Outdoor bio-aerosols quality in Uyo urban was evaluated for their prevalence using settle plate (culturebased) method. Five (5) locations were established for wet and dry season sampling which included Urban Center, Housing Estate, Local Residence, Open Market and Secretariat complex. Mean viable plate counts of heterotrophic bacteria ranged between 1.386 × 103 (wet season) and 2.018 × 103 (dry season) in Urban Center; 4.82 × 102 (wet season) and 9.64 × 102 (dry season) in Housing Estate; 4.22 × 102 (wet) and 1.476 × 103 (dry) in Local Residence; 1.386 × 103 (wet) and 2.470 × 103 (dry) in Open Market, and 7.23 × 102 (wet) and 1.024 × 103 (dry) in Secretariat Complex while the mean viable plate counts of heterotrophic fungi ranged between 9.94 × 102 (wet) and 1.777 × 103 (dry) in Urban Center; 1.054 × 103 (wet) and 1.265 × 103 (dry) in Housing Estate; 7.23 × 102 (wet) and 1.536 × 103 (dry) in Local Residence; 1.325 × 103 (wet) and 2.048 × 103 in Open Market, and 6.93 × 102 (wet) and 1.084 × 103 in Secretariat Complex. Bacteria isolated were Micrococcus nishinomiyaensi, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherischia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Serratia marcescens, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Shigella dysenteriae, Proteus vulgaris, Salmonella indica, Pediococcus acidilactici, Staphylococcus albus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Micrococcus roseus. The fungi isolated included Aspergillus glaucus, Geotricum sp., Verticillium sp., Pichia sp., Candida tropicalis, Phoma sorghina, Fusarium sp., Aspergillus niger, Absidia sp., Cladosporium carrionil, Candida albicans, Rhizopus oligosporus, Alterneria alternate, Botrytis cinerea, Aspergillus flavus, Epicoccum nigrum, Diplodia seriata, Aspergillus fumigates, Eurotium sp., Penicillium expansum, Sacchromyces cerevisiae, Monilia sp., Humicola sp., Cephalosporium sp., Aspergillus clavatus, Scopulariopsis sp., Penicillium italicum, Penicillium nalgiovense, Trichoderma viride and Moniliella acetoabutens. Bacillus subtilis showed 80% prevalence in both wet and dry seasons. The only fungal isolate that showed 100% prevalence during wet season was Aspergillus glaucus. Escherichia coli were encountered in the open market and urban center stations revealing the unsanitary status of the environment. Many of the microorganisms isolated have been implicated in various human ailments and their effects may be curtailed by adopting improved wastes management approaches in Uyo City Bio-aerosol concentration was found to be high in dry season than wet season. This is because of increase in suspended particulate matter in atmospheric air. The present study has provided evidence of microbial load in outdoor ambient air at different locations.
{"title":"Prevalence of bio-aerosols in the outdoor air environment in Uyo Urban, Akwa Ibom state, Nigeria","authors":"Ambrose, Nweke, Umeh, Braide","doi":"10.14303/IRJM.2015.132","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14303/IRJM.2015.132","url":null,"abstract":"Outdoor bio-aerosols quality in Uyo urban was evaluated for their prevalence using settle plate (culturebased) method. Five (5) locations were established for wet and dry season sampling which included Urban Center, Housing Estate, Local Residence, Open Market and Secretariat complex. Mean viable plate counts of heterotrophic bacteria ranged between 1.386 × 103 (wet season) and 2.018 × 103 (dry season) in Urban Center; 4.82 × 102 (wet season) and 9.64 × 102 (dry season) in Housing Estate; 4.22 × 102 (wet) and 1.476 × 103 (dry) in Local Residence; 1.386 × 103 (wet) and 2.470 × 103 (dry) in Open Market, and 7.23 × 102 (wet) and 1.024 × 103 (dry) in Secretariat Complex while the mean viable plate