The future capacity of soils to support life on Earth is becoming questionable and in such a situation an important attention is given to soil science and land use-soil policy. This paper presents the historical overview, conducted activities and roles of the Yugoslav and Serbian Soil Science Society (SSSS) from its begining to recent days, as well as future plans. The material tackles the development of soil science in Serbia: foundation of the Soil Society, international cooperation, publication of the journal ''Soil and Plant'' and other publishing activities, structural organization of the Society, organization of congresses and symposia, and impact of the Society to overall well being by development of various programmes. It also highlights the coordination, consulting, and supporting role of the Society in preparation of the soil map of Yugoslavia. The role of SSSS today is aimed at the general scientific, cultural and educational development and benefit of the Republic of Serbia. The Society has its bodies, eight (nine) commissions, eleven subcommissions and four working groups. In the coming period, the Society will continue its organizational, publishing, educational, and cooperation activities, but also strive to include soils and soil science among national priorities. The permanent legacy of the Society is the inclusion of soil at the core of policies that support environmental protection and sustainable development in line with new challenges.
{"title":"The history, activities and future perspectives of the Serbian Soil Science Society","authors":"Ljubomir Životić, Boško Gajić","doi":"10.5937/zembilj2301062z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5937/zembilj2301062z","url":null,"abstract":"The future capacity of soils to support life on Earth is becoming questionable and in such a situation an important attention is given to soil science and land use-soil policy. This paper presents the historical overview, conducted activities and roles of the Yugoslav and Serbian Soil Science Society (SSSS) from its begining to recent days, as well as future plans. The material tackles the development of soil science in Serbia: foundation of the Soil Society, international cooperation, publication of the journal ''Soil and Plant'' and other publishing activities, structural organization of the Society, organization of congresses and symposia, and impact of the Society to overall well being by development of various programmes. It also highlights the coordination, consulting, and supporting role of the Society in preparation of the soil map of Yugoslavia. The role of SSSS today is aimed at the general scientific, cultural and educational development and benefit of the Republic of Serbia. The Society has its bodies, eight (nine) commissions, eleven subcommissions and four working groups. In the coming period, the Society will continue its organizational, publishing, educational, and cooperation activities, but also strive to include soils and soil science among national priorities. The permanent legacy of the Society is the inclusion of soil at the core of policies that support environmental protection and sustainable development in line with new challenges.","PeriodicalId":33795,"journal":{"name":"Zemljiste i biljka","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135610791","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The most common type of soil in the valleys of large lowland rivers is Fluvisol or Alluvial soil. In order to determine the biogenity of this type of soil along the Western Morava basin, the representation of the total microflora, fungi, actinomycetes, ammonifiers, Azotobacter sp. and oligonitrophiles was examined. The samples were taken from soils used in the most common two different ways (plough fields and meadows). For that were used standard microbiological methods of inoculation a certain decimal dilution on appropriate nutrient media. No correlation was established between the number of examined groups of microorganisms and the way of land use, nor was there a correlation with chemical properties, primarily with pH and organic matter content. A good representation of Azotobacter sp., as an indicator of soil fertility, was found. Agrochemical analyses showed an acidic to neutral reaction, a low to medium percentage of organic matter, a very low to very high content of easily available phosphorus and easily available potassium.
{"title":"Microbiological and basic agrochemical properties of Fluvisols along the Western Morava basin","authors":"Nataša Rasulić, Dušica Delić, Olivera Stajković-Srbinović, Aneta Buntić, Magdalena Knežević, Mila Pešić, Biljana Sikirić","doi":"10.5937/zembilj2301001r","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5937/zembilj2301001r","url":null,"abstract":"The most common type of soil in the valleys of large lowland rivers is Fluvisol or Alluvial soil. In order to determine the biogenity of this type of soil along the Western Morava basin, the representation of the total microflora, fungi, actinomycetes, ammonifiers, Azotobacter sp. and oligonitrophiles was examined. The samples were taken from soils used in the most common two different ways (plough fields and meadows). For that were used standard microbiological methods of inoculation a certain decimal dilution on appropriate nutrient media. No correlation was established between the number of examined groups of microorganisms and the way of land use, nor was there a correlation with chemical properties, primarily with pH and organic matter content. A good representation of Azotobacter sp., as an indicator of soil fertility, was found. Agrochemical analyses showed an acidic to neutral reaction, a low to medium percentage of organic matter, a very low to very high content of easily available phosphorus and easily available potassium.","PeriodicalId":33795,"journal":{"name":"Zemljiste i biljka","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135611046","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
By examining the fertility of Mačva soil (fluvisol, humogley, eugley, chernozem, eutric cambisol, pseudogley, luvisol, vertisol), it was found that the soils with a reaction which is favourable for growth of most crops dominate, but about 25% of the samples, mainly on Pseudogley and Luvisol, have an unfavourable, highly acidic reaction. Soil organic matter content is generally medium to high, as are the nitrogen reserves. A low content of phosphorous was found in about half of the samples, while in about 10% of soil samples, a very high phosphorous and potassium content was found, as a result of soil properties as well as inappropriate fertilization. The PTE content and natural background values are around or below the values for Central Serbia. These values are below the maximum allowed limits in domestic regulations, except for Ni, whose content increased in some samples in the alluvium of the Drina and Sava rivers and in the soil in close vicinity. Locations with values above the natural background and limit values in the legal regulations require an additional analysis of the impact on the environment.
