Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.35567/1999-4508-2021-4-4
A. Laguta, A. V. Pogorelov
The Krasnodar Reservoir has undergone significant transformations during its operation since 1973. As a result, of active delta formation of the Kuban and Belaya rivers, the reservoir was divided into two autonomous reservoirs, its area decreased by 35 %. The study is aimed at determining the significance of the eutrophication factor in the transformation of the Krasnodar Reservoir. Methods. Based on 51 Sentinel-2 satellite images for 2015–2020 the results of calculations of the concentration of chlorophyll «a» as an indicator of phytoplankton biomass in the reservoir are presented. The MSI sensor calculates the concentration of chlorophyll a (chl «a») based on the normalized chlorophyll difference index. Chl «a» estimates were obtained for a total area of 277 km2; the main bowl of the Krasnodar Reservoir and the Tshchik Reservoir, which was cut off from it. We have built maps reflecting the spatial and intra-annual variability of chl «a». Results The highest average concentrations of chl «a» are characteristic of the shallow upper part of the Krasnodar Reservoir, which is influenced by the runoff of the Kuban and Pshish rivers with an increased nutrient content. Locally high average values of chl «a» were recorded in the areas of the runoff current and in the estuaries of the left-bank tributaries. In the Tshchik water body with a low intensity of water exchange, the relationship between the concentration of chl «a» and hydrodynamic processes is not evident. We have revealed features of the annual cycle of phytoplankton biomass. It has been established that the trophic status of the reservoir is subject to seasonal variability: in spring, 2/3 of the water area correspond to eutrophic waters, 1/3 to mesotrophic waters; in autumn, the entire reservoir has a eutrophic status.
{"title":"Spatial-temporal Variability of the Chlorophyll “a” Concentration in the Krasnodar Reservoir According to the Satellite Images’ Data","authors":"A. Laguta, A. V. Pogorelov","doi":"10.35567/1999-4508-2021-4-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35567/1999-4508-2021-4-4","url":null,"abstract":"The Krasnodar Reservoir has undergone significant transformations during its operation since 1973. As a result, of active delta formation of the Kuban and Belaya rivers, the reservoir was divided into two autonomous reservoirs, its area decreased by 35 %. The study is aimed at determining the significance of the eutrophication factor in the transformation of the Krasnodar Reservoir. Methods. Based on 51 Sentinel-2 satellite images for 2015–2020 the results of calculations of the concentration of chlorophyll «a» as an indicator of phytoplankton biomass in the reservoir are presented. The MSI sensor calculates the concentration of chlorophyll a (chl «a») based on the normalized chlorophyll difference index. Chl «a» estimates were obtained for a total area of 277 km2; the main bowl of the Krasnodar Reservoir and the Tshchik Reservoir, which was cut off from it. We have built maps reflecting the spatial and intra-annual variability of chl «a». Results The highest average concentrations of chl «a» are characteristic of the shallow upper part of the Krasnodar Reservoir, which is influenced by the runoff of the Kuban and Pshish rivers with an increased nutrient content. Locally high average values of chl «a» were recorded in the areas of the runoff current and in the estuaries of the left-bank tributaries. In the Tshchik water body with a low intensity of water exchange, the relationship between the concentration of chl «a» and hydrodynamic processes is not evident. We have revealed features of the annual cycle of phytoplankton biomass. It has been established that the trophic status of the reservoir is subject to seasonal variability: in spring, 2/3 of the water area correspond to eutrophic waters, 1/3 to mesotrophic waters; in autumn, the entire reservoir has a eutrophic status.","PeriodicalId":33780,"journal":{"name":"Vodnoe khoziaistvo Rossii problemy tekhnologii upravlenie","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69892221","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.35567/1999-4508-2021-4-5
The authors have presented estimation of possible hydraulic consequences of the large-scale mining of sand/gravel mixtures in the upper part of the Lower Kama Reservoir 9the Votkinsk Reservoir downstream) based on the multi-version computation experiments with the developed hydro/dynamic model of the water body under consideration. This estimation is necessary for development of measures aimed at minimization of negative aftermath and provision of the interest balance between water users. Methods. The work is based on the conjugation of a set of field observations with computational experiments based on hydrodynamic models in 1D and 2D formulations, which make it possible to carry out hydrodynamic calculations for the waves of releases from HPPs. Results. The