This paper argues that development (product, system, software, etc.) is an inherently transdisciplinary activity. Development is defined as the conversion of ideas into their manifestations. This conversion is often characterized by development phases, e.g., concept, requirements, design, implementation, and evaluation/testing (CRDIE). Iterative sequences of these phases form development cycles. Development cycles drive new product creation as well as product quality and cost and utility. Consequently, understanding development cycles is important. Models can provide insight; however, end-to-end quantitative development cycle models are, at best, rare. This paper outlines such a model, the Statistical Agent-based Model of Development and Evaluation (SAbMDE). For purposes of this paper, transdisciplinarity is defined as a developer’s holistic view of reality as filtered by that developer’s sensory input and perception of that reality. The model builds its mathematical and logical structures on a foundational concept that includes and describes this sensory and perceptual integration. Because the proposed model has this transdisciplinary characteristic, the model's use and results will have transdisciplinary implications. One implication: Ideas are discovered, not created. Another: A developer must first adjust their perception to see the development path that leads to a desired end product before they can traverse that path. A third: The ordering of information in a development space must be maintained.. This paper defines a minimal SAbMDE model that logically and mathematically reveals these and other SAbMDE transdisciplinarity implications.
{"title":"Development Cycle Modeling: Transdisciplinary Implications","authors":"Samuel Denard","doi":"10.22545/2021/00159","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22545/2021/00159","url":null,"abstract":"This paper argues that development (product, system, software, etc.) is an inherently transdisciplinary activity. Development is defined as the conversion of ideas into their manifestations. This conversion is often characterized by development phases, e.g., concept, requirements, design, implementation, and evaluation/testing (CRDIE). Iterative sequences of these phases form development cycles. Development cycles drive new product creation as well as product quality and cost and utility. Consequently, understanding development cycles is important. Models can provide insight; however, end-to-end quantitative development cycle models are, at best, rare. This paper outlines such a model, the Statistical Agent-based Model of Development and Evaluation (SAbMDE). For purposes of this paper, transdisciplinarity is defined as a developer’s holistic view of reality as filtered by that developer’s sensory input and perception of that reality. The model builds its mathematical and logical structures on a foundational concept that includes and describes this sensory and perceptual integration. Because the proposed model has this transdisciplinary characteristic, the model's use and results will have transdisciplinary implications. One implication: Ideas are discovered, not created. Another: A developer must first adjust their perception to see the development path that leads to a desired end product before they can traverse that path. A third: The ordering of information in a development space must be maintained.. This paper defines a minimal SAbMDE model that logically and mathematically reveals these and other SAbMDE transdisciplinarity implications.","PeriodicalId":33887,"journal":{"name":"Transdisciplinary Journal of Engineering Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44487855","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The COVID-19 pandemic has had a devastating impact across Azerbaijan. Official statistics suggest that there have been well over 3000 COVID-19 deaths in Azerbaijan, and this is generally accepted to underestimate the true number. There is growing evidence that health and social care workers appear to have a heightened risk of infection and mortality as do people from Black, Asian and Minority Ethnic (BAME) backgrounds. For example an analysis of COVID-19 deaths at St George’s hospital in the UK demonstrated a similar age distribution to deaths normally observed in the hospital which was in contrast with BAME communities who were “disproportionately affected by COVID-19 and non-COVID deaths, and the excess in mortality in the BAME groups remains after adjustment and is not fully explained by available hospital information on comorbidities age, sex or poverty”. (Perkin et al, 2020:70 [1]). It is clear that the challenges which all students are experiencing have been magnified for those studying to enter these medical professions, but each in very different ways. In nursing and midwifery students have been offered the opportunity to opt for extended placements within NHS services to support the national response to COVID-19 (Jackson et al, 2020 [2]). Each of these different options presents both challenges and opportunities for students. These students are likely to have a range of experiences, both positive and negative and may be placed in challenging situations; some predicable, others potentially unforeseen. Nurses have been in the front line of the response to COVID-19 with many being redeployed as in-patient services were reconfigured to ensure the health service retains the capacity to treat the expected large numbers of patients with COVID-19. In parallel, the public health response to the pandemic with its twin principles of ‘social distancing’ and the ‘self-isolation’ imposed during a national ‘lockdown’ present huge challenges. Social care services have had to manage unprecedented social upheaval. Social workers have had to rapidly adjust their practice in order to discharge their statutory responsibilities. For community based mental health nurses the best practice principles of patient centred and recovery focused care have been fundamentally challenged by the need for social distancing, while for midwifes whether working in the