{"title":"Fertility and potentially toxic elements content in Mačva","authors":"Vesna Mrvić, Zoran Dinić, Darko Jaramaz, Nikola Koković, Sonja Tošić-Jojević, Vojislav Lazović, Biljana Sikirić","doi":"10.5937/zembilj2301011m","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5937/zembilj2301011m","url":null,"abstract":"By examining the fertility of Mačva soil (fluvisol, humogley, eugley, chernozem, eutric cambisol, pseudogley, luvisol, vertisol), it was found that the soils with a reaction which is favourable for growth of most crops dominate, but about 25% of the samples, mainly on Pseudogley and Luvisol, have an unfavourable, highly acidic reaction. Soil organic matter content is generally medium to high, as are the nitrogen reserves. A low content of phosphorous was found in about half of the samples, while in about 10% of soil samples, a very high phosphorous and potassium content was found, as a result of soil properties as well as inappropriate fertilization. The PTE content and natural background values are around or below the values for Central Serbia. These values are below the maximum allowed limits in domestic regulations, except for Ni, whose content increased in some samples in the alluvium of the Drina and Sava rivers and in the soil in close vicinity. Locations with values above the natural background and limit values in the legal regulations require an additional analysis of the impact on the environment.","PeriodicalId":33795,"journal":{"name":"Zemljiste i biljka","volume":"142 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135610799","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Soils formed on limestones occupy large area in Serbia, but there is not a lot of information about their properties. This paper presents physical and chemical properties of the Brownized Calcomelanosols and Moderately-deep Calcocambisols of the Ozren Mountain. Brownized Calcomelanosols under natural grassy vegetation were investigated at the Vlasina pass, whereas Calcocambisols under mixed forests were investigated near the site "Ozrenske livade". Soil profiles were excavated up to the parent material, and disturbed and undisturbed soil samples were collected from soil genetic horizons. Following soil characteristics were determined: particle size distribution, soil structure and water resistance of structural aggregates, bulk density, total porosity, air capacity, water-holding capacity, water conductivity, pH, content of humus, available phosphorus (P2O5) and potassium (K2O), hydrolytic acidity, cation exchange capacity (CEC), sum of exchangeable base cations, and base saturation. Humus-accumulative horizon (Amo) of the Brownized Calcomelanosols has silty clay texture, whereas the cambic (B)rz horizon of both soils has a clay texture. The Amo horizon of Calcomelanosols is characterized by fine to medium granular structure (0.5-5 mm) of very high water resistance. The total porosity, air capacity and water permeability of both soils is high. Their water-holding capacity is high. Amo horizon of Calcomelanosols is characterized by a high humus content (>10%). Soil reaction in water of Amo horizon is neutral, whereas in (B)rz horizons both soils are moderately acid. Both soils have high CEC (>58 cmol kg-1 ) and base saturatation (>95%). Brownized Calcomelanosol is moderately to highly supplied with available K2O, whereas Calcocambisol is moderately supplied; while both soils are very poor in available P2O5. Since this study presents quite favorable physical and chemical properties of the investigated soils due to the conservation of natural forests and grasslands, the results can help in a deeper understanding of soil ecology and the preservation of natural plant cover.
