Pub Date : 2021-07-08DOI: 10.17582/journal.pjar/2021/34.3.614.624
A. I. Saqib, K. Ahmed, Muhammad Khalid Bhatti, G. Qadir, M. Q. Nawaz, M. A. Anjum, A. R. Naseem, Aftab Ahmad Sheikh, Belqees Akhter
| In Pakistan, renewable freshwater resources are decreasing due to unpredictable rainfall changes and farming community is compelled to use underground brackish water. Therefore, a lysimetric study was undertaken to remediate hazardous effects of brackish water on rice-wheat crops through practicable and economical methods in two different textured soils. Treatments were: (A) Types of soils. 1) sandy loam, 2) clay loam, (B) Remedial strategies, 1). canal water, 2) saline-sodic tube well water (continuous), 3) three irrigations of tube well water and two of canal water in a cyclic manner (short cyclic use), 4) tube well water + gypsum @ RSC of water, 5) tube well water+ canal water in 1:1 ratio (conjunctive use). Data showed that the highest biomass and paddy/grain yield were produced by canal water (T1) followed by (T3) where three irrigations of tube well water and two of canal water were used in a short cyclic manner. Whereas, growth and yield of rice and wheat crops were significantly reduced by continuous use of brackish water (T2) and maximum pHs, ECe and SAR were noted in this treatment in both textured soils. Different management practices (use of gypsum and blending) also mitigated the ill effects of saline-sodic water. Therefore, it was concluded that when fresh-water resources are finite and use of saline-sodic water is inevitable, cyclic use of canal and saline-sodic water is a wise and profitable management strategy with marginal effect on crop productivity and proves least detrimental for soil health. Comparison of two different textured soils also revealed that brackish water deteriorated the soil properties of clay loam soil more in comparison to sandy loam soil that highlighted the primary role of soil texture for salinity development and must be recognized while using the brackish water for irrigation purpose.
{"title":"Management of Brackish Water for Crop Production in Two Different Textured Soils","authors":"A. I. Saqib, K. Ahmed, Muhammad Khalid Bhatti, G. Qadir, M. Q. Nawaz, M. A. Anjum, A. R. Naseem, Aftab Ahmad Sheikh, Belqees Akhter","doi":"10.17582/journal.pjar/2021/34.3.614.624","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17582/journal.pjar/2021/34.3.614.624","url":null,"abstract":"| In Pakistan, renewable freshwater resources are decreasing due to unpredictable rainfall changes and farming community is compelled to use underground brackish water. Therefore, a lysimetric study was undertaken to remediate hazardous effects of brackish water on rice-wheat crops through practicable and economical methods in two different textured soils. Treatments were: (A) Types of soils. 1) sandy loam, 2) clay loam, (B) Remedial strategies, 1). canal water, 2) saline-sodic tube well water (continuous), 3) three irrigations of tube well water and two of canal water in a cyclic manner (short cyclic use), 4) tube well water + gypsum @ RSC of water, 5) tube well water+ canal water in 1:1 ratio (conjunctive use). Data showed that the highest biomass and paddy/grain yield were produced by canal water (T1) followed by (T3) where three irrigations of tube well water and two of canal water were used in a short cyclic manner. Whereas, growth and yield of rice and wheat crops were significantly reduced by continuous use of brackish water (T2) and maximum pHs, ECe and SAR were noted in this treatment in both textured soils. Different management practices (use of gypsum and blending) also mitigated the ill effects of saline-sodic water. Therefore, it was concluded that when fresh-water resources are finite and use of saline-sodic water is inevitable, cyclic use of canal and saline-sodic water is a wise and profitable management strategy with marginal effect on crop productivity and proves least detrimental for soil health. Comparison of two different textured soils also revealed that brackish water deteriorated the soil properties of clay loam soil more in comparison to sandy loam soil that highlighted the primary role of soil texture for salinity development and must be recognized while using the brackish water for irrigation purpose.","PeriodicalId":338801,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Research","volume":"161 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121588350","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-08DOI: 10.17582/journal.pjar/2021/34.3.608.613
M. T. Mahmood, M. Akhtar, K. L. Cheema, M. Ahmad, M. Khalid, A. Zahid, M. Kashif, Z. Ali
