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Výroba zelenej farby v Uhorsku do konca 18. storočia 直到 18 世纪末匈牙利的绿色涂料生产情况
Pub Date : 2024-07-01 DOI: 10.15452/historica.2024.15.0002
M. Lacko
Since only a few stable pigment production centres in Central Europe subsisted until the industrial period in the 19th century, those that became regionally known and influenced the European pigment market deserve the attention of historical research. One of the significant European green pigment production centres in the Late Middle Ages and the Early Modern Age was the Banská Bystrica mining district in present day Central Slovakia, the former part of the Lower Hungarian mining area. Production of green copper pigment was carried out continually from the mid-15th century until 1950 at the latest. However, the methods of its application changed over time. While in the Late Middle Ages this green pigment was applied as a colouring matter for objects of art, from the 16th century it was used as a utilitarian colour for coating indoor walls and exterior facades. During the 19th century, the mentioned green pigment (Berggrün) was produced only as a concentrate for the production of copper
由于中欧只有少数几个稳定的颜料生产中心一直延续到 19 世纪的工业化时期,因此,那些在地区范围内广为人知并对欧洲颜料市场产生影响的中心值得历史研究人员关注。在中世纪晚期和现代早期,欧洲重要的绿色颜料生产中心之一是位于今天斯洛伐克中部的班斯卡-比斯特里察(Banská Bystrica)矿区,它曾是下匈牙利矿区的一部分。绿色铜颜料的生产从 15 世纪中叶一直持续到 1950 年。然而,随着时间的推移,其应用方法也发生了变化。在中世纪晚期,这种绿色颜料被用作艺术品的着色剂,而从 16 世纪开始,它被用作室内墙壁和外墙涂料的实用色。19 世纪,上述绿色颜料(Berggrün)仅作为铜的浓缩物被生产出来。
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引用次数: 0
Přátelství a dary v korespondenci Winfrieda / Bonifáce 温弗里德与博尼法斯通信中的友谊与礼物
Pub Date : 2024-07-01 DOI: 10.15452/historica.2024.15.0001
Martin Šenk
This article explores the relationship between friendship and gift-giving in the early Middle Ages. Friendship and its associated rituals are understood as part of the ‚rules of the game‘ that shaped medieval society. The ritual of gift-giving, which served to establish friendly relations and strengthen friendships, is explored here through the corpus of Saint Boniface’s correspondence. By using the letters of Saint Boniface as an example, it is shown that gifts played a major role in building friendships.
本文探讨了中世纪早期友谊与送礼之间的关系。友谊及其相关仪式被理解为塑造中世纪社会的 "游戏规则 "的一部分。本文通过圣.卜尼法斯的书信来探讨馈赠礼品这一仪式,它有助于建立友好关系和巩固友谊。以圣卜尼法斯的书信为例,说明礼物在建立友谊方面发挥着重要作用。
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引用次数: 0
Podnikanie pruských železiarskych společnosti v spišsko-gemerskej banskej oblasti a export železných rúd do hornosliezskych železiarní (1890–1914) 普鲁士钢铁公司在斯皮什-盖梅尔矿区的业务以及向上西里西亚炼铁厂出口铁矿石(1890-1914 年)
Pub Date : 2024-07-01 DOI: 10.15452/historica.2024.15.0005
Lukáš Patera
The study at hand focuses on the operations of Prussian iron companies in the mining area of Spiš-Gemer and the export of iron ores to various Upper Silesian ironworks from 1890 until the onset of the First World War. Starting from the late 19th century, this region, abundant in high-quality iron ore, served as a crucial source of this resource for Austrian and Prussian businessmen, who would extract it and transport it to their ironworks located outside of Hungary. The substantial export of iron ores led to significant discontent among Hungarian economic circles, although the Hungarian government was unable to take effective action against it. However, out of all the Prussian joint-stock companies purchasing iron ore from Spiš, only four companies acquired their own iron ore mines in the region. These companies were Oberschlesische Eisenbahn-Bedarf AG, Oberschlesische Eisenindustrie AG, Vereinigte Königs- und Laurahütte AG and Kattowitzer AG für Bergbau und Eisenhütten-Betrieb, whose plants are discussed in more detail in the core of the thesis.