{"title":"Contribution to the knowledge of the soils formed on limestones on the Ozren Mountain","authors":"Boško Gajić, Miodrag Tolimir, Branka Kresović, Aleksa Lipovac, Angelina Tapanarova, Ljubomir Životić","doi":"10.5937/zembilj2301021g","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5937/zembilj2301021g","url":null,"abstract":"Soils formed on limestones occupy large area in Serbia, but there is not a lot of information about their properties. This paper presents physical and chemical properties of the Brownized Calcomelanosols and Moderately-deep Calcocambisols of the Ozren Mountain. Brownized Calcomelanosols under natural grassy vegetation were investigated at the Vlasina pass, whereas Calcocambisols under mixed forests were investigated near the site \"Ozrenske livade\". Soil profiles were excavated up to the parent material, and disturbed and undisturbed soil samples were collected from soil genetic horizons. Following soil characteristics were determined: particle size distribution, soil structure and water resistance of structural aggregates, bulk density, total porosity, air capacity, water-holding capacity, water conductivity, pH, content of humus, available phosphorus (P2O5) and potassium (K2O), hydrolytic acidity, cation exchange capacity (CEC), sum of exchangeable base cations, and base saturation. Humus-accumulative horizon (Amo) of the Brownized Calcomelanosols has silty clay texture, whereas the cambic (B)rz horizon of both soils has a clay texture. The Amo horizon of Calcomelanosols is characterized by fine to medium granular structure (0.5-5 mm) of very high water resistance. The total porosity, air capacity and water permeability of both soils is high. Their water-holding capacity is high. Amo horizon of Calcomelanosols is characterized by a high humus content (>10%). Soil reaction in water of Amo horizon is neutral, whereas in (B)rz horizons both soils are moderately acid. Both soils have high CEC (>58 cmol kg-1 ) and base saturatation (>95%). Brownized Calcomelanosol is moderately to highly supplied with available K2O, whereas Calcocambisol is moderately supplied; while both soils are very poor in available P2O5. Since this study presents quite favorable physical and chemical properties of the investigated soils due to the conservation of natural forests and grasslands, the results can help in a deeper understanding of soil ecology and the preservation of natural plant cover.","PeriodicalId":33795,"journal":{"name":"Zemljiste i biljka","volume":"72 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135611037","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Bojan Vojnov, Srđan Šeremešić, Vladimir Ćirić, Svetlana Vujić, Borivoj Pejić, Dragana Marinković, Dragan Radovanović, Marjana Vasiljević
The intensive form of agricultural production often leads to disruption of physical, chemical and biological properties of the soil. Therefore, in recent years there has been an increasing focus on research and finding ways to preserve the soil with management practices that support soil conservation. The research was conducted on the experimental field of the Institute for Field and Vegetable Crops Novi Sad on Rimski Šančevi. The experiment was set up as a randomized block design. The winter cover crops consisted of the combined intercrops: Triticale (×Triticosecale Wittm. ex A. Camus) and winter pea (Pisum sativum ssp. arvense L.) (T+P), solo winter fodder pea crop (Pisum sativum ssp. arvense L.) (P) and a control without winter cover crops (sole or mixtures)(Ø). The experiment with winter cover crops was divided into two blocks. In the first block, the winter cover crops were chopped and plowed, while treatments in the second block were mowed using a rotary mower and the fodder was removed for feeding ruminants. After ploughing and preparing the soil for sowing, sowing of spring crops (soybean, maize and sudan grass) was carried out on all varieties in the subsequent sowing period. This research aims to determine the influence of different types of winter cover crops and spring crops from subsequent sowing period on the physical properties of Chernozem with a special emphasis on soil structure. It was determined that values of MWD on the treatments where the mixture of cover crops (T+P plowed) ranged from 1.11 mm to 1.39 mm, which indicated a better aggregates stability compared to the control treatments where no cover crops were sown. Due to variable root morphology and water requirements, which may alter soil structure, it is required to pay more attention to the adaptation of management strategies through the use of cover crops as well as the selection of their mixes.