| Exploration of yield stability and defining the adaptation domains of advance strains is highly imperative for crop genetic improvement programs. The research aimed to determine the yield stability of sixteen advance chickpea strains was carried out at eleven diversified locations across the Punjab province of Pakistan during cropping season 2019-20. GGE biplot and mega environment analysis were employed to identify the most stable and high yielding chickpea advance strains. GGE biplot among PC1 and PC2 illustrated that G-10 (K-15019) was ideal genotype performing best across the environments. Higher yield potential coupled with more yield stability across all test environments was recorded in G-10 (K-15019) followed by G-2 (CH47/12), G-12 (K-15001), G-15(CH66/10) and G-16(CH53/12). Mega environment analysis revealed that E8 (Adaptive Research Farm, Karor) and E2 (Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology, Faisalabad) were most discriminating environments for grain yield and most useful for screening of genotypes. Result for yield stability indicated that G-10 (K-15019), G-2 (CH47/12), G-12 (K-15001), G-15 (CH66/10) and G-16 (CH53/12) were higher yielding and more stable across environments, therefore these genotypes may be utilized in chickpea breeding program for development of widely adapted chickpea cultivars. Moreover, G-10 (K-15019) identified as ideal genotype in terms of stability and yield potential may be released as commercial variety for general cultivation in future.
{"title":"Exploration of Grain Yield Stability of Advanced Chickpea Strains Across Environments","authors":"M. T. Mahmood, M. Akhtar, K. L. Cheema, M. Ahmad, M. Khalid, A. Zahid, M. Kashif, Z. Ali","doi":"10.17582/journal.pjar/2021/34.3.608.613","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17582/journal.pjar/2021/34.3.608.613","url":null,"abstract":"| Exploration of yield stability and defining the adaptation domains of advance strains is highly imperative for crop genetic improvement programs. The research aimed to determine the yield stability of sixteen advance chickpea strains was carried out at eleven diversified locations across the Punjab province of Pakistan during cropping season 2019-20. GGE biplot and mega environment analysis were employed to identify the most stable and high yielding chickpea advance strains. GGE biplot among PC1 and PC2 illustrated that G-10 (K-15019) was ideal genotype performing best across the environments. Higher yield potential coupled with more yield stability across all test environments was recorded in G-10 (K-15019) followed by G-2 (CH47/12), G-12 (K-15001), G-15(CH66/10) and G-16(CH53/12). Mega environment analysis revealed that E8 (Adaptive Research Farm, Karor) and E2 (Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology, Faisalabad) were most discriminating environments for grain yield and most useful for screening of genotypes. Result for yield stability indicated that G-10 (K-15019), G-2 (CH47/12), G-12 (K-15001), G-15 (CH66/10) and G-16 (CH53/12) were higher yielding and more stable across environments, therefore these genotypes may be utilized in chickpea breeding program for development of widely adapted chickpea cultivars. Moreover, G-10 (K-15019) identified as ideal genotype in terms of stability and yield potential may be released as commercial variety for general cultivation in future.","PeriodicalId":338801,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Research","volume":"81 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116225234","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-01DOI: 10.17582/journal.pjar/2021/34.3.599.607
Misbah Ali, Safdar Ali, M. Zeshan, R. Binyamin, N. Ahmed, Muhammad Usman Ghani, Awais Khan
| Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) is a very important cereal crop for human beings and livestock. It is subjected to many diseases in Pakistan like fungal, bacterial, and viral among which the fungal diseases are the most destructive. Colletotrichum graminicola is the causal organism of red leaf spot of sorghum which causes heavy losses to the sorghum crop cultivated in different areas of Pakistan. It produces black anthracnose spots on all the above ground parts especially leaves. In the present study, four fungicides (Aliette, Cabrio Top, Nativo, and Melody Duo) were evaluated against C. graminicola under in-vitro and in-vivo conditions. The poisoned food technique was used for in vitro trials with three concentrations (150 ppm, 200 ppm, and 250 ppm). The most effective concentration of fungicides from laboratory experiment was used in field conditions against red leaf spot of sorghum. Results showed that Cabrio Top was the most effective fungicide by showing 88% fungal inhibition while Native also exhibited good results by showing 78.1% fungal inhibition. The remaining 2 fungicides Melody Duo and Aliette were least effective by showing 48.2% and 37.5% fungal inhibition, respectively. In vivo experiment from all four fungicides, Cabrio Top and Nativo showed best results by controlling 74.57% and 71.52%, respectively disease over control while Melody Duo and Aliette were least effective by controlling 65.31% and 60.08% disease over control. It may be concluded that the Cabrio Top at 250 ppm concentration is the best to manage red leaf spot disease severity under field conditions.