counts of heterotrophic fungi ranged between 9.94 × 102 (wet) and 1.777 × 103 (dry) in Urban Center; 1.054 × 103 (wet) and 1.265 × 103 (dry) in Housing Estate; 7.23 × 102 (wet) and 1.536 × 103 (dry) in Local Residence; 1.325 × 103 (wet) and 2.048 × 103 in Open Market, and 6.93 × 102 (wet) and 1.084 × 103 in Secretariat Complex. Bacteria isolated were Micrococcus nishinomiyaensi, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherischia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Serratia marcescens, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Shigella dysenteriae, Proteus vulgaris, Salmonella indica, Pediococcus acidilactici, Staphylococcus albus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Micrococcus roseus. The fungi isolated included Aspergillus glaucus, Geotricum sp., Verticillium sp., Pichia sp., Candida tropicalis, Phoma sorghina, Fusarium sp., Aspergillus niger, Absidia sp., Cladosporium carrionil, Candida albicans, Rhizopus oligosporus, Alterneria alternate, Botrytis cinerea, Aspergillus flavus, Epicoccum nigrum, Diplodia seriata, Aspergillus fumigates, Eurotium sp., Penicillium expansum, Sacchromyces cerevisiae, Monilia sp., Humicola sp., Cephalosporium sp., Aspergillus clavatus, Scopulariopsis sp., Penicillium italicum, Penicillium nalgiovense, Trichoderma viride and Moniliella acetoabutens. Bacillus subtilis showed 80% prevalence in both wet and dry seasons. The only fungal isolate that showed 100% prevalence during wet season was Aspergillus glaucus. Escherichia coli were encountered in the open market and urban center stations revealing the unsanitary status of the environment. Many of the microorganisms isolated have been implicated in various human ailments and their effects may be curtailed by adopting improved wastes management approaches in Uyo City Bio-aerosol concentration was found to be high in dry season than wet season. This is because of increase in suspended particulate matter in atmospheric air. The present study has provided evidence of microbial load in outdoor ambient air at different locations.","PeriodicalId":339780,"journal":{"name":"International Research Journal of Microbiology","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115410921","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Untreated abattoir effluent constitutes a reservoir for the spread of intestinal pathogens and Listeria species (though rarely considered), is one of such organisms. This study was therefore conducted to determine the status of these bacteria and others in abattoir effluent, in Lagos, Nigeria. Thirty samples of abattoir effluent were collected over a period of 6 weeks at the government central abattoir in Lagos, Nigeria. Each sample was serially diluted and pour-plated on Nutrient Agar, MacConkey Agar and Listeria Selective Agar. Mesophilic aerobic counts were enumerated. Isolated bacterial colonies were identified by standard methods and antimicrobial susceptibility test conducted using the disk diffusion technique. Heavy loads of Listeria species, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella, sp., Enterococcus faecalis, and Pseudomonas, aeruginosa, were isolated from all the samples. The antibiotic susceptibility pattern of these bacterial organisms revealed marked resistance to most of the antimicrobial agents tested. With the exception of Pseudomonas, there was no statistically significant difference between the antimicrobial resistance rate of Listeria and other bacteria isolates (P >0.05). The public health significance of these findings, particularly the abattoir effluent bacteria potential capability of transferring disease and antibiotic resistance to man, as well as the challenges posed to disease treatment was highlighted.