{"title":"Understanding the Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Student Nurses – A Transdisciplinary Problem","authors":"A. Muradli, P. Gibbs","doi":"10.22545/2021/00156","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22545/2021/00156","url":null,"abstract":"The COVID-19 pandemic has had a devastating impact across Azerbaijan. Official statistics suggest that there have been well over 3000 COVID-19 deaths in Azerbaijan, and this is generally accepted to underestimate the true number. There is growing evidence that health and social care workers appear to have a heightened risk of infection and mortality as do people from Black, Asian and Minority Ethnic (BAME) backgrounds. For example an analysis of COVID-19 deaths at St George’s hospital in the UK demonstrated a similar age distribution to deaths normally observed in the hospital which was in contrast with BAME communities who were “disproportionately affected by COVID-19 and non-COVID deaths, and the excess in mortality in the BAME groups remains after adjustment and is not fully explained by available hospital information on comorbidities age, sex or poverty”. (Perkin et al, 2020:70 [1]). It is clear that the challenges which all students are experiencing have been magnified for those studying to enter these medical professions, but each in very different ways. In nursing and midwifery students have been offered the opportunity to opt for extended placements within NHS services to support the national response to COVID-19 (Jackson et al, 2020 [2]). Each of these different options presents both challenges and opportunities for students. These students are likely to have a range of experiences, both positive and negative and may be placed in challenging situations; some predicable, others potentially unforeseen. Nurses have been in the front line of the response to COVID-19 with many being redeployed as in-patient services were reconfigured to ensure the health service retains the capacity to treat the expected large numbers of patients with COVID-19. In parallel, the public health response to the pandemic with its twin principles of ‘social distancing’ and the ‘self-isolation’ imposed during a national ‘lockdown’ present huge challenges. Social care services have had to manage unprecedented social upheaval. Social workers have had to rapidly adjust their practice in order to discharge their statutory responsibilities. For community based mental health nurses the best practice principles of patient centred and recovery focused care have been fundamentally challenged by the need for social distancing, while for midwifes whether working in the","PeriodicalId":33887,"journal":{"name":"Transdisciplinary Journal of Engineering Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49599322","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The COVID-19 pandemic, declared a global threat by the World Health Organization 2020, is a new challenge in the modern world. The virus has spread to almost every country, and this fact has affected many aspects, including the economy and healthcare. A new crisis has begun in the world, which is very difficult to overcome. When the spread of the virus had just begun in the Chinese city of Wuhan, meanwhile Georgian government started discussion about the seriousness of this virus. In Georgia, the virus had a negative impact on the economy, healthcare and the social status of citizens. To some extent, the crisis triggered by fears of a pandemic, as so far no governing body, as well as the public, has had no experience in dealing with threats of a similar magnitude. The ongoing processes in the world have become force majeure due to the rapid growth of the pandemic, resulting in the inability to share, use and coordinate the knowledge, which countries have accumulated in the fight against the virus. If such in-depth studies were available, Georgia would be able to reduce the expected economic downturn based on their analysis. As soon as the first case of Covid infection was confirmed, citizens panicked and began to over-purchase food and necessities for further storage and use. This fact caused the first micro shock to the economy, which was manifested in the depreciation of the national currency against the dollar, in its instability, in addition there arose to the real threat to logistics and supply. Rising unemployment, rising risk of bankruptcy for small and medium-sized businesses, rising poverty rates, stagnant tourism businesses and declining international remittances are a combination of aspects that play an important role in shaping Georgia’s economic climate. The deterioration of these indicators means the aggravation of the economic crisis inside the country. According to the data, the contribution of tourism is 21.3% of Georgia’s GDP, thus the problems created in this segment will be dramatically reflected on the business entities operating in this sector as well