本研究的重点是普鲁士钢铁公司在斯皮什-盖梅尔矿区的经营情况,以及从 1890 年到第一次世界大战爆发前向上西里西亚各炼铁厂出口铁矿石的情况。从 19 世纪末开始,这一地区盛产优质铁矿石,成为奥地利和普鲁士商人的重要资源来源,他们开采铁矿石并将其运往匈牙利境外的炼铁厂。铁矿石的大量出口引起了匈牙利经济界的强烈不满,尽管匈牙利政府无法对此采取有效行动。然而,在所有从斯皮什购买铁矿石的普鲁士股份公司中,只有四家公司在该地区购买了自己的铁矿。这些公司是 Oberschlesische Eisenbahn-Bedarf 股份公司、Oberschlesische Eisenindustrie 股份公司、Vereinigte Königs- und Laurahütte 股份公司和 Kattowitzer AG für Bergbau und Eisenhütten-Betrieb,论文的核心部分将详细讨论这些公司的工厂。
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引用次数: 0
Industrialisation, Domestic Work and Domestic Industry in the Bohemian Lands at the Turn of the 20th Century 20 世纪之交波希米亚地区的工业化、家务劳动和家庭工业
Pub Date : 2024-07-01 DOI: 10.15452/historica.2024.15.0004
Petr Popelka
Economic historians have paid due attention to the phenomenon of domestic work, especially in connection with the theory of proto industrialisation, for decades. However, domestic production has not been a marginal issue even in those economies of European countries that can be considered industrialised. The phenomenon of domestic industry was significant in the Bohemian lands as well as in some other countries of the Habsburg monarchy (e.g. Vorarlberg and Galicia) or East and Southeast Europe until the turn of the 20th century. Both the industrial and protoindustrial forms of production coexisted in the society of Central Europe for a relatively long time. This is what Witold Kula called “the coexistence of anachronisms”. This study focuses on the causes of the persistence of protoindustrial forms of production, their field structure, and gender aspects, as well as on the comparison of data from official statistics and from the period press. Specific examples present domestic work not only as a social problem but also as a strategy to earn a living mainly for country people.
数十年来,经济史学家对家务劳动现象给予了应有的关注,尤其是在原工业化理论方面。然而,即使在那些可被视为工业化的欧洲国家经济中,家务生产也不是一个无关紧要的问题。直到 20 世纪之交,家庭工业现象在波希米亚地区以及哈布斯堡君主国的其他一些国家(如福拉尔贝格州和加利西亚)或东欧和东南欧都非常重要。在中欧社会中,工业生产和原工业生产两种形式并存的时间相对较长。这就是维托尔德-库拉(Witold Kula)所说的 "不合时宜的共存"。本研究的重点是原工业生产方式持续存在的原因、其领域结构和性别方面,以及对官方统计资料和当时新闻界的数据进行比较。具体实例表明,家务劳动不仅是一个社会问题,也是主要为乡村居民谋生的一种策略。
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引用次数: 0
Francie a otevření Japonska 法国与日本开国
Pub Date : 2024-07-01 DOI: 10.15452/historica.2024.15.0003
Aleš Kotva
The paper aims to outline the circumstances that led France to conclude a treaty with Japan in the second half of the 19th century. The traditional historiographical approach to the issue of the opening of Japan’s ports highlights the American role or Commodore Perry’s mission of 1853 or analogically focuses on British, Russian, and Dutch policy in the Far East. However, France was one of the European states that had so far shown interest in Japanese ports in establishing trade relations. The paper aims to describe French activities in the Far East in relation to Japan, considering the missionary activity in the Ryukyu Islands and the actions of French admirals who attempted to open Japanese ports of their own accord in the 1840s. The core of the paper focuses on the first half of the 1850s and related French attempts to sign an agreement with Japan considering international circumstances.