{"title":"Public health implication of Listeria species and other bacteria isolates of abattoir effluent in Lagos, Nigeria","authors":"Akano So, Moro Dd, Deji-Agboola Am, A. Oluwadun","doi":"10.14303/IRJM.2013.034","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14303/IRJM.2013.034","url":null,"abstract":"Untreated abattoir effluent constitutes a reservoir for the spread of intestinal pathogens and Listeria species (though rarely considered), is one of such organisms. This study was therefore conducted to determine the status of these bacteria and others in abattoir effluent, in Lagos, Nigeria. Thirty samples of abattoir effluent were collected over a period of 6 weeks at the government central abattoir in Lagos, Nigeria. Each sample was serially diluted and pour-plated on Nutrient Agar, MacConkey Agar and Listeria Selective Agar. Mesophilic aerobic counts were enumerated. Isolated bacterial colonies were identified by standard methods and antimicrobial susceptibility test conducted using the disk diffusion technique. Heavy loads of Listeria species, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella, sp., Enterococcus faecalis, and Pseudomonas, aeruginosa, were isolated from all the samples. The antibiotic susceptibility pattern of these bacterial organisms revealed marked resistance to most of the antimicrobial agents tested. With the exception of Pseudomonas, there was no statistically significant difference between the antimicrobial resistance rate of Listeria and other bacteria isolates (P >0.05). The public health significance of these findings, particularly the abattoir effluent bacteria potential capability of transferring disease and antibiotic resistance to man, as well as the challenges posed to disease treatment was highlighted.","PeriodicalId":339780,"journal":{"name":"International Research Journal of Microbiology","volume":"88 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115241147","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mycorrhizal associations are beneficial to plants and crop production because they enhance nutrient uptake especially phosphorus and micronutrients, such as zinc and copper. They also stimulate growth substances and may reduce stresses, diseases or pest attack. This study was carried out on sorghum genotypes that exhibited significant difference in growth and production on P-deficient soils. The objective was to find out if the genotypes developed different levels of mycorrhizal associations and tissue phosphorus. Results showed that plants in unfertilized soils developed extensive mycorrhizae than those in fertilized soils, no significant differences was observed in the extent of mycorrhizal development among cultivars grown in P-fertilized soils. The cultivars in unfertilized soils responded differently to mycorrhizal colonization, those with high level of mycorrhizal development increased growth compared to those that had low levels of mycorrhizal development in the unfertilized soils. The cultivars also responded differently to phosphorus concentration in their tissues. Phosphorus fertilizer apparently increased number of leaves and sorghum plant height. There was no relationship between phosphorus concentration in soil and level of mycorrhizal development though fertilizer significantly suppressed the level of mycorrhizal development in the plants.
{"title":"Mycorrhizal Development and Phosphorus Concentration in selected Kenyan Sorghum Cultivars","authors":"R. Brenda, N. Philip, M. Jacinta, O. Augustino","doi":"10.14303/IRJM.2014.023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14303/IRJM.2014.023","url":null,"abstract":"Mycorrhizal associations are beneficial to plants and crop production because they enhance nutrient uptake especially phosphorus and micronutrients, such as zinc and copper. They also stimulate growth substances and may reduce stresses, diseases or pest attack. This study was carried out on sorghum genotypes that exhibited significant difference in growth and production on P-deficient soils. The objective was to find out if the genotypes developed different levels of mycorrhizal associations and tissue phosphorus. Results showed that plants in unfertilized soils developed extensive mycorrhizae than those in fertilized soils, no significant differences was observed in the extent of mycorrhizal development among cultivars grown in P-fertilized soils. The cultivars in unfertilized soils responded differently to mycorrhizal colonization, those with high level of mycorrhizal development increased growth compared to those that had low levels of mycorrhizal development in the unfertilized soils. The cultivars also responded differently to phosphorus concentration in their tissues. Phosphorus fertilizer apparently increased number of leaves and sorghum plant height. There was no relationship between phosphorus concentration in soil and level of mycorrhizal development though fertilizer significantly suppressed the level of mycorrhizal development in the plants.","PeriodicalId":339780,"journal":{"name":"International Research Journal of Microbiology","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132798176","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ogunleye Akinlabi Oladele, Adetosoye Adeyemi Igbekele, S. Carlson
Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections is of public health concerns due to high morbidities and mortalities often occasioned by its multidrug resistant nature, particularly to drugs like fluoroquinolones and cephalosporin. Constant surveillance and tracking of its possible sources of transmission is therefore of epidemiological value. We screened 30 Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from oral and rectum swabs of rats captured from some poultry houses in Nigeria; identified by conventional bacteriological procedures and confirmed with 16S ribosomal RNA PCR assay, for their antibiotic susceptibilities to 10 commonly used antibiotics in Nigeria based on standard method. The fluoroquinolone resistant strain were subsequently screened for point mutation at the GyrA of the quinolone resistant determining region(QRDR) through DNA amplification and sequencing. They exhibited 100% resistance at breakpoint concentrations for; ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, sulfamethoxazole, chloramphenicol, streptomycin and ampicillin. The 4/30(13.33%) fluoroquinolone resistant isolates displayed a high MICs ranges between 32μg/mL to 128μg/mL and one had 1 point mutation. This work shows that rat can be a source of transmission for drug resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa along the poultry value chain in Nigeria. There is an urgent need for public health education on the health risk associated with the possible transmission of these organism in Nigeria.
