefficients improving by 20–90% and pressure drops changing by ±60%, depending on the TPMS structure. In TPMS-based thermal architectures, breakthroughs in bridge design, manufacturing, and application are required to achieve high-performance thermal management in electronics, aerospace, and energy systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":336,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer","volume":"259 ","pages":"Article 128401"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146035327","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study investigates the three-dimensional transient conjugate heat transfer in multilayer fluid-solid media associated with immersion lithography thermal effects. This problem is characterized by a complex flow field with two-dimensional velocity components, moving solid domains, and non-uniform internal heat sources. We derive a semi-analytical solution using the integral transform technique and the thermal quadrupole method. To validate its accuracy, we compare the solution with finite element numerical simulations. The results demonstrate excellent agreement between the two approaches, while also revealing that the computational efficiency of the thermal quadrupole-based solution is improved by a factor of 152. Furthermore, based on the semi-analytical solution, we analyze the characteristics of dimensionless temperature distributions along both horizontal and vertical directions within the exposure region and explore the influence of the dimensionless numbers x and y on the spatial temperature profiles. The study reveals two distinct patterns for the horizontal dimensionless temperature: a monotonic increase followed by a decrease along the scanning direction, and a monotonic increase. Similarly, two patterns are observed vertically: a parabolic profile on cross-sections parallel to the scanning direction and a flat-topped distribution on cross-sections perpendicular to it. The dimensionless number x has a negligible impact on the horizontal temperature distribution, whereas its influence on the vertical distribution exhibits saturation behavior. In contrast, y dominates both the horizontal and vertical dimensionless temperature profiles.
{"title":"Analysis of three-dimensional transient conjugate heat transfer in multilayer fluid-solid media with single-field exposure","authors":"Jianqiang Liu, Xiaodong Ruan, Jing Wang, Liang Hu, Rui Su, Yingnan Shen","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2026.128397","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2026.128397","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the three-dimensional transient conjugate heat transfer in multilayer fluid-solid media associated with immersion lithography thermal effects. This problem is characterized by a complex flow field with two-dimensional velocity components, moving solid domains, and non-uniform internal heat sources. We derive a semi-analytical solution using the integral transform technique and the thermal quadrupole method. To validate its accuracy, we compare the solution with finite element numerical simulations. The results demonstrate excellent agreement between the two approaches, while also revealing that the computational efficiency of the thermal quadrupole-based solution is improved by a factor of 152. Furthermore, based on the semi-analytical solution, we analyze the characteristics of dimensionless temperature distributions along both horizontal and vertical directions within the exposure region and explore the influence of the dimensionless numbers <span><math><mi>Pe</mi></math></span> <sub>x</sub> and <span><math><mi>Pe</mi></math></span> <sub>y</sub> on the spatial temperature profiles. The study reveals two distinct patterns for the horizontal dimensionless temperature: a monotonic increase followed by a decrease along the scanning direction, and a monotonic increase. Similarly, two patterns are observed vertically: a parabolic profile on cross-sections parallel to the scanning direction and a flat-topped distribution on cross-sections perpendicular to it. The dimensionless number <span><math><mi>Pe</mi></math></span> <sub>x</sub> has a negligible impact on the horizontal temperature distribution, whereas its influence on the vertical distribution exhibits saturation behavior. In contrast, <span><math><mi>Pe</mi></math></span> <sub>y</sub> dominates both the horizontal and vertical dimensionless temperature profiles.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":336,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer","volume":"259 ","pages":"Article 128397"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145974544","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-17DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2026.128391
Kongyuan Yang , Tongjian Wang , Lu Zhai , Yibin Liu , Jinyan Jiang , Chunbao Liu , Konghua Yang
Traditional superhydrophobic surfaces, known for their ability to inhibit droplet spreading, result in rapid contraction and detachment of droplets. This phenomenon enhances the Leidenfrost effect while simultaneously hindering heat transfer at elevated temperatures. To address this challenge, this study draws inspiration from rose petals to develop a biomimetic highly adhesive superhydrophobic surface (SHS). We employed computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations and high-speed thermal imaging experiments to analyze the effects of micro-column array parameters, specifically height (H) and spacing (L), on the dynamic steam generation and evaporation inhibition mechanisms under the high-temperature Leidenfrost effect. The results demonstrate that the interaction between the characteristics of the micro-column array and the droplet impact velocity (v) can significantly enhance heat transfer, increasing the Leidenfrost critical temperature point (TLmax) by 44.2 %. Furthermore, the established mechanical model for high-temperature SHS elucidates the boiling initiation process of droplets on the biomimetic surface and reveals how the parameters of the micro-column array, along with droplet characteristics, collaboratively enhance capillary action at the gas-liquid interface, thereby preventing the stable formation of a vapor film. This study offers a theoretical framework and design insights aimed at enhancing heat transfer in high-temperature applications.