{"title":"Crops influence on Chernozem soil structure Influence of winter cover crops and different spring crops on soil structure indicators on","authors":"Bojan Vojnov, Srđan Šeremešić, Vladimir Ćirić, Svetlana Vujić, Borivoj Pejić, Dragana Marinković, Dragan Radovanović, Marjana Vasiljević","doi":"10.5937/zembilj2301044v","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5937/zembilj2301044v","url":null,"abstract":"The intensive form of agricultural production often leads to disruption of physical, chemical and biological properties of the soil. Therefore, in recent years there has been an increasing focus on research and finding ways to preserve the soil with management practices that support soil conservation. The research was conducted on the experimental field of the Institute for Field and Vegetable Crops Novi Sad on Rimski Šančevi. The experiment was set up as a randomized block design. The winter cover crops consisted of the combined intercrops: Triticale (×Triticosecale Wittm. ex A. Camus) and winter pea (Pisum sativum ssp. arvense L.) (T+P), solo winter fodder pea crop (Pisum sativum ssp. arvense L.) (P) and a control without winter cover crops (sole or mixtures)(Ø). The experiment with winter cover crops was divided into two blocks. In the first block, the winter cover crops were chopped and plowed, while treatments in the second block were mowed using a rotary mower and the fodder was removed for feeding ruminants. After ploughing and preparing the soil for sowing, sowing of spring crops (soybean, maize and sudan grass) was carried out on all varieties in the subsequent sowing period. This research aims to determine the influence of different types of winter cover crops and spring crops from subsequent sowing period on the physical properties of Chernozem with a special emphasis on soil structure. It was determined that values of MWD on the treatments where the mixture of cover crops (T+P plowed) ranged from 1.11 mm to 1.39 mm, which indicated a better aggregates stability compared to the control treatments where no cover crops were sown. Due to variable root morphology and water requirements, which may alter soil structure, it is required to pay more attention to the adaptation of management strategies through the use of cover crops as well as the selection of their mixes.","PeriodicalId":33795,"journal":{"name":"Zemljiste i biljka","volume":"54 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135611753","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
F. Eulenstein, E. Saljnikov, S. Lukin, Askhad K. Sheudshen, O. Rukhovich, U. Schindler, G. Saparov, K. Pachikin, Matthias Thielicke, A. Behrendt, Werner Armin, L. Životić, L. Müller
Climate change in Europe will lead to new precipitation patterns over the coming years and the annual temperature will increase significantly. These changes in climate variables and the resulting effects on agricultural productivity must be differentiated regionally. Plant production depends on sufficient rainfall in summer and, in some regions, on the amount of rainfall in winter. In Central Europe, the amount of precipitation in summer will decrease in the coming decades due to climate change, while in some regions, the amount of winter precipitation will increase significantly. Agricultural production is likely to suffer severely as a result of rising summer temperatures and low water retention capacities in the soil. The effects of reduced summer precipitation and increased air temperatures are partially offset by the expected increased CO2 concentration. Therefore, the effects that changed climatic conditions have on crop production are sometimes less drastic in terms of crop yields. The greatest impact of climate change on land use is expected from increasing evapotranspiration and lower amounts of precipitation in the production of leachate. In addition to the expected mean changes, the occurrence of extreme weather conditions is key. Periods of drought in the growing season and heavy flooding as a result of extreme rainfall are to be expected. However, these events are very difficult or even impossible to predict. In addition to the effects that climate change will have on regional crop production, global changes will have a strong impact on world markets for agricultural products. Another consequence of climate change and population growth is a higher demand for agricultural products on world markets. This will lead to dramatic local land use changes and an intensification of agriculture that will transform existing crop production systems. The intensification caused by rising land and lease prices will primarily affect the maximization of the use of fertilizers and pesticides.