{"title":"Rats as possible agents of antibiotic resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa transmission through poultry in Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria","authors":"Ogunleye Akinlabi Oladele, Adetosoye Adeyemi Igbekele, S. Carlson","doi":"10.14303/irjm.2015.140","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14303/irjm.2015.140","url":null,"abstract":"Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections is of public health concerns due to high morbidities and mortalities often occasioned by its multidrug resistant nature, particularly to drugs like fluoroquinolones and cephalosporin. Constant surveillance and tracking of its possible sources of transmission is therefore of epidemiological value. We screened 30 Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from oral and rectum swabs of rats captured from some poultry houses in Nigeria; identified by conventional bacteriological procedures and confirmed with 16S ribosomal RNA PCR assay, for their antibiotic susceptibilities to 10 commonly used antibiotics in Nigeria based on standard method. The fluoroquinolone resistant strain were subsequently screened for point mutation at the GyrA of the quinolone resistant determining region(QRDR) through DNA amplification and sequencing. They exhibited 100% resistance at breakpoint concentrations for; ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, sulfamethoxazole, chloramphenicol, streptomycin and ampicillin. The 4/30(13.33%) fluoroquinolone resistant isolates displayed a high MICs ranges between 32μg/mL to 128μg/mL and one had 1 point mutation. This work shows that rat can be a source of transmission for drug resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa along the poultry value chain in Nigeria. There is an urgent need for public health education on the health risk associated with the possible transmission of these organism in Nigeria.","PeriodicalId":339780,"journal":{"name":"International Research Journal of Microbiology","volume":"519 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123124455","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
One hundred and eighty one (181) food handlers working in 12 small food businesses in Abeokuta North Local Government were surveyed to assess their personal hygienic practices while handling food. The study also isolated and identified enteric bacteria from the stool samples of the food handlers. A cross sectional study was conducted among the food handlers using a pre-tested structured questionnaire. Of the 181 food handlers, 30.9% normally work with long fingernails, 77.4% wear jewelry and 39.5% chew gum while handling food. Also, 90.1% and 31.5% of the food handlers respectively does not wear gloves or apron when handling food. Few of the food handlers (14.3%) wash their hands at the commencement of each day’s work; 19.3% wash hands after every visit to the toilet and 13.2% usually washed their hands each time they blow their nose or when hair, nose or mouth is touched. The enteric bacteria isolated from the food handlers and their frequency of occurrence are: Eschericia coli (17.7%); Klebsiella oxytoca (7.7%); Salmonella spp (5.5%); Citrobacter freundii (4.4%), Enterobacter cloacae (2.8%); Pseudomonas aeruginosa (8.3%) and Proteus mirabilis (4.4%). There is an immediate need for education and increasing awareness among food handlers regarding safe food handling practices.