本文旨在概述导致法国在 19 世纪下半叶与日本缔结条约的情况。在日本港口开放问题上,传统的史学方法强调美国的作用或 1853 年佩里准将的使命,或者类比地关注英国、俄国和荷兰在远东的政策。然而,法国是迄今为止对日本港口建立贸易关系表现出兴趣的欧洲国家之一。本文旨在描述法国在远东地区与日本有关的活动,考虑到法国在琉球群岛的传教活动,以及 19 世纪 40 年代法国海军将领试图主动开放日本港口的行动。论文的核心内容集中于 19 世纪 50 年代前半期,以及法国考虑到国际形势试图与日本签署协议的相关尝试。
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引用次数: 0
Město Zlín v meziválečných letech 战时的兹林市
Pub Date : 2023-12-01 DOI: 10.15452/historica.2022.14.0009
David Kolumber, Tereza Kolumber
The topic of the study is the influence of the Baťa Concern on selected areas of everyday life in the town of Zlín. The text aims to describe, explain and interpret how Zlín’s municipal politics and public education in the example of Masaryk’s experimental upper elementary school were influenced by Tomáš Baťa and other representatives of the Concern between 1923 and 1938 (1945). The data were mainly obtained by studying archival documents stored in the State District Archive Zlín. The presented study focuses on municipal politics and elections in which the Baťa electoral list promised to improve and modernize Zlín’s schools. Then, it seeks the circumstances of establishing and developing the experimental public school system in Zlín. The research results show that the election of Tomáš Baťa as mayor of Zlín represented a turning point for Zlín schools. He and other Concern’s officials became direct participants in local public education from their position as councillors. In this way, a private company could legally manage and adapt public schools to its economic interests.
本研究的主题是 "巴ťa 关注 "对兹林市日常生活某些领域的影响。文章旨在描述、解释和诠释 1923 年至 1938 年(1945 年)期间兹林的市政政治和公共教育(以马萨里克实验高级小学为例)是如何受到 Tomáš Baťa 和关注派其他代表的影响的。这些数据主要是通过研究兹林州档案馆保存的档案文件获得的。本研究报告的重点是市级政治和选举,在这些选举中,巴ťa 的选举名单承诺改善兹林的学校并使其现代化。然后,研究了在兹林建立和发展实验性公立学校系统的情况。研究结果表明,托马什-巴ťa 当选兹林市长是兹林学校的一个转折点。他和 Concern 的其他官员以议员的身份直接参与了当地的公共教育。这样,一家私营公司就可以合法地管理和调整公立学校,使其符合自己的经济利益。
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引用次数: 0
Možnosti a limity společenského vzestupu podnikatelů z českých zemí prostřednictvím nobilitací v 18. století a v první polovině 19. století 18 世纪和 19 世纪上半叶波希米亚地区企业家通过贵族社会崛起的可能性和局限性
Pub Date : 2023-12-01 DOI: 10.15452/historica.2022.14.0007
Jiří Brňovják
The research delves into the possibilities and limits of the social rise of entrepreneurs from the Bohemian lands via ennoblement during the 18th and first half of the 19th century. The matter is analysed from three distinct and interwoven angles: a) within the framework of the evolution of legal and administrative standards and traditions defining the limits of the ennoblement policy executed by the rulers and competent court authorities (taking into account the impact of relevant provincial instances); b) in terms of the effect of the modernization of the late estates society and its gradual shift to civil society; and c) in terms of the contemporary entrepreneurial group and their aspirations for social advancement. This combination of outlooks enables a more inclusive comprehension of the topics under study and also a partial reinterpretation of some views in the existing historiography.
该研究深入探讨了 18 世纪和 19 世纪上半叶波希米亚地区企业家通过册封实现社会崛起的可能性和局限性。研究从三个不同而又相互交织的角度对这一问题进行了分析:a) 在法律和行政标准及传统演变的框架内,确定统治者和主管法院当局执行册封政策的限度(考虑到相关省级案例的影响);b) 从晚期庄园社会现代化的影响及其逐渐向公民社会转变的角度;c) 从当代企业家群体及其对社会进步的渴望的角度。这种观点的结合使我们能够更全面地理解所研究的主题,同时也对现有史学中的某些观点进行了部分重新诠释。
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引用次数: 0
Krajiny současného umění. K historicitě interpretace „historického“ akčního umění 当代艺术的风景。关于 "历史 "行为艺术阐释的历史性
Pub Date : 2023-12-01 DOI: 10.15452/historica.2022.14.0011
Jakub Král, M. Kolář
The text deals with the possibilities of updating action and environmental art, based on the tradition of the 1960s. On the basis of poststructuralist theories, the theory of representation and anachronistic or ahistorical approach in contemporary aesthetics and art theory, it points out the possibilities of grasping the works of already classical Czech and Slovak authors and their interpretation within the contemporary discourse.