{"title":"Evaluation of Different Fungicides against Colletotrichum graminicola, the Cause of Red Leaf Spot of Sorghum","authors":"Misbah Ali, Safdar Ali, M. Zeshan, R. Binyamin, N. Ahmed, Muhammad Usman Ghani, Awais Khan","doi":"10.17582/journal.pjar/2021/34.3.599.607","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17582/journal.pjar/2021/34.3.599.607","url":null,"abstract":"| Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) is a very important cereal crop for human beings and livestock. It is subjected to many diseases in Pakistan like fungal, bacterial, and viral among which the fungal diseases are the most destructive. Colletotrichum graminicola is the causal organism of red leaf spot of sorghum which causes heavy losses to the sorghum crop cultivated in different areas of Pakistan. It produces black anthracnose spots on all the above ground parts especially leaves. In the present study, four fungicides (Aliette, Cabrio Top, Nativo, and Melody Duo) were evaluated against C. graminicola under in-vitro and in-vivo conditions. The poisoned food technique was used for in vitro trials with three concentrations (150 ppm, 200 ppm, and 250 ppm). The most effective concentration of fungicides from laboratory experiment was used in field conditions against red leaf spot of sorghum. Results showed that Cabrio Top was the most effective fungicide by showing 88% fungal inhibition while Native also exhibited good results by showing 78.1% fungal inhibition. The remaining 2 fungicides Melody Duo and Aliette were least effective by showing 48.2% and 37.5% fungal inhibition, respectively. In vivo experiment from all four fungicides, Cabrio Top and Nativo showed best results by controlling 74.57% and 71.52%, respectively disease over control while Melody Duo and Aliette were least effective by controlling 65.31% and 60.08% disease over control. It may be concluded that the Cabrio Top at 250 ppm concentration is the best to manage red leaf spot disease severity under field conditions.","PeriodicalId":338801,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Research","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114616003","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-27DOI: 10.17582/journal.pjar/2021/34.3.569.579
Muhammad Iqbal, M. Iqbal, Saghir Ahmad, A. Mahmood, M. Akram, Hammad Husnain, M. Shahid, Saeed Ahmad, A. Raza, A. Hussain, Allah Ditta Abid, Q. Abbas, Mussarrat Hussain, M. Hassan
| Cotton is an imperious cash crop of Pakistan and change in climatic conditions are continuously limiting its production across the globe. Sowing time is an important agronomic consideration which should be optimized to ensure better cotton yield and quality. Therefore, this study was performed to determine the potential of cotton genotypes under varied planting times at cotton research institute, Multan during 2018 and 2019. The experiment was comprised of four cotton genotypes IUB-13, MNH-1016, MNH-1020 and MNH-1026 and eight different sowing times viz 1st March, 16th March, 1st April, 16th April, 1st May, 16th May, 1st June and 16th June. The experiment was performed in RCBD with split plot arrangement and was repeated thrice. Sowing times were placed in main plot and cultivars were placed in sub plots. Results revealed that seed cotton yield and fiber strength was more when cotton was planted early between 1st March to 16th April compared to late planted cotton (1st May to 16th June). Highest seed cotton yield was obtained when cotton was sown on 1st April during first year (3946 kg ha-1) and 16th March during second year (3307 kg ha-1). Minimum seed cotton yield (852, 299 kg ha-1) during both years was obtained when cotton was sown on 16th June. Among cotton genotypes highest seed cotton yield was recorded in MNH-1020 during first year (3021 kg ha-1) and MNH-1016 during second year (2150 kg ha-1). However, minimum seed cotton yield, ginning out turn (38.9, 36.6%) and fiber length (27.6, 26.8 cm) were recorded in IUB-13 during both years. MNH-1020 had highest ginning out turn (41.1, 39.3%), fiber strength (35.88, 40.44 g/tex) and fiber length (28.7, 29.2 cm) during both years. MNH-1020 was also least effected with cotton leaf curl virus when planted on 1st March during first year (25.0%) and 16th march sowing during second year (3.0%). In conclusion, cotton cultivar MNH-1020 can sown from 1st March to 16th April in order to get better cotton yield and quality.