{"title":"Assessment of the hygienic practices and the incidence of enteric bacteria in food handlers in small businesses in an urban area in Abeokuta","authors":"Omemu Adebukunola Mobolaji, Oloyede Folake Olubunmi","doi":"10.14303/IRJM.2014.015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14303/IRJM.2014.015","url":null,"abstract":"One hundred and eighty one (181) food handlers working in 12 small food businesses in Abeokuta North Local Government were surveyed to assess their personal hygienic practices while handling food. The study also isolated and identified enteric bacteria from the stool samples of the food handlers. A cross sectional study was conducted among the food handlers using a pre-tested structured questionnaire. Of the 181 food handlers, 30.9% normally work with long fingernails, 77.4% wear jewelry and 39.5% chew gum while handling food. Also, 90.1% and 31.5% of the food handlers respectively does not wear gloves or apron when handling food. Few of the food handlers (14.3%) wash their hands at the commencement of each day’s work; 19.3% wash hands after every visit to the toilet and 13.2% usually washed their hands each time they blow their nose or when hair, nose or mouth is touched. The enteric bacteria isolated from the food handlers and their frequency of occurrence are: Eschericia coli (17.7%); Klebsiella oxytoca (7.7%); Salmonella spp (5.5%); Citrobacter freundii (4.4%), Enterobacter cloacae (2.8%); Pseudomonas aeruginosa (8.3%) and Proteus mirabilis (4.4%). There is an immediate need for education and increasing awareness among food handlers regarding safe food handling practices.","PeriodicalId":339780,"journal":{"name":"International Research Journal of Microbiology","volume":"43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124276591","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study assessed the prevalence and antibiogram of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli O157:H7 from Diarrhoeic HIV/AIDS Patients in Lafia, Central Nigeria. E. coli O157:H7 from stools of consenting HIV/AIDS patients were isolated by culture based, biochemical and serological assays. Confirmed isolates were tested for their susceptibility to commonly used antimicrobial agents using the disk diffusion method as described by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). The prevalence of E. coli O157:H7 from Diarrhoeic HIV/AIDS patients was 1.9% of which 33.3% and 66.7% were from males and females respectively. The cumulative antibiotic resistance frequency of the isolates was 56.7%. All the 3(100%) E. coli O157:H7 isolates were resistant to Amoxicillin and Augmentin, 2(66.7%) to Cotrimoxazole, Sparfloxacin, Ofloxacin and Streptomycin. The isolates showed lower frequencies of resistance to Chloramphenicol (33.3%), Ciprofloxacin (33.3%), Gentamicin (33.3%), and Pefloxacin (0.0%). Resistance phenotypes recorded were: Cotrimoxazole-Chloramphenicol- Spafloxacin-Ciprofloxacin-Amoxicillin-Augmentin-Streptomycin; Spafloxacin-Amoxicillin-Augmentin- Gentamicin-Ofloxacin and Cotrimoxazole-Amoxicillin-Augmentin-Ofloxacin-Streptomycin with the same frequency (33.3%). There was joint resistance of E. coli O157:H7 isolates to almost all antibiotics tested, with the Multiple Antibiotic Resistance (MAR) index of 0.5 and 0.7 which indicates that these isolates were exposed to these antimicrobial agents. The high degree of antibiotic resistance and MAR indices suggests the need for continuous surveillance of antimicrobial resistance trends in immunocompromised patients who are highly susceptible to opportunistic infections with Shiga Toxin- Producing E. coli O157:H7.
{"title":"Isolation and Antibiogram of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli O157:H7 from Diarrhoeic HIV/AIDS Patients in Lafia, Central Nigeria","authors":"Reuben., Gyar","doi":"10.14303/IRJM.2015.135","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14303/IRJM.2015.135","url":null,"abstract":"This study assessed the prevalence and antibiogram of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli O157:H7 from Diarrhoeic HIV/AIDS Patients in Lafia, Central Nigeria. E. coli O157:H7 from stools of consenting HIV/AIDS patients were isolated by culture based, biochemical and serological assays. Confirmed isolates were tested for their susceptibility to commonly used antimicrobial agents using the disk diffusion method as described by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). The prevalence of E. coli O157:H7 from Diarrhoeic HIV/AIDS patients was 1.9% of which 33.3% and 66.7% were from males and females respectively. The cumulative antibiotic resistance frequency of the isolates was 56.7%. All the 3(100%) E. coli O157:H7 isolates were resistant to Amoxicillin