dynamics of water levels was investigated for various calculation scenarios, graphs were drawn for comparing water levels based on the results of calculations in one- and two-dimensional models for morphometry in 2019 in natural conditions and taking into account the development of deposits of sand and gravel mixtures. The experiments have demonstrated that development of only eight deposits (Volkovsk, Olkhovsk, Sivinsk, Golyanovo, Makarovsk, Upper-Dulesovsk, Simonikhinsk, and Simonikhinsk-2) will cause the necessity (in order to maintain the 3.3 m navigation depth) to increase the discharge to the Votkinsk HPP downstream up to 1800 m3/s or maintaining of continuous 1500 m3/s discharge for at least 24 hours. In the process of the water level graphs comparative analysis, both in one-dimension and two-dimension modeling, one can distinguish three sites with great level subsidence (15-41 cm) due to the large-scale mining of sand/gravel mixture.
{"title":"Analysis of the Possible Consequences of Large-Scale Production of Sand and Gravel Mixture in the Downstream of Large Hydroelectric Facilities Based on Hydrodynamic Modeling (the Votkinsk HPP as an Example)","authors":"","doi":"10.35567/1999-4508-2021-4-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35567/1999-4508-2021-4-5","url":null,"abstract":"The authors have presented estimation of possible hydraulic consequences of the large-scale mining of sand/gravel mixtures in the upper part of the Lower Kama Reservoir 9the Votkinsk Reservoir downstream) based on the multi-version computation experiments with the developed hydro/dynamic model of the water body under consideration. This estimation is necessary for development of measures aimed at minimization of negative aftermath and provision of the interest balance between water users. Methods. The work is based on the conjugation of a set of field observations with computational experiments based on hydrodynamic models in 1D and 2D formulations, which make it possible to carry out hydrodynamic calculations for the waves of releases from HPPs. Results. The dynamics of water levels was investigated for various calculation scenarios, graphs were drawn for comparing water levels based on the results of calculations in one- and two-dimensional models for morphometry in 2019 in natural conditions and taking into account the development of deposits of sand and gravel mixtures. The experiments have demonstrated that development of only eight deposits (Volkovsk, Olkhovsk, Sivinsk, Golyanovo, Makarovsk, Upper-Dulesovsk, Simonikhinsk, and Simonikhinsk-2) will cause the necessity (in order to maintain the 3.3 m navigation depth) to increase the discharge to the Votkinsk HPP downstream up to 1800 m3/s or maintaining of continuous 1500 m3/s discharge for at least 24 hours. In the process of the water level graphs comparative analysis, both in one-dimension and two-dimension modeling, one can distinguish three sites with great level subsidence (15-41 cm) due to the large-scale mining of sand/gravel mixture.","PeriodicalId":33780,"journal":{"name":"Vodnoe khoziaistvo Rossii problemy tekhnologii upravlenie","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69892396","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.35567/1999-4508-2021-6-8
A. A. Povorov, Marina E. Ilyina, O. Selivanov, I. Kurochkin
{"title":"Evaluation of the efficiency of membrane separation of highly concentrated filtration waters of a solid waste landfill at a two-stage reverse osmosis plant","authors":"A. A. Povorov, Marina E. Ilyina, O. Selivanov, I. Kurochkin","doi":"10.35567/1999-4508-2021-6-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35567/1999-4508-2021-6-8","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":33780,"journal":{"name":"Vodnoe khoziaistvo Rossii problemy tekhnologii upravlenie","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85315031","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.35567/1999-4508-2021-5-5
The study of springs is of great scientific and practical interest, because the population increasingly prefers to use spring water as an alternative source of drinking water. Methods. Studies were conducted to determine the water quality in 14 springs located on the territory of the Republic of Tatarstan, according to physical and chemical indicators in the summer period by organoleptic, potentiometric, titrimetric, photometric and gravimetric methods. Results. It was found that the water fully meets the hygienic requirements in only 8 springs (57.1 %). It was revealed that the non-compliance of spring waters with sanitary standards for physical and chemical parameters is associated with the excess of the MAC for nitrates and hardness. Also the excess of the MAC for total alkalinity was determined. The main reasons for the poor quality of drinking water are the pollution of water sources. The data obtained confirmed the need for constant monitoring of the water quality in all springs and development of measures to improve them.