{"title":"Georgian approach to COVID-19","authors":"Zurabi Jankhoteli, P. Gibbs","doi":"10.22545/2021/00154","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22545/2021/00154","url":null,"abstract":"The COVID-19 pandemic, declared a global threat by the World Health Organization 2020, is a new challenge in the modern world. The virus has spread to almost every country, and this fact has affected many aspects, including the economy and healthcare. A new crisis has begun in the world, which is very difficult to overcome. When the spread of the virus had just begun in the Chinese city of Wuhan, meanwhile Georgian government started discussion about the seriousness of this virus. In Georgia, the virus had a negative impact on the economy, healthcare and the social status of citizens. To some extent, the crisis triggered by fears of a pandemic, as so far no governing body, as well as the public, has had no experience in dealing with threats of a similar magnitude. The ongoing processes in the world have become force majeure due to the rapid growth of the pandemic, resulting in the inability to share, use and coordinate the knowledge, which countries have accumulated in the fight against the virus. If such in-depth studies were available, Georgia would be able to reduce the expected economic downturn based on their analysis. As soon as the first case of Covid infection was confirmed, citizens panicked and began to over-purchase food and necessities for further storage and use. This fact caused the first micro shock to the economy, which was manifested in the depreciation of the national currency against the dollar, in its instability, in addition there arose to the real threat to logistics and supply. Rising unemployment, rising risk of bankruptcy for small and medium-sized businesses, rising poverty rates, stagnant tourism businesses and declining international remittances are a combination of aspects that play an important role in shaping Georgia’s economic climate. The deterioration of these indicators means the aggravation of the economic crisis inside the country. According to the data, the contribution of tourism is 21.3% of Georgia’s GDP, thus the problems created in this segment will be dramatically reflected on the business entities operating in this sector as well","PeriodicalId":33887,"journal":{"name":"Transdisciplinary Journal of Engineering Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47480460","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Violence against women, especially by intimate partners, is one of the main problems throughout the world. Based on data from the World Health Organisation (WHO), as well as the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) almost 30% of women worldwide are sexually or physically abused by their partners at least once in their lifetime: up to 38% of women’s deaths are caused by intimate partners, and only 11% of victims report the violence to the authorities. Women of any age are also exposed to various forms of violence in their homes by family members, usually referred to as ‘domestic violence’. Crises and times of unrest have been linked to increased interpersonal violence, including incidents of violence against women and children (Fraser, 2020 [1]). Pandemics are no exception. In fact, the regional or global nature and associated fear and uncertainty of pandemics provide an enabling environment that may exacerbate or spark diverse forms of violence. Fraser, E. (2020 [1]). Peterman et al. (2020 [2]) document nine (direct and indirect) pathways linking pandemics and violence to women. This paper presents a transdisciplinary approach to the problem of domestic female violence in Azerbaijan especially during COVID-19. It discusses the literature in terms of transdisciplinarity and then, with this as a contextual basis, considers how Azerbaijan might act. The advantage of a transdisciplinary approach to gender violence is that it analyses the problem as well as its possible causes and considers the consequences from different points of view and hence, can put forward various proposals to diminish the gender violence rate. Flood and Pease (2009 [3]) in an Australian study found two clusters of factors associated with domestic violence and these were; gender and culture. These had an influence at multiple levels of the social order on attitudes regarding violence. Additional factors operate at individual, organizational, community, or societal levels in particular, although their influence may overlap across multiple levels. They proposed five ways of approaching the problem but none are possible as a disciplinary response. They require, although they don’t call it as such, transdisciplinary problem solving. We have paraphrased them as:
对妇女的暴力，特别是亲密伴侣的暴力，是全世界的主要问题之一。根据世界卫生组织（世界卫生组织）和欧洲安全与合作组织（欧安组织）的数据，全世界近30%的妇女一生中至少遭受过一次伴侣的性虐待或身体虐待：高达38%的妇女死亡是由亲密伴侣造成的，只有11%的受害者向当局报告了暴力行为。任何年龄的妇女也会在家中遭受家庭成员的各种形式的暴力，通常被称为“家庭暴力”。危机和动乱时期与人际暴力的增加有关，包括针对妇女和儿童的暴力事件（Fraser，2020[1]）。流行病也不例外。事实上，流行病的区域或全球性质以及相关的恐惧和不确定性提供了一个有利的环境，可能会加剧或引发各种形式的暴力。Fraser，E.（2020[1]）。Peterman等人（2020[2]）记录了将流行病和暴力行为与妇女联系起来的九种（直接和间接）途径。本文提出了一种跨学科的方法来解决阿塞拜疆的家庭女性暴力问题，特别是在新冠肺炎期间。它从跨学科的角度讨论了文献，然后以此为背景，考虑阿塞拜疆可能如何行动。跨学科处理性别暴力的优势在于，它分析了问题及其可能的原因，并从不同的角度考虑了后果，因此可以提出各种建议来降低性别暴力率。Flood and Pease（2009[3]）在澳大利亚的一项研究中发现了与家庭暴力相关的两组因素，它们是：；性别和文化。这些在社会秩序的多个层面上对对待暴力的态度产生了影响。其他因素尤其在个人、组织、社区或社会层面发挥作用，尽管它们的影响可能在多个层面重叠。他们提出了五种解决问题的方法，但都不可能作为纪律回应。他们需要跨学科的问题解决，尽管他们并不这么认为。我们将其改写为：