{"title":"Leidenfrost inhibition of bio-inspired high-adhesive superhydrophobic surface and interfacial heat transfer","authors":"Kongyuan Yang , Tongjian Wang , Lu Zhai , Yibin Liu , Jinyan Jiang , Chunbao Liu , Konghua Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2026.128391","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2026.128391","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Traditional superhydrophobic surfaces, known for their ability to inhibit droplet spreading, result in rapid contraction and detachment of droplets. This phenomenon enhances the Leidenfrost effect while simultaneously hindering heat transfer at elevated temperatures. To address this challenge, this study draws inspiration from rose petals to develop a biomimetic highly adhesive superhydrophobic surface (SHS). We employed computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations and high-speed thermal imaging experiments to analyze the effects of micro-column array parameters, specifically height (<em>H</em>) and spacing (<em>L</em>), on the dynamic steam generation and evaporation inhibition mechanisms under the high-temperature Leidenfrost effect. The results demonstrate that the interaction between the characteristics of the micro-column array and the droplet impact velocity (<em>v</em>) can significantly enhance heat transfer, increasing the Leidenfrost critical temperature point (<em>T<sub>Lmax</sub></em>) by 44.2 %. Furthermore, the established mechanical model for high-temperature SHS elucidates the boiling initiation process of droplets on the biomimetic surface and reveals how the parameters of the micro-column array, along with droplet characteristics, collaboratively enhance capillary action at the gas-liquid interface, thereby preventing the stable formation of a vapor film. This study offers a theoretical framework and design insights aimed at enhancing heat transfer in high-temperature applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":336,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer","volume":"259 ","pages":"Article 128391"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145974540","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-17DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2026.128390
Taehoon Kim, Changho Kim, Jae Hun Seol
Understanding the phonon mean free path (MFP) spectrum is essential for predicting and engineering heat transport in nanostructured materials, where classical Fourier’s law breaks down. This study reconstructs the MFP spectrum of a 210-nm-thick single-crystalline silicon film using a suspended and transducer-free thermal bridge platform. Quasi-ballistic transport was induced by introducing nanoslit structures with varying widths, and temperature-dependent thermal resistance was measured from 40 to 300 K. The ballistic contribution was extracted by subtracting the diffusive component, and numerical modeling based on the phonon Boltzmann transport equation confirmed the observed trends. The extracted MFP spectrum at room temperature aligns well with previously reported thickness-dependent data, validating the approach. Furthermore, a temperature-dependent contour map of the cumulative MFP spectrum is presented, offering practical design guidance for geometry-driven thermal conductivity control across a wide temperature range.