{"title":"Results of quality studies of spring waters of the Republic of Tatarstan","authors":"","doi":"10.35567/1999-4508-2021-5-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35567/1999-4508-2021-5-5","url":null,"abstract":"The study of springs is of great scientific and practical interest, because the population increasingly prefers to use spring water as an alternative source of drinking water. Methods. Studies were conducted to determine the water quality in 14 springs located on the territory of the Republic of Tatarstan, according to physical and chemical indicators in the summer period by organoleptic, potentiometric, titrimetric, photometric and gravimetric methods. Results. It was found that the water fully meets the hygienic requirements in only 8 springs (57.1 %). It was revealed that the non-compliance of spring waters with sanitary standards for physical and chemical parameters is associated with the excess of the MAC for nitrates and hardness. Also the excess of the MAC for total alkalinity was determined. The main reasons for the poor quality of drinking water are the pollution of water sources. The data obtained confirmed the need for constant monitoring of the water quality in all springs and development of measures to improve them.","PeriodicalId":33780,"journal":{"name":"Vodnoe khoziaistvo Rossii problemy tekhnologii upravlenie","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69892046","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.35567/1999-4508-2021-4-1
An increase in the average annual air temperature in the European territory of Russia against the background of climate change leads to a decrease in water reserves in the flood-forming snow cover. At the same time, an increase in the number of transitions of air temperature through 0 ° С in the area of positive values in winter leads not only to an additional reduction in snow storage by the beginning, but also ensures an increase in the number and size of thaw floods. Changes in the intra-annual distribution of the range and intensity of precipitation entail an increase in the number and magnitude of rainfall floods. Observed transformations in the types of feeding and water regime of the rivers of the basin. Methods. The study posed the task of studying climate change on the hydrological regime of rivers in the Upper Volga basin. To solve it, methods were used to determine the methods for determining the runoff components based on the dismemberment of the hydrograph using the GrWat software package and mapping the results of the results. As part of this task, more than two thousand hydrographs were analyzed, and their long-term trends were analyzed. Results. The analysis showed that on some rivers of the region the volume of flood runoff is already comparable to the volume of flood runoff, which is not typical for the river-European type of water regime. It was found that for some rivers in the region, the volume of runoff during high water decreased by more than 50%, while the volume of runoff during the period of rainfall floods increased by more than 80%,while in the period of thaw practically by 100%.