{"title":"The Impact of the Covid-19 virus on Domestic Violence","authors":"A. Gurbanova, P. Gibbs","doi":"10.22545/2021/00153","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22545/2021/00153","url":null,"abstract":"Violence against women, especially by intimate partners, is one of the main problems throughout the world. Based on data from the World Health Organisation (WHO), as well as the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) almost 30% of women worldwide are sexually or physically abused by their partners at least once in their lifetime: up to 38% of women’s deaths are caused by intimate partners, and only 11% of victims report the violence to the authorities. Women of any age are also exposed to various forms of violence in their homes by family members, usually referred to as ‘domestic violence’. Crises and times of unrest have been linked to increased interpersonal violence, including incidents of violence against women and children (Fraser, 2020 [1]). Pandemics are no exception. In fact, the regional or global nature and associated fear and uncertainty of pandemics provide an enabling environment that may exacerbate or spark diverse forms of violence. Fraser, E. (2020 [1]). Peterman et al. (2020 [2]) document nine (direct and indirect) pathways linking pandemics and violence to women. This paper presents a transdisciplinary approach to the problem of domestic female violence in Azerbaijan especially during COVID-19. It discusses the literature in terms of transdisciplinarity and then, with this as a contextual basis, considers how Azerbaijan might act. The advantage of a transdisciplinary approach to gender violence is that it analyses the problem as well as its possible causes and considers the consequences from different points of view and hence, can put forward various proposals to diminish the gender violence rate. Flood and Pease (2009 [3]) in an Australian study found two clusters of factors associated with domestic violence and these were; gender and culture. These had an influence at multiple levels of the social order on attitudes regarding violence. Additional factors operate at individual, organizational, community, or societal levels in particular, although their influence may overlap across multiple levels. They proposed five ways of approaching the problem but none are possible as a disciplinary response. They require, although they don’t call it as such, transdisciplinary problem solving. We have paraphrased them as:","PeriodicalId":33887,"journal":{"name":"Transdisciplinary Journal of Engineering Science","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43399301","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The new coronavirus (Covid-19) epidemic, was first detected in Azerbaijan in February 2020. This epidemic, in addition to the impact on human health, has had a negative impact across the country for the economy, tourism, social relations and the conditions necessary for human life. International reports show that the group most at risk of the pandemic is the older population.The coronavirus pandemic has disproportionately affected this group, both in terms of hospitalizations and deaths, but also by the consequences of restrictions on social contact resulting in physical de-conditioning and worsened mental health (Briguglio, 2020 [1]) which caused them to be more vulnerable to the other socio-cultural and economic factors. I contend that the global research response to the COVID-19 pandemic has not been focused on the general needs of older people; rather research has focused on treatment more than prevention or rehabilitation, on hospital care rather than community care, on counting deaths rather than measuring function and on younger people rather than older people (Fraser, 2020 [2], Lithander, 2020 [3]). The consequences of the pandemic not only affect the health of the elderly, but also their psychological, physiological and social status. Thus, isolationist speeches against them, such as self-loathing, death phobia, loss of contact with peers, make life difficult for them. They thought that if they contracted the virus, their lives would end, their beliefs about overcoming the disease would weaken, and their failure to continue their social life as usual would lead to depression. Indeed, recently Soto-Perez-de-Celis (2020 [4]) has claimed that there are negative social media messages about COVID-19 and aging, often characterizing older adults as helpless and expendable individuals. Kluge (2020 [5]), WHO Regional Director for Europe, addressing journalists at a virtual press briefing said “I am reminding governments and authorities that all communities must be supported to deliver interventions to ensure older people have what they need. All
{"title":"The impact of the COVID-19 lockdown rules on the socio-psychological condition of the people over 65 in Azerbaijan","authors":"L. Huseynova, P. Gibbs","doi":"10.22545/2021/00155","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22545/2021/00155","url":null,"abstract":"The new coronavirus (Covid-19) epidemic, was first detected in Azerbaijan in February 2020. This epidemic, in addition to the impact on human health, has had a negative impact across the country for the economy, tourism, social relations and the conditions necessary for human life. International reports show that the group most at risk of the pandemic is the older population.The coronavirus pandemic has disproportionately affected this group, both in terms of hospitalizations and deaths, but also by the consequences of restrictions on social contact resulting in physical de-conditioning and worsened mental health (Briguglio, 2020 [1]) which caused them to be more vulnerable to the other socio-cultural and economic factors. I contend that the global research response to the COVID-19 pandemic has not been focused on the general needs of older people; rather research has focused on treatment more than prevention or rehabilitation, on hospital care rather than community care, on counting deaths rather than measuring function and on younger people rather than older people (Fraser, 2020 [2], Lithander, 2020 [3]). The consequences of the pandemic not only affect the health of the elderly, but also