棉花是巴基斯坦重要的经济作物，气候条件的变化不断限制其在全球的产量。播期是重要的农艺因素，为保证棉花产量和品质，应优化播期。因此，本研究在木尔坦棉花研究所进行了2018年和2019年不同种植时间下棉花基因型潜力的研究。试验选用IUB-13、MNH-1016、MNH-1020和MNH-1026 4个棉花基因型，分别为3月1日、3月16日、4月1日、4月16日、5月1日、5月16日、6月1日和6月16日。试验在RCBD中进行，采用分样布置，重复3次。播期在主区，品种在次区。结果表明:3月1日~ 4月16日早播棉花籽棉产量和纤维强度均高于晚播棉花(5月1日~ 6月16日);第一年4月1日播种(3946 kg hm -1)和第二年3月16日播种(3307 kg hm -1)籽棉产量最高。6月16日播种棉花时，两年内籽棉产量最低(852,299 kg hm -1)。在棉花基因型中，MNH-1020在第一年(3021 kg ha-1)和MNH-1016在第二年(2150 kg ha-1)的籽棉产量最高。而IUB-13的籽棉产量、出苗率(38.9%、36.6%)和纤维长度(27.6、26.8 cm)均达到最低。MNH-1020的初出匝数(41.1、39.3%)、纤维强度(35.88、40.44 g/tex)和纤维长度(28.7、29.2 cm)均最高。MNH-1020在第一年3月1日播种(25.0%)和第二年3月16日播种(3.0%)时受卷叶病毒的影响最小。综上所述，MNH-1020可在3月1日~ 4月16日播种，以获得较好的棉花产量和品质。
{"title":"Performance of Early and Late Planting Cotton Genotypes under Agro-Ecological Conditions of Multan, Punjab, Pakistan","authors":"Muhammad Iqbal, M. Iqbal, Saghir Ahmad, A. Mahmood, M. Akram, Hammad Husnain, M. Shahid, Saeed Ahmad, A. Raza, A. Hussain, Allah Ditta Abid, Q. Abbas, Mussarrat Hussain, M. Hassan","doi":"10.17582/journal.pjar/2021/34.3.569.579","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17582/journal.pjar/2021/34.3.569.579","url":null,"abstract":"| Cotton is an imperious cash crop of Pakistan and change in climatic conditions are continuously limiting its production across the globe. Sowing time is an important agronomic consideration which should be optimized to ensure better cotton yield and quality. Therefore, this study was performed to determine the potential of cotton genotypes under varied planting times at cotton research institute, Multan during 2018 and 2019. The experiment was comprised of four cotton genotypes IUB-13, MNH-1016, MNH-1020 and MNH-1026 and eight different sowing times viz 1st March, 16th March, 1st April, 16th April, 1st May, 16th May, 1st June and 16th June. The experiment was performed in RCBD with split plot arrangement and was repeated thrice. Sowing times were placed in main plot and cultivars were placed in sub plots. Results revealed that seed cotton yield and fiber strength was more when cotton was planted early between 1st March to 16th April compared to late planted cotton (1st May to 16th June). Highest seed cotton yield was obtained when cotton was sown on 1st April during first year (3946 kg ha-1) and 16th March during second year (3307 kg ha-1). Minimum seed cotton yield (852, 299 kg ha-1) during both years was obtained when cotton was sown on 16th June. Among cotton genotypes highest seed cotton yield was recorded in MNH-1020 during first year (3021 kg ha-1) and MNH-1016 during second year (2150 kg ha-1). However, minimum seed cotton yield, ginning out turn (38.9, 36.6%) and fiber length (27.6, 26.8 cm) were recorded in IUB-13 during both years. MNH-1020 had highest ginning out turn (41.1, 39.3%), fiber strength (35.88, 40.44 g/tex) and fiber length (28.7, 29.2 cm) during both years. MNH-1020 was also least effected with cotton leaf curl virus when planted on 1st March during first year (25.0%) and 16th march sowing during second year (3.0%). In conclusion, cotton cultivar MNH-1020 can sown from 1st March to 16th April in order to get better cotton yield and quality.","PeriodicalId":338801,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Research","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131095478","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-27DOI: 10.17582/journal.pjar/2021/34.3.580.598
Muhammad Waqas, M. Shoaib, M. Saifullah, Adila Naseem, Sarfraz Hashim, Farrukh Ehsan, I. Ali, A. Khan