{"title":"Transformation of the Spring High-water and Flood Runoff in the Upper Volga Basin under the Climate Change Impact","authors":"","doi":"10.35567/1999-4508-2021-4-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35567/1999-4508-2021-4-1","url":null,"abstract":"An increase in the average annual air temperature in the European territory of Russia against the background of climate change leads to a decrease in water reserves in the flood-forming snow cover. At the same time, an increase in the number of transitions of air temperature through 0 ° С in the area of positive values in winter leads not only to an additional reduction in snow storage by the beginning, but also ensures an increase in the number and size of thaw floods. Changes in the intra-annual distribution of the range and intensity of precipitation entail an increase in the number and magnitude of rainfall floods. Observed transformations in the types of feeding and water regime of the rivers of the basin. Methods. The study posed the task of studying climate change on the hydrological regime of rivers in the Upper Volga basin. To solve it, methods were used to determine the methods for determining the runoff components based on the dismemberment of the hydrograph using the GrWat software package and mapping the results of the results. As part of this task, more than two thousand hydrographs were analyzed, and their long-term trends were analyzed. Results. The analysis showed that on some rivers of the region the volume of flood runoff is already comparable to the volume of flood runoff, which is not typical for the river-European type of water regime. It was found that for some rivers in the region, the volume of runoff during high water decreased by more than 50%, while the volume of runoff during the period of rainfall floods increased by more than 80%,while in the period of thaw practically by 100%.","PeriodicalId":33780,"journal":{"name":"Vodnoe khoziaistvo Rossii problemy tekhnologii upravlenie","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69892062","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.35567/1999-4508-2021-3-4
The vast catchment area of the Lake Ladoga is characterized by variety of underlying surface types and a complex hydrographic network. The processes of eutrophication of the southern littoral areas of the Lake Ladoga determine the relevance of assessing the removal of solid matter from the river flow to the estuaries of the tributaries of the Ladoga. Observations of sediment runoff of the main tributaries the Lake Ladoga were not carried out. In this regard, for each tributary were selected rivers-analogues the main criteria in the selection was the slope, the grain size of sediments and the catchment area (water availability). The modeling of annual solid runoff and turbidity of the Ladoga tributaries is based on an analytical formula for sediment flow by M.V. Shmakova and a stochastic model of annual solid runoff (M.V. Shmakova). According to the calculations, the annual flow of sediment entering the Ladoga water area is about 432 thousand t/year. The main sources of sediment are three major tributaries of the Lake Ladoga – the Svir, Volkhov and Vuoksa rivers, which account for 253 thousand t/year or 59 % of the total amount of sediment received in the lake. However, these watercourses have the smallest annual module solid flow, due to retention of sediment of backwater areas before hydroelectric dams on these rivers and as a consequence, a decrease in the overall sediment discharge. At the same time, the average annual solid runoff modulus for the Ladoga lake catchment area is 1.53 t/(km2·year), which corresponds well to the previous estimate of this value for the territory under consideration. The analysis of the annual module of solid runoff showed a good correspondence between the obtained values of this value and the conditions for the formation of solid runoff in the catchment, the characteristics of its soils.
{"title":"Sediment Runoff and Water Turbidity of the Main Tributaries of the Lake Ladoga","authors":"","doi":"10.35567/1999-4508-2021-3-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35567/1999-4508-2021-3-4","url":null,"abstract":"The vast catchment area of the Lake Ladoga is characterized by variety of underlying surface types and a complex hydrographic network. The processes of eutrophication of the southern littoral areas of the Lake Ladoga determine the relevance of assessing the removal of solid matter from the river flow to the estuaries of the tributaries of the Ladoga. Observations of sediment runoff of the main tributaries the Lake Ladoga were not carried out. In this regard, for each tributary were selected rivers-analogues the main criteria in the selection was the slope, the grain size of sediments and the catchment area (water availability). The modeling of annual solid runoff and turbidity of the Ladoga tributaries is based on an analytical formula for sediment flow by M.V. Shmakova and a stochastic model of annual solid runoff (M.V. Shmakova). According to the calculations, the annual flow of sediment entering the Ladoga water area is about 432 thousand t/year. The main sources of sediment are three major tributaries of the Lake Ladoga – the Svir, Volkhov and Vuoksa rivers, which account for 253 thousand t/year or 59 % of the total amount of sediment received in the lake. However, these watercourses have the smallest annual module solid flow, due to retention of sediment of backwater areas before hydroelectric dams on these rivers and as a consequence, a decrease in the overall sediment discharge. At the same time, the average annual solid runoff modulus for the Ladoga lake catchment area is 1.53 t/(km2·year), which corresponds well to the previous estimate of this value for the territory under consideration. The analysis of the annual module of solid runoff showed a good correspondence between the obtained values of this value and the conditions for the formation of solid runoff in the catchment, the characteristics of its soils.","PeriodicalId":33780,"journal":{"name":"Vodnoe khoziaistvo Rossii problemy tekhnologii upravlenie","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69892260","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.35567/1999-4508-2021-5-7