{"title":"Reconstruction of the phonon mean free path spectrum in silicon thin film via transducer-free quasi-ballistic measurements","authors":"Taehoon Kim, Changho Kim, Jae Hun Seol","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2026.128390","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2026.128390","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Understanding the phonon mean free path (MFP) spectrum is essential for predicting and engineering heat transport in nanostructured materials, where classical Fourier’s law breaks down. This study reconstructs the MFP spectrum of a 210-nm-thick single-crystalline silicon film using a suspended and transducer-free thermal bridge platform. Quasi-ballistic transport was induced by introducing nanoslit structures with varying widths, and temperature-dependent thermal resistance was measured from 40 to 300 K. The ballistic contribution was extracted by subtracting the diffusive component, and numerical modeling based on the phonon Boltzmann transport equation confirmed the observed trends. The extracted MFP spectrum at room temperature aligns well with previously reported thickness-dependent data, validating the approach. Furthermore, a temperature-dependent contour map of the cumulative MFP spectrum is presented, offering practical design guidance for geometry-driven thermal conductivity control across a wide temperature range.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":336,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer","volume":"259 ","pages":"Article 128390"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145974937","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-17DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2026.128386
Siyuan Yu, Kun Zhao, Qiulin Tang, Wei Chen, Ziming Lin
This paper investigates the pulsation frequency and height of diffusion flame under different heat release rates () and fire-wall separation distances (). Three gas burners with the same outlet area but different aspect ratios ( = 1, 4, and 8) were employed to produce a steady fire source. The global pulsation frequency is primarily dominated by the pulsation frequency near the burner exit. At 8 cm, restricted air entrainment modifies the large-scale eddies, leading to increased local pulsation frequency of square fire sources with increasing . In contrast, rectangular fire sources exhibit decreasing local pulsation frequency with increasing due to stronger asymmetric entrainment. At a critical separation distance (), the pulsation frequency matches that of free fires. The pressure distribution around the burner was analyzed to derive the asymmetric entrainment intensity (), with which the effective air entrainment perimeter () and the equivalent hydrodynamic diameter () were proposed. The results demonstrate that the local pulsation frequency and flame height can be successfully modeled with and . The results may serve as a valuable reference for the design of fire protection measures in confined spaces.
{"title":"Study on the asymmetric air entrainment intensity and flame pulsation behaviors of near-wall fires","authors":"Siyuan Yu, Kun Zhao, Qiulin Tang, Wei Chen, Ziming Lin","doi":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2026.128386","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2026.128386","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper investigates the pulsation frequency and height of diffusion flame under different heat release rates (<span><math><mover><mi>Q</mi><mi>˙</mi></mover></math></span>) and fire-wall separation distances (<span><math><mi>S</mi></math></span>). Three gas burners with the same outlet area but different aspect ratios (<span><math><mi>r</mi></math></span> = 1, 4, and 8) were employed to produce a steady fire source. The global pulsation frequency is primarily dominated by the pulsation frequency near the burner exit. At <span><math><mrow><mi>S</mi><mspace></mspace><mo><</mo></mrow></math></span> 8 cm, restricted air entrainment modifies the large-scale eddies, leading to increased local pulsation frequency of square fire sources with increasing <span><math><mi>S</mi></math></span>. In contrast, rectangular fire sources exhibit decreasing local pulsation frequency with increasing <span><math><mi>S</mi></math></span> due to stronger asymmetric entrainment. At a critical separation distance (<span><math><msub><mi>S</mi><mrow><mi>c</mi><mi>r</mi><mi>i</mi></mrow></msub></math></span>), the pulsation frequency matches that of free fires. The pressure distribution around the burner was analyzed to derive the asymmetric entrainment intensity (<span><math><mi>λ</mi></math></span>), with which the effective air entrainment perimeter (<span><math><msub><mi>P</mi><mrow><mi>e</mi><mi>f</mi><mi>f</mi><mo>,</mo><mi>e</mi><mi>n</mi></mrow></msub></math></span>) and the equivalent hydrodynamic diameter (<span><math><msub><mi>D</mi><mi>h</mi></msub></math></span>) were proposed. The results demonstrate that the local pulsation frequency and flame height can be successfully modeled with <span><math><msub><mi>D</mi><mi>h</mi></msub></math></span> and <span><math><msub><mi>P</mi><mrow><mi>e</mi><mi>f</mi><mi>f</mi><mo>,</mo><mi>e</mi><mi>n</mi></mrow></msub></math></span>. The results may serve as a valuable reference for the design of fire protection measures in confined spaces.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":336,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer","volume":"259 ","pages":"Article 128386"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145974543","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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