and Augmentin, 2(66.7%) to Cotrimoxazole, Sparfloxacin, Ofloxacin and Streptomycin. The isolates showed lower frequencies of resistance to Chloramphenicol (33.3%), Ciprofloxacin (33.3%), Gentamicin (33.3%), and Pefloxacin (0.0%). Resistance phenotypes recorded were: Cotrimoxazole-Chloramphenicol- Spafloxacin-Ciprofloxacin-Amoxicillin-Augmentin-Streptomycin; Spafloxacin-Amoxicillin-Augmentin- Gentamicin-Ofloxacin and Cotrimoxazole-Amoxicillin-Augmentin-Ofloxacin-Streptomycin with the same frequency (33.3%). There was joint resistance of E. coli O157:H7 isolates to almost all antibiotics tested, with the Multiple Antibiotic Resistance (MAR) index of 0.5 and 0.7 which indicates that these isolates were exposed to these antimicrobial agents. The high degree of antibiotic resistance and MAR indices suggests the need for continuous surveillance of antimicrobial resistance trends in immunocompromised patients who are highly susceptible to opportunistic infections with Shiga Toxin- Producing E. coli O157:H7.","PeriodicalId":339780,"journal":{"name":"International Research Journal of Microbiology","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130383351","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study sought to demonstrate the optimization of Streptokinase Production. Enzyme production was monitored during the growth of both Streptococcus pyogenes and Streptococcus equisimilis in different media. Adjustment of the pH for culture media of S. pyogenes and S. equisimilis, every 12 hours during incubation, significantly increased the enzyme production levels, when both microbes were grown on Strep-base medium. The best carbon source for streptokinase production was glucose of both S. pyogenes and S. equisimilis, while mannitol and sorbitol were found to be improper carbon sources. Yeast extract, and casein could be used as the primary source of organic nitrogen for streptokinase production, when the microbes were allowed to grow on Strep-base medium. The highest levels of the enzyme production were obtained with 1.5 % (w/v) tryptone and 1.5 % (w/v) casein for S. equisimilis and S. pyogenes, respectively. Detection of streptokinase produced was by the common casein digestion method and by the more sensitive chromozym substrate digestion method. Moreover, the enzyme was assayed electrochemically using the protamine-sensitive electrode to compare different methods of detection. Results obtained from electrochemical method were very close to that obtained with other methods. These results offer alternative and reliable method for streptokinase detection during microbial growth. It provides a faster and less expensive technique for streptokinase determination especially when there is a need to detect the enzyme in turbid media.
{"title":"In vitro detection and optimization of streptokinase production by two streptococcal strains in a relatively low cost growth medium","authors":"M. El-Mongy, T. Taha","doi":"10.21608/ejm.2012.251","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21608/ejm.2012.251","url":null,"abstract":"This study sought to demonstrate the optimization of Streptokinase Production. Enzyme production was monitored during the growth of both Streptococcus pyogenes and Streptococcus equisimilis in different media. Adjustment of the pH for culture media of S. pyogenes and S. equisimilis, every 12 hours during incubation, significantly increased the enzyme production levels, when both microbes were grown on Strep-base medium. The best carbon source for streptokinase production was glucose of both S. pyogenes and S. equisimilis, while mannitol and sorbitol were found to be improper carbon sources. Yeast extract, and casein could be used as the primary source of organic nitrogen for streptokinase production, when the microbes were allowed to grow on Strep-base medium. The highest levels of the enzyme production were obtained with 1.5 % (w/v) tryptone and 1.5 % (w/v) casein for S. equisimilis and S. pyogenes, respectively. Detection of streptokinase produced was by the common casein digestion method and by the more sensitive chromozym substrate digestion method. Moreover, the enzyme was assayed electrochemically using the protamine-sensitive electrode to compare different methods of detection. Results obtained from electrochemical method were very close to that obtained with other methods. These results offer alternative and reliable method for streptokinase detection during microbial growth. It provides a faster and less expensive technique for streptokinase determination especially when there is a need to detect the enzyme in turbid media.","PeriodicalId":339780,"journal":{"name":"International Research Journal of Microbiology","volume":"42 