{"title":"Climate change as the driving force behind the intensification of agricultural land use","authors":"F. Eulenstein, E. Saljnikov, S. Lukin, Askhad K. Sheudshen, O. Rukhovich, U. Schindler, G. Saparov, K. Pachikin, Matthias Thielicke, A. Behrendt, Werner Armin, L. Životić, L. Müller","doi":"10.5937/zembilj2201024e","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5937/zembilj2201024e","url":null,"abstract":"Climate change in Europe will lead to new precipitation patterns over the coming years and the annual temperature will increase significantly. These changes in climate variables and the resulting effects on agricultural productivity must be differentiated regionally. Plant production depends on sufficient rainfall in summer and, in some regions, on the amount of rainfall in winter. In Central Europe, the amount of precipitation in summer will decrease in the coming decades due to climate change, while in some regions, the amount of winter precipitation will increase significantly. Agricultural production is likely to suffer severely as a result of rising summer temperatures and low water retention capacities in the soil. The effects of reduced summer precipitation and increased air temperatures are partially offset by the expected increased CO2 concentration. Therefore, the effects that changed climatic conditions have on crop production are sometimes less drastic in terms of crop yields. The greatest impact of climate change on land use is expected from increasing evapotranspiration and lower amounts of precipitation in the production of leachate. In addition to the expected mean changes, the occurrence of extreme weather conditions is key. Periods of drought in the growing season and heavy flooding as a result of extreme rainfall are to be expected. However, these events are very difficult or even impossible to predict. In addition to the effects that climate change will have on regional crop production, global changes will have a strong impact on world markets for agricultural products. Another consequence of climate change and population growth is a higher demand for agricultural products on world markets. This will lead to dramatic local land use changes and an intensification of agriculture that will transform existing crop production systems. The intensification caused by rising land and lease prices will primarily affect the maximization of the use of fertilizers and pesticides.","PeriodicalId":33795,"journal":{"name":"Zemljiste i biljka","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71220759","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Litvinovich, A. Lavrishchev, V. Bure, Tara Grujić, E. Saljnikov
Transformations of the soddy-podzolic gleyic clay soil in a long-term agricultural use (> 200 years) was studied in Leningrad region, northwest Russia. This feasibility study investigated the possibility of re-cultivation of these soils after long term fallowing. Morphological structure, particle size distribution, content and ratio of ferrous and oxide forms of iron in the profile of virgin (indigenous forest) and arable drained soil were analysed. In addition, changes in the organogenic-profile were traced in the course of long-term agrogenesis (> 200 years). In virgin forest soil, during its pedogenesis the loss of fractions <0.01 mm from the eluvial layer was 877.4 kg m-2 , and the loss of <0.0001mm was 287.5 kg m-2 , as compared with parent material not affected by the processes of pedogenesis. However, long-term agrogenesis (>200 years) led to increased eluvial losses of fine earth particles. The loss of fraction <0.01 mm from the arable horizons was 1244.8, and < 0.0001 mm was 570 kg m-2 , respectively. This was due to multiple yearly tillage that increased the porosity of the soil and thus intensified lessivage, which led to increased leaching and eluvial losses. The total loss of colloids from the entire profile of virgin soil was 262.1 kg m-2 , and from the arable layer of drained soil - 290.1 kg m-2 . The humus enrichment of the colloids of the plough (P) horizon of the arable soil was two times lower than that of the surface (AY) horizon of the virgin soil. The relative share of the participation of colloids in the fixation of humus by the soil was the same (11.6 and 10.9%, respectively). In the subsurface horizons, the absolute content of humus in the colloids decreased, and the share of participation in the fixation of humus increased. When soddy-podzolic gleyic clay soil is brought to cultivation then the water-air regime is improved, content and composition of humus, depth of arable horizon is increased and the soil acidity decreased. At the same time the leaching of fine earth materials is accelerated. When this soil was withdrawn from crop production, the positive changes achieved as a result of cultivation were gradually lost. For the first time we could qualitatively calculate the losses of the fine earth fractions for the given soil from top soil. Taking into account the high costs of re-cultivation of the former land and a high cost of re-installation and maintenance of an optimal hydrological regime (drainage network) we concluded that repeated ploughing and involvement of arable soddy-podzolic gleyic clay soil into cultivation is economically unreasonable.
在俄罗斯西北部列宁格勒地区，研究了长期农业利用(约200年)中钠灰化浅灰粘土的转化。本可行性研究调查了长期休耕后这些土壤复耕的可能性。分析了原始(原生林)和耕地排水土壤的形态结构、粒度分布、铁和铁氧化物形态的含量和比例。此外，在长期的农业发生过程中(100 ~ 200年)，追踪了有机成因剖面的变化。在原始森林土壤中，在成土过程中，土壤组分的损失(200年)导致细土颗粒的淋积损失增加。<0.01 mm和< 0.0001 mm耕地层损失分别为1244.8和570 kg m-2。这是由于每年多次耕作增加了土壤的孔隙度，从而加剧了水土流失，导致淋失和残积损失增加。未开垦土壤的胶体总流失量为262.1 kg m-2，排干土壤耕层的胶体总流失量为290.1 kg m-2。耕地土壤耕层胶体的腐殖质富集程度比未开垦土壤耕层低2倍。胶体参与土壤固定腐殖质的相对份额相同(分别为11.6%和10.9%)。在地下层位，胶体中腐殖质的绝对含量降低，参与固定腐殖质的份额增加。盐碱化灰化黏土改良了水气条件，增加了腐殖质含量和组成，增加了耕地层深，降低了土壤酸度。同时也加速了细土物质的浸出。当这些土壤从作物生产中撤出时，由于耕种而取得的积极变化就逐渐丧失了。我们首次可以定性地计算出给定土壤中表层土细土组分的损失。考虑到重新耕作原土地的高成本，以及重新安装和维护最佳水文系统(排水网络)的高成本，我们得出结论，重复耕作和将可耕种的碱灰化粘土纳入耕作在经济上是不合理的。