To date, considerable experience has been accumulated in assessing and standardizing the quality of natural waters, however, the role of regional factors in practical standardization in most cases is ignored. Due to the lack of recommendations for establishing permissible loads on a water body, taking into account its natural characteristics, the effectiveness of water protection measures is reduced. Determination of the concentrations of pollutants using maximum permissible concentrations without taking into account the hydrological and hydro/chemical characteristics of water bodies does not ensure the environmental safety of the water body. The regulation of the water quality of water bodies must necessarily reflect the regional features of the formation of the chemical composition of natural water in a particular territory, since the soil and geochemical features of the catchment area of the basin reflect natural background concentrations. Methods. The article proposes a new approach to assessing the qualitative determination of priority pollutants taking into account the regional background. For a qualitative assessment of the level of natural content of dissolved forms of heavy metal compounds, statistical processing was carried out for the main phases of the water regime. The significance of the difference between the sample of summer samples of river water for pollutants from the corresponding sample of winter samples and rainwater samples was determined using the Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney nonparametric statistical test. Results. The proposed approach for statistical processing of long-term data enables to make qualitative assessment of the natural level of the content of heavy metal compounds on the surface and in the strata of soils that compose the basins of the Malka, Urukh, Cherek, Chegem rivers. The results obtained can be used to improve the methodological and practical issues of regionally oriented standardization.
{"title":"Qualitative assessment of the level of natural content of heavy metal compounds natural content level in the basins of the Malka, Urukh, Cherek, and Chegem rivers","authors":"","doi":"10.35567/1999-4508-2021-5-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35567/1999-4508-2021-5-7","url":null,"abstract":"To date, considerable experience has been accumulated in assessing and standardizing the quality of natural waters, however, the role of regional factors in practical standardization in most cases is ignored. Due to the lack of recommendations for establishing permissible loads on a water body, taking into account its natural characteristics, the effectiveness of water protection measures is reduced. Determination of the concentrations of pollutants using maximum permissible concentrations without taking into account the hydrological and hydro/chemical characteristics of water bodies does not ensure the environmental safety of the water body. The regulation of the water quality of water bodies must necessarily reflect the regional features of the formation of the chemical composition of natural water in a particular territory, since the soil and geochemical features of the catchment area of the basin reflect natural background concentrations. Methods. The article proposes a new approach to assessing the qualitative determination of priority pollutants taking into account the regional background. For a qualitative assessment of the level of natural content of dissolved forms of heavy metal compounds, statistical processing was carried out for the main phases of the water regime. The significance of the difference between the sample of summer samples of river water for pollutants from the corresponding sample of winter samples and rainwater samples was determined using the Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney nonparametric statistical test. Results. The proposed approach for statistical processing of long-term data enables to make qualitative assessment of the natural level of the content of heavy metal compounds on the surface and in the strata of soils that compose the basins of the Malka, Urukh, Cherek, Chegem rivers. The results obtained can be used to improve the methodological and practical issues of regionally oriented standardization.","PeriodicalId":33780,"journal":{"name":"Vodnoe khoziaistvo Rossii problemy tekhnologii upravlenie","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69892572","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.35567/999-4508-2021-5-6
V. Semenishchev, A. Voronina, L. A. Tomashova, Yulia I. Nasonova
Despite development of central water supply systems, springs still remain to be important sources of drinking water. In this work, the study of water quality in springs of Yekaterinburg city and its settlements was performed with the attention to radiological factor. Activity concentrations of radium-226 were determined in water of 20 springs. Methods. Determination of the radon-222 activities of was performed using gamma-spectrometry vis the equilibrium bismuth-214 gamma line. To determine radium-226, 5-liter water samples were taken, the radium was preconcentrated on a T-5 sorbent; then radium was separated on a thinlayer MnO2-PE sorbent followed by measurement on an alpha spectrometer. Results. In the vast majority of cases, activity concentrations of radium-226 were lower than the detection limit (0.3 Bq/L); the maximal activity concentration of 1.03 ± 0.27 was found that corresponded to the internal dose of 0.21 ± 0.05 μSv/y due to daily consumption of this water. No correlations were found between content of radium-226 and concentrations of radon-222, uranium-238 and alkaline earth ions. At the period of 09.2020 – 06.2021, monitoring of radon activity was performed in seven springs with previously found high radon content. Significant seasonal variations of radon activity were found; for some springs the difference between the minimal and the maximal activity reached 3. In the most cases, increase of radon activity occurred in water during winter that can be explained by both an increase of radon solubility in cold water and a decrease of flowrate.