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128714858","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Effect of pig dung enriched with selected crop wastes for the production of biogas was investigated. Bean husks, peels of yam, cassava and plantain were processed with fresh dung of pig in a combined ratio of 1:4 (crop wastes: pig dung); on wet weight basis. The mixture was digested for 16 days. Bacterial, fungal and yeast burden in the biogas ranged from 1.5 x 1011cfu/ml to 3.5 x 1011cfu/ml, 0.8 x 107sfu/ml to 1.4 x 107sfu/ml and 1.8 x 107sfu/ml to 2.4 x 107sfu/ml respectively. The pH of the digesting materials ranged from 5.2 to 7.1 in which the pH initially decreased and subsequently increased as the digestion progressed. Temperature range of 26oC - 34 oC was recorded during the digestion process. The gas yield ranged from 85.5mmH2O to 314.5mmH2O. The chemical analysis of biogas evolved from the mixture of pig dung and selected crop wastes was 70.6% for CH4, 13.2% for NH3, 5.3% for H2S, 4.7% for CO2 and trace of other unknown gases which were found to be low. It was observed that the quantity of the pig dung and the mixture of the selected crop wastes fed into the digester had significant effect on the biogas generated (< 0.05). Therefore, the utilization of pig dung and the selected crop wastes for the production of biogas is of dual benefits. It serves as waste reduction strategy to improve the environment while the residue from the digester has fertilizing value which can be used as soil conditioner
{"title":"Enrichment of pig dung with selected crop wastes for the production of biogas","authors":"O. Okareh, A.T.Adeolu, O. Shittu","doi":"10.14303/IRJM.2012.093","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14303/IRJM.2012.093","url":null,"abstract":"Effect of pig dung enriched with selected crop wastes for the production of biogas was investigated. Bean husks, peels of yam, cassava and plantain were processed with fresh dung of pig in a combined ratio of 1:4 (crop wastes: pig dung); on wet weight basis. The mixture was digested for 16 days. Bacterial, fungal and yeast burden in the biogas ranged from 1.5 x 1011cfu/ml to 3.5 x 1011cfu/ml, 0.8 x 107sfu/ml to 1.4 x 107sfu/ml and 1.8 x 107sfu/ml to 2.4 x 107sfu/ml respectively. The pH of the digesting materials ranged from 5.2 to 7.1 in which the pH initially decreased and subsequently increased as the digestion progressed. Temperature range of 26oC - 34 oC was recorded during the digestion process. The gas yield ranged from 85.5mmH2O to 314.5mmH2O. The chemical analysis of biogas evolved from the mixture of pig dung and selected crop wastes was 70.6% for CH4, 13.2% for NH3, 5.3% for H2S, 4.7% for CO2 and trace of other unknown gases which were found to be low. It was observed that the quantity of the pig dung and the mixture of the selected crop wastes fed into the digester had significant effect on the biogas generated (< 0.05). Therefore, the utilization of pig dung and the selected crop wastes for the production of biogas is of dual benefits. It serves as waste reduction strategy to improve the environment while the residue from the digester has fertilizing value which can be used as soil conditioner","PeriodicalId":339780,"journal":{"name":"International Research Journal of Microbiology","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126899574","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This is the first study of seasonal prevalence of parasitic infections over a period of 18 years in an urban/suburban setting anywhere in the world. We examined parasitological test results of 7766 fecal specimens from 3883 patients in the Los Angeles County, from 1996 to 2013 tested at Parasitology Center, Inc. (PCI), Scottsdale, Arizona. During this period, 1629 (41%) of patients were found infected with one or more protozoan parasites. The most prevalent parasites were Blastocystis hominis (19%), Entamoeba histolytica / E. dispar (6%), E. hartmanni (6%), and Cryptosporidium parvum (5%). Blastocystis hominis made up 45% of all infections. The prevalence of infections with Blastocystis hominis showed progressive decline through 2013. The reverse pattern was observed in infections with C. parvum. Infections with B. hominis were more prevalent in the cold months and lowest in August and September. Infections with C. parvum were most prevalent from March to June and lowest in August. The overall monthly prevalence rates for all protozoan parasites varied between 34% in August and 51% in February. An interpretation of the above findings is provided. Notable similarities and differences from other studies are noted, especially regarding the composition of the parasitic fauna diagnosed, annual prevalence rates, and seasonality.