| Streamflow forecasting is a crucial hydrological variable. In the current study, the Artificial Intelligence (AI) based techniques: TB (Tree Boost), DTF Decision Tree Forest, SDT Single Decision Tree and conventional Multilayer Perceptron Neural Networks (MLPNN) are used for predicting streamflow of Jhelum River basin. The dataset was divided into two sections, i.e., training dataset (1971-2000); and testing dataset (2001-12). The tendency investigation was done by the Sen’s slope and Mann–Kendall (MK). Decreasing trends annually and seasonally found in MK and Sen’s Slope tests. The highest decreasing trend of -2.23 was observed in Autumn at Narran station, while the lowest change of -0.09 annually observed at Garhi Habibullah station at 95% of the significance level. The flow duration curves (FDCs) of all basin stations showed that DTF performed better and is more effective than other AI techniques. R2, RMSE, and NSE assessed the performance evaluation. DTF was more efficient AI techniques with the average evaluation parameters R2, NSE, and RMSE are 0.998, 0.992, and 382 m3/sec. The assessment revealed that DTF has potential and may be considered as an alternative method for streamflow forecasting.
{"title":"Assessment of Advanced Artificial Intelligence Techniques for Streamflow Forecasting in Jhelum River Basin","authors":"Muhammad Waqas, M. Shoaib, M. Saifullah, Adila Naseem, Sarfraz Hashim, Farrukh Ehsan, I. Ali, A. Khan","doi":"10.17582/journal.pjar/2021/34.3.580.598","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17582/journal.pjar/2021/34.3.580.598","url":null,"abstract":"| Streamflow forecasting is a crucial hydrological variable. In the current study, the Artificial Intelligence (AI) based techniques: TB (Tree Boost), DTF Decision Tree Forest, SDT Single Decision Tree and conventional Multilayer Perceptron Neural Networks (MLPNN) are used for predicting streamflow of Jhelum River basin. The dataset was divided into two sections, i.e., training dataset (1971-2000); and testing dataset (2001-12). The tendency investigation was done by the Sen’s slope and Mann–Kendall (MK). Decreasing trends annually and seasonally found in MK and Sen’s Slope tests. The highest decreasing trend of -2.23 was observed in Autumn at Narran station, while the lowest change of -0.09 annually observed at Garhi Habibullah station at 95% of the significance level. The flow duration curves (FDCs) of all basin stations showed that DTF performed better and is more effective than other AI techniques. R2, RMSE, and NSE assessed the performance evaluation. DTF was more efficient AI techniques with the average evaluation parameters R2, NSE, and RMSE are 0.998, 0.992, and 382 m3/sec. The assessment revealed that DTF has potential and may be considered as an alternative method for streamflow forecasting.","PeriodicalId":338801,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Research","volume":"255 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132791077","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-26DOI: 10.17582/journal.pjar/2021/34.3.559.568
Amjed Ali, Kamran Arooj, B. Khan, M. Nadeem, M. Imran, M. Safdar, M. Amin, A. Aziz, Muhammad Ali
| Appropriate sowing time is an important aspect that can affect the gowth and yield of any crop. So, a research trial was planned at Research Area, College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha, Pakistan to investigate the impect of different sowing dates on growth and yield on mungbean cultivars. The research trial was arranged out in randomized complete block design (RCBD) under split plot arrangement followed by 3 replicas. In this study four different sowing dates (1st March, 15th March, 29th March and 12th April and two cultivars (AZRI-2006 and NM-92) were used. Data regarding leaf area index, leaf area duration, plant height (cm), number of pod bearing branches per plant, number of grains per pod,1000-grain weight (g), grain yield (kg ha-1), biological yield (kg ha-1) and harvest index (%) of mungbean were recorded by using standrd procedure. Results of experiment revealed that sowing date of 1st march and varity AZRI-2006 result in maximum leaf area index (3.43), leaf area duration (24.14), plant height (74.067cm), number of pod bearing branches per plant (60.96), number of grains per pod (11.30), grain yield (715.11 kg ha-1), biological yield (7773.3 kg ha-1) and harvest index (9.6167%) while sowing date 12th april and Varity AZRI-2006 produce maximum 1000-grain weight (66.67 g). On the bases of result of this study it was concluded that sowing date of 1st march and varity AZRI-2006 play important role in aching maximum yield of mungbean.