their psychological, physiological and social status. Thus, isolationist speeches against them, such as self-loathing, death phobia, loss of contact with peers, make life difficult for them. They thought that if they contracted the virus, their lives would end, their beliefs about overcoming the disease would weaken, and their failure to continue their social life as usual would lead to depression. Indeed, recently Soto-Perez-de-Celis (2020 [4]) has claimed that there are negative social media messages about COVID-19 and aging, often characterizing older adults as helpless and expendable individuals. Kluge (2020 [5]), WHO Regional Director for Europe, addressing journalists at a virtual press briefing said “I am reminding governments and authorities that all communities must be supported to deliver interventions to ensure older people have what they need. All","PeriodicalId":33887,"journal":{"name":"Transdisciplinary Journal of Engineering Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48723074","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Prado, A. K. Marinho, C. Gattaz, Wesley Mendes-da-Silva
Alex Isidoro Ferreira Prado, Ana Karolina Barreto Berselli Marinho, Cristiane Chaves Gattaz2∗, Wesley Mendes-Da-Silva 1 Hospital das Cĺınicas Medical School at University of Sao Paulo USP, Brazil 2 Immunity Initiative, Brazil, (www.immunityinitiative.com.br) 3 Sao Paulo School of Business Administration – FGV/EAESP, (https://eaesp.fgv.br/professor/wesley-mendes-silva) ∗ Correspondence: Email:cristiane.gattaz@gmail.com
Alex Isidoro Ferreira Prado、Ana Karolina Barreto Berselli Marinho、Cristiane Chaves Gattaz2*、Wesley Mendes Da Silva圣保罗大学医学院1号医院USP，巴西2 Immunity Initiative，巴西，（www.icommunityinitiation.com.br）3圣保罗工商管理学院-FGV/EESP(https://eaesp.fgv.br/professor/wesley-mendes-silva)*通信：电子邮件：cristiane.gattaz@gmail.com
{"title":"The COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil: what is happening on the front line","authors":"A. Prado, A. K. Marinho, C. Gattaz, Wesley Mendes-da-Silva","doi":"10.22545/2021/00146","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22545/2021/00146","url":null,"abstract":"Alex Isidoro Ferreira Prado, Ana Karolina Barreto Berselli Marinho, Cristiane Chaves Gattaz2∗, Wesley Mendes-Da-Silva 1 Hospital das Cĺınicas Medical School at University of Sao Paulo USP, Brazil 2 Immunity Initiative, Brazil, (www.immunityinitiative.com.br) 3 Sao Paulo School of Business Administration – FGV/EAESP, (https://eaesp.fgv.br/professor/wesley-mendes-silva) ∗ Correspondence: Email:cristiane.gattaz@gmail.com","PeriodicalId":33887,"journal":{"name":"Transdisciplinary Journal of Engineering Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47182775","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Turkey is one of the countries affected by the COVID-19 outbreak relatively late with the first positive case reported on March 10, 2020. Following the first incident, COVID-19 cases escalated quickly and dramatically. As of December 10, 2020, Turkey’s number of new cases was 30.424, which is fourth amongst all the countries, following highly populated countries like the USA, Brazil and India. Additionally, the total number of cases in Turkey since the beginning of the pandemic has reached 1.748.567 with a death toll of 15.751 (Turkish Ministry of Health, 2020 [1]). Turkish Ministry of Health was quick in its response to the pandemic. Only a week after the first incident, the schools and universities were suspended. The restaurants, cafes, museums, shopping malls, hairdressers, nightclubs and wedding halls were temporarily closed. Wearing a mask in public places has become mandatory. Additionally, flexible working hours and shifts were adopted. Although a total lock down was never applied because of economical reasons, curfews during the weekends and holidays have become the standard. In addition to these policies, a unique age selected curfew was adopted. Turkey is a relatively young country, with a population of 25.5 million children and adolescents while only 7.5 million people are over 65 (Turkish Statistical Institute, 2020 [2]). Turkey decided to and applied a strict curfew for these two age groups; elderly people aged over 65 as they have higher morbidity risk and youngsters aged under 20 as they have a higher chance of spreading the virus without showing any symptoms. Additionally, the youngsters and the elderly are mostly out of the work force, therefore their curfew has not affected the economy. Although in theory it is a very bright idea to lockdown 40% of the population, the isolation of these two age groups actually requires a special attention. Geriatricians recommend regular social and physical activity for cognitive and emotional well being of the elderly (Soysal, Aydin, & Isik, 2020 [3]). Curfew interrupted their physical and social activities and has the potential of affecting them negatively both psychologically and physically in the long run. On the other hand, COVID-19 changed daily lives of adolescents drastically all over the world. A comparative study between Turkish and Danish adolescents’ feelings indicated that Turkish adolescents were significantly more concerned about their future with it getting worse with the pandemic (61,4% vs