{"title":"The changing pattern of enteric protozoan infections in the Los Angeles area between 1996 and 2013","authors":"karim O. Amin, O. Amin","doi":"10.14303/IRJM.2014.030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14303/IRJM.2014.030","url":null,"abstract":"This is the first study of seasonal prevalence of parasitic infections over a period of 18 years in an urban/suburban setting anywhere in the world. We examined parasitological test results of 7766 fecal specimens from 3883 patients in the Los Angeles County, from 1996 to 2013 tested at Parasitology Center, Inc. (PCI), Scottsdale, Arizona. During this period, 1629 (41%) of patients were found infected with one or more protozoan parasites. The most prevalent parasites were Blastocystis hominis (19%), Entamoeba histolytica / E. dispar (6%), E. hartmanni (6%), and Cryptosporidium parvum (5%). Blastocystis hominis made up 45% of all infections. The prevalence of infections with Blastocystis hominis showed progressive decline through 2013. The reverse pattern was observed in infections with C. parvum. Infections with B. hominis were more prevalent in the cold months and lowest in August and September. Infections with C. parvum were most prevalent from March to June and lowest in August. The overall monthly prevalence rates for all protozoan parasites varied between 34% in August and 51% in February. An interpretation of the above findings is provided. Notable similarities and differences from other studies are noted, especially regarding the composition of the parasitic fauna diagnosed, annual prevalence rates, and seasonality.","PeriodicalId":339780,"journal":{"name":"International Research Journal of Microbiology","volume":"240 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126754998","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Helmyati, Fauziah Oktavira Hayati Fahrudin, Noortifauziah, Endri Yuliati, M. Darussalam
To analyze the influence of dual fortifications of fe and zn in synbiotic fermented milk on the levels of acidity (pH) and the total of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) during the storage periode. Synbiotic fermented milk was made from local isolate Lactobacillus plantarum Dad 13-Fructooligosaccharide, then classified into 3 groups, namely: 1) no fortification (NF), 2) fortified with NaFeEDTA and zinc acetate (NZ), and 3) fortified with fe gluconate and zinc acetate (FZ). The ratio of fe and zn was 100 ppm: 50 ppm. pH value of those three kinds of synbiotic fermented milk increased in the first week and tended to decrease in the final week of storage but not significantly different (p > 0.05). There was no significant difference of total LAB (p > 0.05) during storage. Fortification of fe and zn did not affect both pH and LAB of synbiotic fermented milk during periods of four-week storage. Dual fortifications of fe and zn can be applied in synbiotic fermented milk, as a potential way to combat anemia.
{"title":"The effect of dual fortifications of fe and zn in synbiotic fermented milk ( Lactobacillus plantarum Dad13- fructooligosaccharide) on the levels of acidity (pH) and the total of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) during storage","authors":"S. Helmyati, Fauziah Oktavira Hayati Fahrudin, Noortifauziah, Endri Yuliati, M. Darussalam","doi":"10.14303/IRJM.2014.031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14303/IRJM.2014.031","url":null,"abstract":"To analyze the influence of dual fortifications of fe and zn in synbiotic fermented milk on the levels of acidity (pH) and the total of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) during the storage periode. Synbiotic fermented milk was made from local isolate Lactobacillus plantarum Dad 13-Fructooligosaccharide, then classified into 3 groups, namely: 1) no fortification (NF), 2) fortified with NaFeEDTA and zinc acetate (NZ), and 3) fortified with fe gluconate and zinc acetate (FZ). The ratio of fe and zn was 100 ppm: 50 ppm. pH value of those three kinds of synbiotic fermented milk increased in the first week and tended to decrease in the final week of storage but not significantly different (p > 0.05). There was no significant difference of total LAB (p > 0.05) during storage. Fortification of fe and zn did not affect both pH and LAB of synbiotic fermented milk during periods of four-week storage. Dual fortifications of fe and zn can be applied in synbiotic fermented milk, as a potential way to combat anemia.","PeriodicalId":339780,"journal":{"name":"International Research Journal of Microbiology","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133700875","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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