合适的播种时间是影响任何作物生长和产量的一个重要方面。因此，计划在巴基斯坦萨戈达大学农学院研究区开展一项研究试验，探讨不同播期对绿豆品种生长和产量的影响。研究试验采用随机完全区组设计(RCBD)，分样布置，后设3个重复。采用AZRI-2006和NM-92两个品种，4个不同的播期(3月1日、3月15日、3月29日和4月12日)。采用标准程序记录绿豆的叶面积指数、叶面积持续时间、株高(cm)、单株结荚分枝数、每荚粒数、千粒重(g)、籽粒产量(kg ha-1)、生物产量(kg ha-1)和收获指数(%)。实验结果表明,播种日期3月1日和品种azri - 2006导致最大叶面积指数(3.43),叶面积持续时间(24.14),株高(74.067厘米),每个工厂的结荚分支数(60.96),荚粒数(11.30),粮食产量(715.11公斤是),4月12日播期和AZRI-2006品种的生物产量(7773.3 kg ha-1)和收获指数(9.6167%)最大千粒重(66.67 g)。根据本研究结果，认为3月1日播期和AZRI-2006品种对绿豆最大产量的影响较大。
{"title":"Optimizing the Growth and Yield of Mungbean (Vigna radiata L.) Cultivars by Altering Sowing Dates","authors":"Amjed Ali, Kamran Arooj, B. Khan, M. Nadeem, M. Imran, M. Safdar, M. Amin, A. Aziz, Muhammad Ali","doi":"10.17582/journal.pjar/2021/34.3.559.568","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17582/journal.pjar/2021/34.3.559.568","url":null,"abstract":"| Appropriate sowing time is an important aspect that can affect the gowth and yield of any crop. So, a research trial was planned at Research Area, College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha, Pakistan to investigate the impect of different sowing dates on growth and yield on mungbean cultivars. The research trial was arranged out in randomized complete block design (RCBD) under split plot arrangement followed by 3 replicas. In this study four different sowing dates (1st March, 15th March, 29th March and 12th April and two cultivars (AZRI-2006 and NM-92) were used. Data regarding leaf area index, leaf area duration, plant height (cm), number of pod bearing branches per plant, number of grains per pod,1000-grain weight (g), grain yield (kg ha-1), biological yield (kg ha-1) and harvest index (%) of mungbean were recorded by using standrd procedure. Results of experiment revealed that sowing date of 1st march and varity AZRI-2006 result in maximum leaf area index (3.43), leaf area duration (24.14), plant height (74.067cm), number of pod bearing branches per plant (60.96), number of grains per pod (11.30), grain yield (715.11 kg ha-1), biological yield (7773.3 kg ha-1) and harvest index (9.6167%) while sowing date 12th april and Varity AZRI-2006 produce maximum 1000-grain weight (66.67 g). On the bases of result of this study it was concluded that sowing date of 1st march and varity AZRI-2006 play important role in aching maximum yield of mungbean.","PeriodicalId":338801,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Research","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133299272","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-22DOI: 10.17582/journal.pjar/2021/34.3.552.558
A. Nisa, S. Hina, I. Kalim, M. K. Saeed, I. Ahmad, N. Zahra, S. Mazhar, S. Masood, M. Ashraf, Quratualain Syed, Rabia Shad
| Beet root (Beta vulgaris) is an excellent source of natural red colorant. In the present work red beet root dye was prepared in the powder form and then candies were prepared using this red beet root dye as food color. The stability studies of both, the prepared red beet dye and candies were performed at different storage conditions 4oC, 25oC, 45oC for eight weeks. Betanin content (%) was measured to evaluate the stability of color which showed the maximum retention of betanin content in red beet dye and candies stored at 4°C while lowest %age of betanin content was observed at 45°C showing that at higher temperatures the color is deteriorated. Stability in pH of red beet dye was also monitored at three different temperatures (4°C, 25°C and 45°C). Increase in pH was observed with increasing storage temperatures. Maximum stability of the color was observed at 4°C at most stable acidic pH and color degradation was observed with gradual increase in pH at 45°C. Microbiological analysis of candies and beet powder at 4°C and 25°C ensure that they are safe for consumption at both storage temperatures.