{"title":"Agrogenic evolution of soddy-podzolic soil: Feasibility of repeated re-involvement in cultivation of the fallow lands formed on band clays","authors":"A. Litvinovich, A. Lavrishchev, V. Bure, Tara Grujić, E. Saljnikov","doi":"10.5937/zembilj2202086l","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5937/zembilj2202086l","url":null,"abstract":"Transformations of the soddy-podzolic gleyic clay soil in a long-term agricultural use (> 200 years) was studied in Leningrad region, northwest Russia. This feasibility study investigated the possibility of re-cultivation of these soils after long term fallowing. Morphological structure, particle size distribution, content and ratio of ferrous and oxide forms of iron in the profile of virgin (indigenous forest) and arable drained soil were analysed. In addition, changes in the organogenic-profile were traced in the course of long-term agrogenesis (> 200 years). In virgin forest soil, during its pedogenesis the loss of fractions <0.01 mm from the eluvial layer was 877.4 kg m-2 , and the loss of <0.0001mm was 287.5 kg m-2 , as compared with parent material not affected by the processes of pedogenesis. However, long-term agrogenesis (>200 years) led to increased eluvial losses of fine earth particles. The loss of fraction <0.01 mm from the arable horizons was 1244.8, and < 0.0001 mm was 570 kg m-2 , respectively. This was due to multiple yearly tillage that increased the porosity of the soil and thus intensified lessivage, which led to increased leaching and eluvial losses. The total loss of colloids from the entire profile of virgin soil was 262.1 kg m-2 , and from the arable layer of drained soil - 290.1 kg m-2 . The humus enrichment of the colloids of the plough (P) horizon of the arable soil was two times lower than that of the surface (AY) horizon of the virgin soil. The relative share of the participation of colloids in the fixation of humus by the soil was the same (11.6 and 10.9%, respectively). In the subsurface horizons, the absolute content of humus in the colloids decreased, and the share of participation in the fixation of humus increased. When soddy-podzolic gleyic clay soil is brought to cultivation then the water-air regime is improved, content and composition of humus, depth of arable horizon is increased and the soil acidity decreased. At the same time the leaching of fine earth materials is accelerated. When this soil was withdrawn from crop production, the positive changes achieved as a result of cultivation were gradually lost. For the first time we could qualitatively calculate the losses of the fine earth fractions for the given soil from top soil. Taking into account the high costs of re-cultivation of the former land and a high cost of re-installation and maintenance of an optimal hydrological regime (drainage network) we concluded that repeated ploughing and involvement of arable soddy-podzolic gleyic clay soil into cultivation is economically unreasonable.","PeriodicalId":33795,"journal":{"name":"Zemljiste i biljka","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71220864","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Matthias Thielicke, J. Ahlborn, L. Životić, E. Saljnikov, F. Eulenstein
The eutrophication of groundwater through widespread diammonium phosphate (DAP) fertilization and excessive farm fertilizer is one of the major problems in European agriculture. Organomineral microgranular fertilizers that have a reduced phosphorus (P) content, alone or in combination with biostimulants, offer promising alternatives to DAP fertilization. We conducted a field experiment with maize (Zea mays) on a marshland soil site in order to compare the yield increase and the phosphorus balance of DAP and microgranular fertilizer variants. P content of the soil on the study site is 3.9 g P per 100 g soil. Treatments involved a combination of two fertilizers, namely DAP or a P-reduced microgranular slow-release organomineral fertilizer (Startec) and the biostimulants mycorrhiza, humic substances and soil bacteria, applied individually or along with two of the above biostimulants. Fertilizer variants were also tested individually without additional biostimulants. One in four plots was used as a control, treated only with biogas slurry, to identify site-specific spatial variability and to implement correction factors to process raw data using standardized methods. Startec performed as well as DAP in terms of both the yield and corn cob ratio, while the P excess was lower in plots treated with Startec (av. = 4.5 kg P2O5 ha-1 ) compared to DAP (av. = 43.7 kg P2O5 ha-1 ). The latter differences are of statistical significance. Individual biostimulants and a combination of multiple biostimulants rarely resulted in significantly higher yields, with the exception of some combinations with humic substances and mycorrhiza in individual years. The influence of the climatic conditions in each of the years was higher than the influence of the biostimulants. However, average increases in yield over three years would be economically beneficial for farmers in the case of the applied humic substances product and mycorrhiza. An adequate alternative to DAP was found in the form of a P-reduced microgranular fertilizer from Startec.