{"title":"Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic in Turkey","authors":"E. Işık","doi":"10.22545/2021/00147","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22545/2021/00147","url":null,"abstract":"Turkey is one of the countries affected by the COVID-19 outbreak relatively late with the first positive case reported on March 10, 2020. Following the first incident, COVID-19 cases escalated quickly and dramatically. As of December 10, 2020, Turkey’s number of new cases was 30.424, which is fourth amongst all the countries, following highly populated countries like the USA, Brazil and India. Additionally, the total number of cases in Turkey since the beginning of the pandemic has reached 1.748.567 with a death toll of 15.751 (Turkish Ministry of Health, 2020 [1]). Turkish Ministry of Health was quick in its response to the pandemic. Only a week after the first incident, the schools and universities were suspended. The restaurants, cafes, museums, shopping malls, hairdressers, nightclubs and wedding halls were temporarily closed. Wearing a mask in public places has become mandatory. Additionally, flexible working hours and shifts were adopted. Although a total lock down was never applied because of economical reasons, curfews during the weekends and holidays have become the standard. In addition to these policies, a unique age selected curfew was adopted. Turkey is a relatively young country, with a population of 25.5 million children and adolescents while only 7.5 million people are over 65 (Turkish Statistical Institute, 2020 [2]). Turkey decided to and applied a strict curfew for these two age groups; elderly people aged over 65 as they have higher morbidity risk and youngsters aged under 20 as they have a higher chance of spreading the virus without showing any symptoms. Additionally, the youngsters and the elderly are mostly out of the work force, therefore their curfew has not affected the economy. Although in theory it is a very bright idea to lockdown 40% of the population, the isolation of these two age groups actually requires a special attention. Geriatricians recommend regular social and physical activity for cognitive and emotional well being of the elderly (Soysal, Aydin, & Isik, 2020 [3]). Curfew interrupted their physical and social activities and has the potential of affecting them negatively both psychologically and physically in the long run. On the other hand, COVID-19 changed daily lives of adolescents drastically all over the world. A comparative study between Turkish and Danish adolescents’ feelings indicated that Turkish adolescents were significantly more concerned about their future with it getting worse with the pandemic (61,4% vs","PeriodicalId":33887,"journal":{"name":"Transdisciplinary Journal of Engineering Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43473381","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The worldwide health crisis of SARS-CoV-2, the so-called Coronavirus, is a strong transdisciplinary exercise due its multisectoral societal actors that are involved in giving perspectives to build accurate responses for that. When facing this challenge of health crisis by getting close to a particular data, information or statistics that concerns the disease itself, we find that a health crisis is not a simple health problem, but health is also a matter of access to a healthy environment and it is about social issues as well. We cannot treat ecosystem in a reductionist perspective anymore, because the problems are not isolated, but on the contrary, they are inter related to each other. From now on, we are invited to consider the great interdependence of different systems of thinking and action. A Science that looks beyond the disciplines themselves. Alternatively, we could say an “ecological thinking” (Morin, 2020, p.35 [1]), in the sense that the ecological problem is not just about our relation with nature, but also the relations with ourselves. According to Barton, H. and Grant, M. (2006 [2]): “The links between health and settlements are often indirect and complex. A tool to improve understanding and foster collaboration between planning and health decision-makers is badly needed”. For that, the authors have developed a health map that represents the complexity of socio-ecological systems, in which the category of “people” is centered positioned and simultaneously surrounded by several layers, like lifestyle, community, local economy, built environment, natural environment, and global ecosystems. If we take the centrality of people for our analyses in the context of France during the period of major demand of health care in the first half of the year of 2020 still in the first coronavirus wave in Europe, we will find many social environmental inequalities in the access of this care. From ecological political studies, Machado (2020, p.29 [3]) points out that one third of the world human population is under social isolating measures and two thirds of world human population is under the yoke of
{"title":"Social Environmental Inequalities in France When Facing Covid-19 Health Crisis","authors":"Samuel Lopes Pinheiro, Florent Pasquie","doi":"10.22545/2021/00150","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22545/2021/00150","url":null,"abstract":"The worldwide health crisis of SARS-CoV-2, the so-called Coronavirus, is a strong transdisciplinary exercise due its multisectoral societal actors that are involved in giving perspectives to build accurate responses for that. When facing this challenge of health crisis by getting close to a particular data, information or statistics that concerns the disease itself, we find that a health crisis is not a simple health problem, but health is also a matter of access to a healthy environment and it is about social issues as well. We cannot treat ecosystem in a reductionist perspective anymore, because the problems are not isolated, but on the contrary, they are inter related to each other. From now on, we are invited to consider the great interdependence of different systems of thinking and action. A Science that looks beyond the disciplines