{"title":"Analysis of radon and radium content in springs of the city of Ekaterinburg and its outskirts","authors":"V. Semenishchev, A. Voronina, L. A. Tomashova, Yulia I. Nasonova","doi":"10.35567/999-4508-2021-5-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35567/999-4508-2021-5-6","url":null,"abstract":"Despite development of central water supply systems, springs still remain to be important sources of drinking water. In this work, the study of water quality in springs of Yekaterinburg city and its settlements was performed with the attention to radiological factor. Activity concentrations of radium-226 were determined in water of 20 springs. Methods. Determination of the radon-222 activities of was performed using gamma-spectrometry vis the equilibrium bismuth-214 gamma line. To determine radium-226, 5-liter water samples were taken, the radium was preconcentrated on a T-5 sorbent; then radium was separated on a thinlayer MnO2-PE sorbent followed by measurement on an alpha spectrometer. Results. In the vast majority of cases, activity concentrations of radium-226 were lower than the detection limit (0.3 Bq/L); the maximal activity concentration of 1.03 ± 0.27 was found that corresponded to the internal dose of 0.21 ± 0.05 μSv/y due to daily consumption of this water. No correlations were found between content of radium-226 and concentrations of radon-222, uranium-238 and alkaline earth ions. At the period of 09.2020 – 06.2021, monitoring of radon activity was performed in seven springs with previously found high radon content. Significant seasonal variations of radon activity were found; for some springs the difference between the minimal and the maximal activity reached 3. In the most cases, increase of radon activity occurred in water during winter that can be explained by both an increase of radon solubility in cold water and a decrease of flowrate.","PeriodicalId":33780,"journal":{"name":"Vodnoe khoziaistvo Rossii problemy tekhnologii upravlenie","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69892706","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.35567/1999-4508-2021-4-7
A. S. Kutergin, T. A. Nedobukh, A. Nikiforov, K. Zenkova, T. V. Tarasovskikh
The contamination of large volumes of surface waters with radionuclides is caused by the appearance of a significant number of objects that pose a potential radiation hazard. The search and development of affordable, environmentally friendly sorbents for the purification of such waters is an urgent task, the solution of which will make it possible to propose effective measures for the purification of natural water bodies from pollution. The article presents the result of research of sorption reduction of 90Sr radionuclide from aqueous solutions with experimental samples under static and dynamic conditions. Methods. We have defined the strontium concentration range within which the reduced component distribution between solid and liquid phases obeys Henry law. The granulated sorbent distribution index in the Henry area was Kd=(3.46±0.2)•102 ml/g in terms of strontium and this is comparable with the Kd=200 ml/g value of the initial natural glauconite. The obtained value of the sorbent static exchange capacity in terms of strontium in the (10-5 – 1) g/l concentration range is ≥ 4.2 mg/g. We investigated the sorption kinetics in the recirculation mode. We have presented the output curves of the strontium sorption with the developed sorbent in the dynamic mode. The strontium distribution index was at least 2.42 ∙ 103 ml/g and this approximately 10 times exceeded the value obtained under the static conditions. After passing of 900 column volumes of the model solution through the column, no compacting of the sorbent was observed and this confirmed preserving of its hydro/dynamic characteristics and the possibility to use it as a filter loads in ant water treatment systems. Results. The sorbent produced from local mineral raw material is applicable and feasible for use in treatment of the Ural region water bodies contaminated with 90Sr. We have demonstrated good perspective of the natural aluminum silicate glauconite of the Karinsk deposit (Chelyabinsk Oblast, Russia) granulated with bonding tap water use as a sorbent for extraction of strontium radionuclide from natural waters in the process of radioactive-contaminated territories.