广泛施用磷酸二铵(DAP)和过量施肥导致地下水富营养化是欧洲农业面临的主要问题之一。有机无机微颗粒肥料具有降低磷(P)含量，单独或与生物刺激剂联合使用，是DAP施肥的有希望的替代品。为了比较DAP和微粒肥对玉米增产和磷平衡的影响，在湿地土壤上进行了玉米(Zea mays)的田间试验。研究地点土壤磷含量为每100克土壤3.9克磷。处理包括两种肥料的组合，即DAP或p还原微颗粒缓释有机肥料(Startec)和生物刺激剂菌根、腐殖质物质和土壤细菌，单独施用或与上述两种生物刺激剂一起施用。不同的肥料也被单独测试，没有额外的生物刺激物。四分之一的地块作为对照，仅用沼气浆处理，以确定特定地点的空间变异性，并实施校正因子，使用标准化方法处理原始数据。在产量和玉米芯比方面，Startec处理的表现与DAP处理一样好，而Startec处理的磷过量量(av = 4.5 kg P2O5 ha-1)低于DAP处理(av = 43.7 kg P2O5 ha-1)。后者的差异有统计学意义。除了在个别年份与腐殖质物质和菌根的某些组合外，单独的生物刺激剂和多种生物刺激剂的组合很少能显著提高产量。各年份气候条件的影响均大于生物刺激素的影响。然而，在施用腐殖质物质产品和菌根的情况下，三年内产量的平均增加将对农民有经济效益。在Startec的p还原微颗粒肥料的形式中发现了DAP的适当替代品。
{"title":"Microgranular fertilizer and biostimulants as alternatives to diammonium phosphate fertilizer in maize production on marshland soils in northwest Germany","authors":"Matthias Thielicke, J. Ahlborn, L. Životić, E. Saljnikov, F. Eulenstein","doi":"10.5937/zembilj2201053t","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5937/zembilj2201053t","url":null,"abstract":"The eutrophication of groundwater through widespread diammonium phosphate (DAP) fertilization and excessive farm fertilizer is one of the major problems in European agriculture. Organomineral microgranular fertilizers that have a reduced phosphorus (P) content, alone or in combination with biostimulants, offer promising alternatives to DAP fertilization. We conducted a field experiment with maize (Zea mays) on a marshland soil site in order to compare the yield increase and the phosphorus balance of DAP and microgranular fertilizer variants. P content of the soil on the study site is 3.9 g P per 100 g soil. Treatments involved a combination of two fertilizers, namely DAP or a P-reduced microgranular slow-release organomineral fertilizer (Startec) and the biostimulants mycorrhiza, humic substances and soil bacteria, applied individually or along with two of the above biostimulants. Fertilizer variants were also tested individually without additional biostimulants. One in four plots was used as a control, treated only with biogas slurry, to identify site-specific spatial variability and to implement correction factors to process raw data using standardized methods. Startec performed as well as DAP in terms of both the yield and corn cob ratio, while the P excess was lower in plots treated with Startec (av. = 4.5 kg P2O5 ha-1 ) compared to DAP (av. = 43.7 kg P2O5 ha-1 ). The latter differences are of statistical significance. Individual biostimulants and a combination of multiple biostimulants rarely resulted in significantly higher yields, with the exception of some combinations with humic substances and mycorrhiza in individual years. The influence of the climatic conditions in each of the years was higher than the influence of the biostimulants. However, average increases in yield over three years would be economically beneficial for farmers in the case of the applied humic substances product and mycorrhiza. An adequate alternative to DAP was found in the form of a P-reduced microgranular fertilizer from Startec.","PeriodicalId":33795,"journal":{"name":"Zemljiste i biljka","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71220397","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Hamidović, Nikolina Vukelić, T. Gavrić, Jelena Jovičić-Petrović, I. Kljujev, Vera Karličić, B. Lalević
Agricultural production has benefited a lot from herbicides; however, the use of herbicides caused many environmental problems. Herbicide application can affect the biodiversity of an ecosystem by killing non-target organisms. Microorganisms in the soil are important factors for plant growth; they represent the biological factor of soil fertility. Herbicides can have a beneficial effect on the development of some microorganisms and a negative on others, leading to depletion of microbial diversity in soil. The objective of this work is to determine microbial activity in the soil and to isolate herbicide-resistant bacteria after the use of the "Stomp" herbicide. Agar plate method was used for the determination of microbial prevalence in the soil. The results showed an increase in the total number of bacteria, ammonifiers, fungi, and actinomycetes. Nine isolates, mostly Gram-positive spore-forming rods, showed an ability to grow in the mineral salt medium with different concentrations of "Stomp" herbicide. Isolates G1/1 and G1/2, showed high level of tolerance at the initial pendimethalin concentration of 25 mg/l. Those isolates have the potential to be used to decontaminate herbicide affected ecosystems.