该文以 20 世纪 60 年代的传统为基础,探讨了更新行动和环境艺术的可能性。以当代美学和艺术理论中的后结构主义理论、表象理论和不合时宜或非历史的方法为基础,指出了在当代话语中把握捷克和斯洛伐克经典作家作品及其诠释的可能性。
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引用次数: 0
K slovenským národně‑emancipačním snahám na půdě Československé strany národně socialistické 捷克斯洛伐克国家社会党在斯洛伐克民族解放方面的努力
Pub Date : 2023-12-01 DOI: 10.15452/historica.2022.14.0010
Pavel Marek
This study investigates the establishment of the Czechoslovak National Socialist Party in Slovakia during the period of the First Czechoslovak Republic from 1918 to 1938. It examines the centralist approach employed by the party to manage the Slovak provincial organization, which eventually clashed with the predominantly nationalist-driven efforts of the Slovak party leadership. The tensions between the Czech and Slovak parts of the party arose due to the absence of a provincial party executive committee, a lack of programmatic theses that considered the specific needs of the region, unresolved issues of financing the party’s activities, and differing views on the political competences of the central and provincial party centres. These issues led to an internal party crisis in Slovakia in the mid-1930s, which was resolved by loosening the Slovak party organization’s ties to Prague
本研究调查了捷克斯洛伐克第一捷克斯洛伐克共和国时期(1918-1938 年)捷克斯洛伐克国家社会主义党在斯洛伐克的建立情况。研究探讨了该党在管理斯洛伐克省级组织时所采用的中央集权主义方法,这种方法最终与斯洛伐克党领导层以民族主义为主导的努力发生了冲突。捷克党和斯洛伐克党之间关系紧张的原因包括:没有省级党执行委员会、缺乏考虑到该地区具体需求的纲领性论述、党的活动经费问题悬而未决,以及对中央和省级党中央政治权限的不同看法。这些问题导致斯洛伐克在 20 世纪 30 年代中期爆发了一场党内危机。
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引用次数: 0
Bulharská carevna Eleonora v pamětech Marie Therese hraběnky Collalto 玛丽亚-特蕾泽-科拉托伯爵夫人回忆录中的保加利亚皇后埃莱奥诺拉
Pub Date : 2023-12-01 DOI: 10.15452/historica.2022.14.0008
Jan Koumar
This research provides an insight into the life and actions of Bulgarian Tsarina Eleonora, née Reuss zu Köstritz, during 1915–1917, as narrated in the memoir Erlebtes und Geschautes written by Maria Therese Collalto. Collalto was an aristocrat who participated in the Order of Malta’s mission to Bulgaria during the First World War and encountered Queen Eleonora, her childhood acquaintance. To comprehend the information about Eleonora provided in the memoir, the history of Bulgaria, Ferdinand I, the familial background of Maria Therese Collalto, and the life of the Queen herself are briefly summarised. Besides the life and actions of the Queen herself, the important figures of social life that Marie Therese met during her service to Sofia are also described.
本研究通过玛丽亚-特蕾泽-科拉尔托(Maria Therese Collalto)撰写的回忆录《Erlebtes und Geschautes》中的叙述,对保加利亚女沙皇埃莱奥诺拉(女名:Reuss zu Köstritz)在 1915-1917 年期间的生活和行动进行了深入了解。科拉尔托是一名贵族,在第一次世界大战期间参加了马耳他骑士团赴保加利亚的任务,并与埃莱奥诺拉王后--她的童年熟人--相遇。为了理解回忆录中提供的有关埃莱奥诺拉的信息,我们简要概述了保加利亚的历史、斐迪南一世、玛丽亚-特蕾泽-科拉托的家庭背景以及王后本人的生平。除了王后本人的生活和行动外,还描述了玛丽-泰蕾兹在索菲亚任职期间遇到的社会生活中的重要人物。
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引用次数: 0
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Historica. Revue pro historii a příbuzné vědy
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