themselves. Alternatively, we could say an “ecological thinking” (Morin, 2020, p.35 [1]), in the sense that the ecological problem is not just about our relation with nature, but also the relations with ourselves. According to Barton, H. and Grant, M. (2006 [2]): “The links between health and settlements are often indirect and complex. A tool to improve understanding and foster collaboration between planning and health decision-makers is badly needed”. For that, the authors have developed a health map that represents the complexity of socio-ecological systems, in which the category of “people” is centered positioned and simultaneously surrounded by several layers, like lifestyle, community, local economy, built environment, natural environment, and global ecosystems. If we take the centrality of people for our analyses in the context of France during the period of major demand of health care in the first half of the year of 2020 still in the first coronavirus wave in Europe, we will find many social environmental inequalities in the access of this care. From ecological political studies, Machado (2020, p.29 [3]) points out that one third of the world human population is under social isolating measures and two thirds of world human population is under the yoke of","PeriodicalId":33887,"journal":{"name":"Transdisciplinary Journal of Engineering Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47501759","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated economic and social problems in Russia. According to the Russian Ministry of economic development, the largest drop in GDP in 2020 is expected in the second quarter (by 9.5% in annual terms), when the country’s economy was slowed down due to quarantine. In the third and fourth quarters of 2020, GDP is projected to fall to 6.3% and 5.2%, respectively. Unemployment in Russia in 2020 will be the highest since 2011 and will grow to 5.7%. Real incomes of the population will decrease by 3.8% by the end of this year [3]. During the second wave of the epidemic (September-October 2020), a serious problem is arising for all regions. First of all, this is manifested in the shortage of doctors. Additional assistance attracting medical graduates and students is exhausting its potential. In the regions, there is a shortage of beds in hospitals and CT scanners [4]. During the pandemic, universities and other educational organizations switched to distance learning. Despite the fact that this forced measure allowed to reduce the number of infections among students and teachers, distance learning cannot fully replace face-to-face education, especially in medical faculties. As a result, students do not have a sufficient degree of mastering practical skills, which can lead to a decrease in the level of professional competencies [2]. Conclusions: Despite all measures to control the spread of viral infection, there is a steady trend towards an increase in the incidence. The population and government officials are getting rid of illusions on a global scale, understanding the long-term and, possibly, total nature of the problem. It is generally accepted that three factors play a role in the victory over a viral infection: anti-epidemiological and therapeutic measures; resources of the human immune system; mutations of the virus itself. However, in the recent history of mankind there are examples of viral pandemics (Spanish flu, Hong Kong flu, SARS, MERS), viruses that cause these diseases, suddenly appearing and suddenly losing their dangerous properties or disappearing
{"title":"Forecasts of the Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Russia’s Development in 2020","authors":"A. M. Chochiev, V. Mokiy","doi":"10.22545/2021/00148","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22545/2021/00148","url":null,"abstract":"The COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated economic and social problems in Russia. According to the Russian Ministry of economic development, the largest drop in GDP in 2020 is expected in the second quarter (by 9.5% in annual terms), when the country’s economy was slowed down due to quarantine. In the third and fourth quarters of 2020, GDP is projected to fall to 6.3% and 5.2%, respectively. Unemployment in Russia in 2020 will be the highest since 2011 and will grow to 5.7%. Real incomes of the population will decrease by 3.8% by the end of this year [3]. During the second wave of the epidemic (September-October 2020), a serious problem is arising for all regions. First of all, this is manifested in the shortage of doctors. Additional assistance attracting medical graduates and students is exhausting its potential. In the regions, there is a shortage of beds in hospitals and CT scanners [4]. During the pandemic, universities and other educational organizations switched to distance learning. Despite the fact that this forced measure allowed to reduce the number of infections among students and teachers, distance learning cannot fully replace face-to-face education, especially in medical faculties. As a result, students do not have a sufficient degree of mastering practical skills, which can lead to a decrease in the level of professional competencies [2]. Conclusions: Despite all measures to control the spread of viral infection, there is a steady trend towards an increase in the incidence. The population and government officials are getting rid of illusions on a global scale, understanding the long-term and, possibly, total nature of the problem. It is generally accepted that three factors play a role in the victory over a viral infection: anti-epidemiological and therapeutic measures; resources of the human immune system; mutations