{"title":"Quality Assessment and Application of Red Natural Dye from Beetroot (Beta Vulgaris)","authors":"A. Nisa, S. Hina, I. Kalim, M. K. Saeed, I. Ahmad, N. Zahra, S. Mazhar, S. Masood, M. Ashraf, Quratualain Syed, Rabia Shad","doi":"10.17582/journal.pjar/2021/34.3.552.558","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17582/journal.pjar/2021/34.3.552.558","url":null,"abstract":"| Beet root (Beta vulgaris) is an excellent source of natural red colorant. In the present work red beet root dye was prepared in the powder form and then candies were prepared using this red beet root dye as food color. The stability studies of both, the prepared red beet dye and candies were performed at different storage conditions 4oC, 25oC, 45oC for eight weeks. Betanin content (%) was measured to evaluate the stability of color which showed the maximum retention of betanin content in red beet dye and candies stored at 4°C while lowest %age of betanin content was observed at 45°C showing that at higher temperatures the color is deteriorated. Stability in pH of red beet dye was also monitored at three different temperatures (4°C, 25°C and 45°C). Increase in pH was observed with increasing storage temperatures. Maximum stability of the color was observed at 4°C at most stable acidic pH and color degradation was observed with gradual increase in pH at 45°C. Microbiological analysis of candies and beet powder at 4°C and 25°C ensure that they are safe for consumption at both storage temperatures.","PeriodicalId":338801,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Research","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133777254","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-22DOI: 10.17582/journal.pjar/2021/34.3.545.551
M. Ahsan, Aneela Ramzan, M. Nafees, A. Younis, M. Amin, Gulzar Akhtar, K. Saleem, Azka Sabeeh
| Amongst all the floricultural crop, Rose is one of the most important crop both economically as well as aesthetically whose beauty must be enjoyed for longer period of life. Current experiment was performed to discover the comparative consequence of various vase solutions to improve the post-harvest qualities and extend vase life of Rosa hybrida cv. Freedom. The research was performed at the research area of Department of Horticultural Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur. There were 11 treatments comprising of honey (T1), sugar (T2), salicylic acid (T3), acetic acid (T4), indole acetic acid (IAA) (T5) and combination of all solutions with sugar. These treatments were compared with tap water (T0). There were four plants in each treatment with three replications which were arranged according to completely randomized design (CRD) under room temperature. The results showed that maximum fresh weight (g) was obtained in T4 (acetic acid), flower head diameter (mm) and flower color was ideal under T3 (salicylic acid). Maximum dry weight (g), highest flower freshness on 1st and 3rd day, minimum petal discoloration which leads to productive market acceptability and highest vase life was recorded in T2 (sugar). It is worth to note that lowest market acceptability of flower was observed when sugar is combined with other solution especially IAA. It means sugar reduces its effectiveness when combined with growth regulators. From this experiment, it can be concluded that sugar (T2) provide ideal medium for enhancing the post-harvest attributes of Rosa hybrida cv. Freedom.