{"title":"The effects of the \"Stomp\" herbicide application on the microbial prevalence in the soil","authors":"S. Hamidović, Nikolina Vukelić, T. Gavrić, Jelena Jovičić-Petrović, I. Kljujev, Vera Karličić, B. Lalević","doi":"10.5937/zembilj2201015h","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5937/zembilj2201015h","url":null,"abstract":"Agricultural production has benefited a lot from herbicides; however, the use of herbicides caused many environmental problems. Herbicide application can affect the biodiversity of an ecosystem by killing non-target organisms. Microorganisms in the soil are important factors for plant growth; they represent the biological factor of soil fertility. Herbicides can have a beneficial effect on the development of some microorganisms and a negative on others, leading to depletion of microbial diversity in soil. The objective of this work is to determine microbial activity in the soil and to isolate herbicide-resistant bacteria after the use of the \"Stomp\" herbicide. Agar plate method was used for the determination of microbial prevalence in the soil. The results showed an increase in the total number of bacteria, ammonifiers, fungi, and actinomycetes. Nine isolates, mostly Gram-positive spore-forming rods, showed an ability to grow in the mineral salt medium with different concentrations of \"Stomp\" herbicide. Isolates G1/1 and G1/2, showed high level of tolerance at the initial pendimethalin concentration of 25 mg/l. Those isolates have the potential to be used to decontaminate herbicide affected ecosystems.","PeriodicalId":33795,"journal":{"name":"Zemljiste i biljka","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71220678","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
G. Dugalić, M. Dugalić, L. Bošković-Rakočević, V. Rajičić
This paper presents the results of active (pH in H2O), exchangeable (pH in KCl), hydrolytic (Y1) and total acidity (T-S) in humus-accumulative (Ah, Ahp) and subsurface (Eg, Btg) horizons of Pseudogley Soils in Kraljevo Basin for 14 soil profiles excavated in forests, 16 in meadows and 24 on arable land. The results showed that acidification was weaker or more pronounced in all three most important tested horizons of Pseudogley Soils, and that the differences in the value of different forms of acidity existed among forest, meadow and arable land uses, as well as between the horizons of the same profile. The chemical reaction of soil solution ranged from very weak to extremely acid. The highest active acidity was found in forest profiles, especially in deeper horizons. Exchangeable acidity ranged from 3.7 to 4.9 pH units, with the forest profiles as the most acid, while the differences between meadow and arable land were less pronounced. The highest hydrolytic acidity was obtained in the forest profiles, while acidity in meadow and arable profiles was significantly lower and the lowest, respectively. Total acidity of the Kraljevo pseudogleys ranged from 6.2 to 24.8 meq/100 g soil and similarly to hydrolytic acidity, the value of total acidity was affected by the land use.
本文介绍了克拉列沃盆地14个森林土壤剖面、16个草甸土壤剖面和24个耕地土壤剖面的腐殖质累积层(Ah、Ahp)和地下层(Eg、Btg)的活性(pH in H2O)、交换性(pH in KCl)、水解(Y1)和总酸度(T-S)测定结果。结果表明，在所有三个最重要的测试层中，酸化都较弱或较明显，并且不同形式的酸度值在森林、草甸和耕地利用之间以及同一剖面的层之间存在差异。土壤溶液的化学反应从极弱到极酸不等。在森林剖面中发现了最高的活性酸度，特别是在较深的层位。交换酸度在3.7 ~ 4.9 pH单位之间，其中森林剖面酸性最强，而草甸与耕地之间的差异不太明显。森林剖面的水解酸度最高，草甸和耕地剖面的水解酸度分别显著低于森林剖面，最低。克拉列沃假地的总酸度在6.2 ~ 24.8 meq/100 g土壤之间，与水解酸度相似，总酸度值受土地利用方式的影响。
{"title":"The values of different types of acidity of pseudogley soils in the Kraljevo basin under forest, meadow and arable land uses","authors":"G. Dugalić, M. Dugalić, L. Bošković-Rakočević, V. Rajičić","doi":"10.5937/zembilj2202076d","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5937/zembilj2202076d","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents the results of active (pH in H2O), exchangeable (pH in KCl), hydrolytic (Y1) and total acidity (T-S) in humus-accumulative (Ah, Ahp) and subsurface (Eg, Btg) horizons of Pseudogley Soils in Kraljevo Basin for 14 soil profiles excavated in forests, 16 in meadows and 24 on arable land. The results showed that acidification was weaker or more pronounced in all three most important tested horizons of Pseudogley Soils, and that the differences in the value of different forms of acidity existed among forest, meadow and arable land uses, as well as between the horizons of the same profile. The chemical reaction of soil solution ranged from very weak to extremely acid. The highest active acidity was found in forest profiles, especially in deeper horizons. Exchangeable acidity ranged from 3.7 to 4.9 pH units, with the forest profiles as the most acid, while the differences between meadow and arable land were less pronounced. The highest hydrolytic acidity was obtained in the forest profiles, while acidity in meadow and arable profiles was significantly lower and the lowest, respectively. Total acidity of the Kraljevo pseudogleys ranged from 6.2 to 24.8 meq/100 g soil and similarly to hydrolytic acidity, the value of total acidity was affected by the land use.","PeriodicalId":33795,"journal":{"name":"Zemljiste i biljka","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71220700","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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