of the virus itself. However, in the recent history of mankind there are examples of viral pandemics (Spanish flu, Hong Kong flu, SARS, MERS), viruses that cause these diseases, suddenly appearing and suddenly losing their dangerous properties or disappearing","PeriodicalId":33887,"journal":{"name":"Transdisciplinary Journal of Engineering Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47974242","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Recently, several studies have been published on the impact of confinement (due to the Covid-19 pandemic) on the mental health of the Portuguese people [1]. For example, the Instituto de Psicologia Cĺınica e Forense (Institute of Forensic Psychology) carried out a study with 10,500 participants from the general Portuguese population, and found that 49.2% of them showed “moderate or severe” psychological impacts. Many of these people reported no mental disorders prior to the pandemic. Women were the group most susceptible to presenting some of the psychological symptoms mentioned above [2]. These investigations support others works on the impact of socioeconomic crises on the mental health of Portuguese people, which have shown that there is a relationship between the increase in symptoms of anxiety and depression and a decrease in well-being due to job insecurity, loss of income, unemployment and social isolation [3]. We should also note the effects of the pandemic (e.g., high mortality, decreased sleep hours, rationing of equipment for personal protection, etc.) on health professionals (doctors, nurses, diagnostic technicians), during the fight against Covid-19 in Portugal, where it has been shown that 72% of these professionals have medium or high levels of physical and/or psychological exhaustion, identical to “burnout”. During non-pandemic times, this value is between 21% and 47% [4]. Furthermore, due to the pandemic, Portugal experienced an increase in mortality. The age group most affected was those 65 years or older [5]. Related to the above, for reasons of public health due to the pandemic, some sectors of activity in Portugal suffered an abrupt drop in their income (with values varying according to the sector). Catering and tourism, the clothing industry and transport services (aviation), among others, were placed in a fragile situation. This affected about 30% of the total active labor force in Portugal. The affected companies sought to minimize the situation through simplified lay-offs and the temporary suspension of employment
最近，发表了几项关于禁闭(由于Covid-19大流行)对葡萄牙人心理健康影响的研究。例如，法医心理学研究所Cĺınica e Forensic(法医心理学研究所)对10500名来自葡萄牙普通人群的参与者进行了一项研究，发现49.2%的人表现出“中度或严重”的心理影响。其中许多人在大流行之前没有报告精神障碍。妇女是最容易出现上述一些心理症状的群体。这些调查支持了关于社会经济危机对葡萄牙人心理健康影响的其他研究，这些研究表明，焦虑和抑郁症状的增加与由于工作不安全、失去收入、失业和社会孤立而导致的幸福感下降之间存在关系。我们还应该注意到，在葡萄牙抗击Covid-19期间，大流行对卫生专业人员(医生、护士、诊断技术人员)的影响(例如，高死亡率、睡眠时间减少、个人防护设备配给等)，有证据表明，这些专业人员中有72%有中等或高度的身体和/或心理疲惫，相当于“倦怠”。在非大流行时期，该值在21%至47%之间。此外，由于这一流行病，葡萄牙的死亡率有所上升。受影响最大的年龄组是65岁以上的人。与上述情况相关的是，由于疫情对公众健康造成的影响，葡萄牙一些行业的收入急剧下降(不同行业的收入有所不同)。除其他外，饮食和旅游业、服装工业和运输服务(航空)处于脆弱的情况。这影响了葡萄牙约30%的活跃劳动力。受影响的企业试图通过简化裁员和暂时停止雇佣来将情况降到最低
{"title":"The impact of the Covid-19 Pandemic on the Mental Health and Socio-Economic Conditions of the Portuguese People","authors":"A. Leiria, P. Martins","doi":"10.22545/2021/00151","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22545/2021/00151","url":null,"abstract":"Recently, several studies have been published on the impact of confinement (due to the Covid-19 pandemic) on the mental health of the Portuguese people [1]. For example, the Instituto de Psicologia Cĺınica e Forense (Institute of Forensic Psychology) carried out a study with 10,500 participants from the general Portuguese population, and found that 49.2% of them showed “moderate or severe” psychological impacts. Many of these people reported no mental disorders prior to the pandemic. Women were the group most susceptible to presenting some of the psychological symptoms mentioned above [2]. These investigations support others works on the impact of socioeconomic crises on the mental health of Portuguese people, which have shown that there is a relationship between the increase in symptoms of anxiety and depression and a decrease in well-being due to job insecurity, loss of income, unemployment and social isolation [3]. We should also note the effects of the pandemic (e.g., high mortality, decreased sleep hours, rationing of equipment for personal protection, etc.) on health professionals (doctors, nurses, diagnostic technicians), during the fight against Covid-19 in Portugal, where it has been shown that 72% of these professionals have medium or high levels of physical and/or psychological exhaustion, identical to “burnout”. During non-pandemic times, this value is between 21% and 47% [4]. Furthermore, due to the pandemic, Portugal experienced an increase in mortality. The age group most affected was those 65 years or older [5]. Related to the above, for reasons of public health due to the pandemic, some sectors of activity in Portugal suffered an abrupt drop in their income (with values varying according to the sector). Catering and tourism, the clothing industry and transport services (aviation), among others, were placed in a fragile situation. This affected about 30% of the total active labor force in Portugal. The affected companies sought to minimize the situation through simplified lay-offs and the temporary suspension of employment","PeriodicalId":33887,"journal":{"name":"Transdisciplinary Journal of Engineering Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47997183","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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