{"title":"Comparative Study of Different Preservative Solutions for Extending Flower Quality and Market Acceptability of Rosa hybrida Cv. Freedom","authors":"M. Ahsan, Aneela Ramzan, M. Nafees, A. Younis, M. Amin, Gulzar Akhtar, K. Saleem, Azka Sabeeh","doi":"10.17582/journal.pjar/2021/34.3.545.551","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17582/journal.pjar/2021/34.3.545.551","url":null,"abstract":"| Amongst all the floricultural crop, Rose is one of the most important crop both economically as well as aesthetically whose beauty must be enjoyed for longer period of life. Current experiment was performed to discover the comparative consequence of various vase solutions to improve the post-harvest qualities and extend vase life of Rosa hybrida cv. Freedom. The research was performed at the research area of Department of Horticultural Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur. There were 11 treatments comprising of honey (T1), sugar (T2), salicylic acid (T3), acetic acid (T4), indole acetic acid (IAA) (T5) and combination of all solutions with sugar. These treatments were compared with tap water (T0). There were four plants in each treatment with three replications which were arranged according to completely randomized design (CRD) under room temperature. The results showed that maximum fresh weight (g) was obtained in T4 (acetic acid), flower head diameter (mm) and flower color was ideal under T3 (salicylic acid). Maximum dry weight (g), highest flower freshness on 1st and 3rd day, minimum petal discoloration which leads to productive market acceptability and highest vase life was recorded in T2 (sugar). It is worth to note that lowest market acceptability of flower was observed when sugar is combined with other solution especially IAA. It means sugar reduces its effectiveness when combined with growth regulators. From this experiment, it can be concluded that sugar (T2) provide ideal medium for enhancing the post-harvest attributes of Rosa hybrida cv. Freedom.","PeriodicalId":338801,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Research","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129762111","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-20DOI: 10.17582/journal.pjar/2021/34.3.487.494
T. Raza, K. Qureshi, Shakeel Imran, N. Eash, I. Bortone
{"title":"Associated Health Risks from Heavy Metal-Laden Effluent into Point Drainage Channels in Faisalabad, Pakistan","authors":"T. Raza, K. Qureshi, Shakeel Imran, N. Eash, I. Bortone","doi":"10.17582/journal.pjar/2021/34.3.487.494","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17582/journal.pjar/2021/34.3.487.494","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":338801,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Research","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115440782","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-06DOI: 10.17582/JOURNAL.PJAR/2021/34.1.218.226
Muhammad Farooq, Elham Azadfar, Z. Bahrami, Mahniya Sharifi, A. Shakoor, Shabir Ahmed, I. Solangi, M. Khan, M. Siddique, Naila Ilyas, M. Bakhtiar, Mohamed Ismael, Wang Yunyang
{"title":"Optimization of Drying Process of Rambutan by Combined Method of Osmosis Ultrasound and Complementary Drying of Hot Air","authors":"Muhammad Farooq, Elham Azadfar, Z. Bahrami, Mahniya Sharifi, A. Shakoor, Shabir Ahmed, I. Solangi, M. Khan, M. Siddique, Naila Ilyas, M. Bakhtiar, Mohamed Ismael, Wang Yunyang","doi":"10.17582/JOURNAL.PJAR/2021/34.1.218.226","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17582/JOURNAL.PJAR/2021/34.1.218.226","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":338801,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Research","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127879417","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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