{"title":"Sorption Extraction of Strontium Radionuclides from Surface Water by Natural Aluminum Silicate","authors":"A. S. Kutergin, T. A. Nedobukh, A. Nikiforov, K. Zenkova, T. V. Tarasovskikh","doi":"10.35567/1999-4508-2021-4-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35567/1999-4508-2021-4-7","url":null,"abstract":"The contamination of large volumes of surface waters with radionuclides is caused by the appearance of a significant number of objects that pose a potential radiation hazard. The search and development of affordable, environmentally friendly sorbents for the purification of such waters is an urgent task, the solution of which will make it possible to propose effective measures for the purification of natural water bodies from pollution. The article presents the result of research of sorption reduction of 90Sr radionuclide from aqueous solutions with experimental samples under static and dynamic conditions. Methods. We have defined the strontium concentration range within which the reduced component distribution between solid and liquid phases obeys Henry law. The granulated sorbent distribution index in the Henry area was Kd=(3.46±0.2)•102 ml/g in terms of strontium and this is comparable with the Kd=200 ml/g value of the initial natural glauconite. The obtained value of the sorbent static exchange capacity in terms of strontium in the (10-5 – 1) g/l concentration range is ≥ 4.2 mg/g. We investigated the sorption kinetics in the recirculation mode. We have presented the output curves of the strontium sorption with the developed sorbent in the dynamic mode. The strontium distribution index was at least 2.42 ∙ 103 ml/g and this approximately 10 times exceeded the value obtained under the static conditions. After passing of 900 column volumes of the model solution through the column, no compacting of the sorbent was observed and this confirmed preserving of its hydro/dynamic characteristics and the possibility to use it as a filter loads in ant water treatment systems. Results. The sorbent produced from local mineral raw material is applicable and feasible for use in treatment of the Ural region water bodies contaminated with 90Sr. We have demonstrated good perspective of the natural aluminum silicate glauconite of the Karinsk deposit (Chelyabinsk Oblast, Russia) granulated with bonding tap water use as a sorbent for extraction of strontium radionuclide from natural waters in the process of radioactive-contaminated territories.","PeriodicalId":33780,"journal":{"name":"Vodnoe khoziaistvo Rossii problemy tekhnologii upravlenie","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69892034","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.35567/1999-4508-2021-4-6
The year 2014 was a turning point in the transition of the main sectors of the Russian economy to a new track of environmental regulation and the introduction of obligations for first category’ s objects of negative environmental impact to receive a unified complex document containing mandatory requirements in the field of environmental protection. The main element in the application for a comprehensive environmental permit is the results of calculations of technological standards based on technological indicators of the best available techniques.The determination of technological indicators of the best available techniques takes place in the process of developing and updating information and technical reference documents (BREFs) on the best available techniques. There is currently no unified methodology for determining the technological indicators of the best available techniques. In the process of determining them in Russia, an expert assessment, a reference to the opinion of the industry professional community, or a compromise between control and supervisory authorities, departmental executive authorities and enterprises prevails. Methods. The authors have obtained a set of data through questionnaires from wastewater treatment plants of various output and water treatment techniques used. We have a developed a unified questionnaire that enables to get general information on the plants under study, as well as detailed information on pollutants’ discharge and the use wastewater treatment techniques. Results. In this article, the technological indicators of the best available technologies in the field of wastewater treatment using centralized wastewater disposal systems of settlements or urban districts were determined based on the proposed European approaches. The results obtained showed that the resulting total range generally corresponds to the values of technological indicators of the best available techniques established by the Government of the Russian Federation for water treatment enterprises. Thus, it is possible to judge the applicability (taking into account the expert assessment) of this approach for determining the technological indicators of the best available techniques in other information and technical reference documents (BREFs).
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