International Journal of Multiphase Flow最新文献

{"title":"Numerical modeling of coalescence of two equal-sized droplets coated with particles","authors":"Hanlin Zhou ,&nbsp;Ningjing Mao ,&nbsp;Yong Liu ,&nbsp;Hong Liang ,&nbsp;Haihu Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.ijmultiphaseflow.2025.105554","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijmultiphaseflow.2025.105554","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Coalescence dynamics of two equal-sized droplets coated with a fixed number of particles is numerically investigated using the lattice Boltzmann color-gradient model coupled with particle dynamics. By varying particle distribution range, we first show that the addition of particles can retard droplet deformation, and even in the absence of particles in the growth region of liquid bridge, more particles distributed at the axial ends of droplets significantly hinder droplet deformation. This is mainly because high kinetic energy region, which is concentrated at the axial ends of the droplet, is inhibited by particles in this region. We then vary the viscosity ratio of ambient fluid to droplet and find that for a moderate viscosity ratio, decreasing the particle distribution range causes the droplet oscillation mode to shift from critically damped to overdamped. In the under-damped mode, droplets are able to reach steady state earlier with a decrease in particle distribution range, while an opposite trend is observed in the overdamped mode. We also demonstrate that in addition to introducing particles, the reduction of particle distribution range equally contributes to increasing apparent viscosity of the ambient fluid. Finally, it is found that as the contact angle decreases, the damping ratio of droplet oscillations increases due to increased viscous dissipations and thus the maximum kinetic energy that the droplet can achieve decreases. As the particle distribution range increases, the effect of particles on droplet oscillations weakens, gradually making total kinetic energy and droplet deformation evolution curves for different contact angles indistinguishable.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":339,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Multiphase Flow","volume":"195 ","pages":"Article 105554"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145569382","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Numerical investigation on the effect of physical properties of alternative fuels on in-nozzle cavitation in a full-scale injector for a two-stroke marine engine","authors":"Nicolai Arent Quist ,&nbsp;Simon Matlok ,&nbsp;Stefan Sajin-Henningsen ,&nbsp;Kar Mun Pang ,&nbsp;Thomas Schaldemose Norman ,&nbsp;Stefan Mayer ,&nbsp;Jens Honoré Walther","doi":"10.1016/j.ijmultiphaseflow.2025.105523","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijmultiphaseflow.2025.105523","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A large-eddy simulation (LES) coupled with the volume-of-fluid (VOF) method and different cavitation growth models are employed to investigate the effect of physical properties of methanol and ammonia fuel on in-nozzle cavitation in a full-scale dual-hole fuel injector of a large marine two-stroke engine. The numerical approach is evaluated for hydraulic oil using particle image velocimetry (PIV) measurements and shadowgraph images from experiments with a transparent replica of the nozzle. The LES results show an accurate prediction of mass flow rates at different cavitation numbers with discrepancies less than 5% in the transition region between non-choked and choked flow conditions. The qualitative appearance of cavitation formation resembles the shadowgraph images at two different cavitation numbers. At the cavitation number of 1.3, a good agreement on transverse velocity profiles is seen between the LES results and PIV measurements, while at a higher cavitation number of 2.1, discrepancies are seen in regions where cavitation structures exist. Subsequently, the effects of non-isothermal physical properties of two alternative fuels, methanol and ammonia, are investigated and compared to <span><math><mi>n</mi></math></span>-dodecane. A thermodynamic cooling effect is seen for methanol and ammonia due to a lower critical temperature and higher latent heat of vaporization. Two different cavitation growth rates, an inertia-controlled and a thermal-diffusion controlled, are evaluated for all three fuels and the results suggest that ammonia fuel is limited by thermal effects. Finally, a comparison of wall heat transfer for all three fuels shows that the heat transfer rates of methanol and ammonia are approximately two- and sevenfold compared to that of <span><math><mi>n</mi></math></span>-dodecane, respectively, with the highest heat flux in the proximity of the cavitation region where liquid is attached to the wall.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":339,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Multiphase Flow","volume":"195 ","pages":"Article 105523"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145517911","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A model for evaluating the amplitude of pressure wave impacts generated by the collapse of bubble cluster near a solid wall","authors":"Di Zhao ,&nbsp;Yang Li ,&nbsp;Fuqiang Deng ,&nbsp;Lingxin Zhang ,&nbsp;Xinsheng Cheng","doi":"10.1016/j.ijmultiphaseflow.2025.105533","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijmultiphaseflow.2025.105533","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cavitation-induced erosion in underwater structures is primarily attributed to the high pressures generated during the collapse of cavitation bubbles. To explore the mechanisms of these pressure impacts, this study presents a detailed three-dimensional numerical study on the collapse of bubble clusters near a solid wall and put forward a model for the pressure wave impact evaluation. Simulations are performed on the OpenFOAM platform utilizing a direct numerical simulation approach. The Volume of Fluid (VOF) method is employed to accurately capture the interface between the two phases. The results show that the collapse of bubble clusters near the wall displays an asynchronous layer-by-layer collapse pattern. The wall is subjected to several pressure wave impacts, with the most significant arising from the pressure wave released after the complete collapse of the bubble cluster. The jet also impacts the wall when the standoff distance <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>γ</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>c</mi></mrow></msub></math></span> is small enough. At high vapor volume fractions, parametric studies reveal that the pressure wave impact induced by 5-layer bubble clusters is independent of the radius of the internal bubbles <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>R</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub></math></span>, and increases exponentially with driving pressure <span><math><mrow><mi>Δ</mi><msup><mrow><mi>p</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>5</mn><mo>∼</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>6</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></math></span>. Within the range of <span><math><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>γ</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>c</mi></mrow></msub><mo>=</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>∼</mo><mn>3</mn></mrow></math></span>, the pressure wave impact can be considered proportional to <span><math><msubsup><mrow><mi>γ</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>c</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>6</mn><mo>∼</mo><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>5</mn></mrow></msubsup></math></span>. And the pressure wave impact increases linearly with volume fraction <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>α</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>v</mi></mrow></msub></math></span> when <span><math><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>α</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>v</mi></mrow></msub><mo>&gt;</mo></mrow></math></span>0.238. We derived a theoretical formula for evaluating the amplitude of the pressure wave impact during bubble cluster collapse through the energy conversion mechanism. Moreover, The arrangements in dense spherical clusters have little effect on pressure wave impact at large stand-off distances, but become considerable when the cluster is very close to the wall, especially in sparse clusters. The geometric symmetry of bubble clusters may also exert a significant influence on the pressure wave impacts. This study can provide valuable insights for predicting cavitation damage for engineering applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":339,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Multiphase Flow","volume":"195 ","pages":"Article 105533"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145517912","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"On the effects of ventilation rate and Froude number on air-layer drag reduction over an axisymmetric underwater vehicle","authors":"Xiaohan Zheng ,&nbsp;Zhijun Zhang ,&nbsp;Guohua Tu ,&nbsp;Chengwang Xiong ,&nbsp;Muyang Wang ,&nbsp;Shiping Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.ijmultiphaseflow.2025.105527","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijmultiphaseflow.2025.105527","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The aim of this study is to investigate the impact of Froude number, ventilation rate, and ventilation slit size on air-layer drag reduction (ALDR) in an axisymmetric underwater vehicle. Experiments were carried out in a recirculating water tunnel with a scaled-down SUBOFF submarine model, and the results were compared with numerical simulations performed using OpenFOAM. Five distinct air-layer morphologies are identified, distinguished by their symmetry and wake stability, which result in structures ranging from stable, symmetric layers to unstable, foam-like formations. The formation of these morphologies is governed by the interplay between buoyancy and inertia, with an increasing Froude number enhancing inertial forces over buoyancy to promote a transition from asymmetric to symmetric layers, while the ventilation rate primarily dictates the air layer coverage and the onset of instability. Moreover, larger slit sizes promote the formation of longer and thicker air layers, yet increased instability is observed at excessive ventilation rates. Optimal drag reduction occurs when low Froude numbers are paired with moderate ventilation rates, thereby facilitating the formation of a continuous and stable air layer. With further increases in ventilation rates, although wall shear stress is reduced over most of the surface, boundary layer separation is significantly enhanced, with a low-pressure region forming at the tail that considerably increases pressure drag. Consequently, the net drag reduction is weaker than expected at very high ventilation rates.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":339,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Multiphase Flow","volume":"195 ","pages":"Article 105527"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145517913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High throughput measurement of bubble coalescence times using digital millifluidics","authors":"Ange Combrouze ,&nbsp;Alexandra Klimenko ,&nbsp;Nicolas Passade-Boupat ,&nbsp;Pascal Panizza ,&nbsp;François Lequeux ,&nbsp;Laurence Talini ,&nbsp;Emilie Verneuil","doi":"10.1016/j.ijmultiphaseflow.2025.105544","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijmultiphaseflow.2025.105544","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Foams may form in oil mixtures, such as lubricants, as a result of air entrainment. The long lifetimes of those foams significantly impair the thermal properties of lubricants and increase power losses by engines (<span><span>Zhan et al., 2022</span></span>). In order to improve the efficiency of lubricants, we offer here to gain insights in the stability of bubbles in binary mixtures of miscible oils as a function of bubble size and liquid composition. To do so, using a micro-millifluidic set-up, we control the formation of bubbles in oil mixtures and study variations in their coalescence time. The set-up allows to easily vary the curvature of the bubbles over one decade, perform statistics over a large number of coalescence events and measure coalescence times that span more than three orders of magnitude.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":339,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Multiphase Flow","volume":"195 ","pages":"Article 105544"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145569377","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental evidence of a double recirculation within the skirt of a skirt bubble","authors":"Mithun Ravisankar ,&nbsp;Dongyue Wang ,&nbsp;Omer Atasi ,&nbsp;Dominique Legendre ,&nbsp;Roberto Zenit","doi":"10.1016/j.ijmultiphaseflow.2025.105530","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijmultiphaseflow.2025.105530","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We investigate the dynamics of freely rising bubbles for a range of Eötvös and Morton numbers where a distinct skirt appears. This regime has not been studied in detail through experiments since the late 1970s. Using modern flow visualization techniques, such as high-speed photography and particle image velocimetry (PIV), we gain new insights by analyzing bubble shapes, terminal velocities, and drag forces, and compare our results with recent Direct Numerical Simulations (DNS) of skirt bubble behavior. Our findings confirm the existence of a maximum skirt length, beyond which the skirt becomes unstable. Notably, for the first time in experiments, we provide evidence of a secondary toroidal vortex inside the bubble skirt, observed in a moving frame of reference in agreement with the predictions from DNS.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":339,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Multiphase Flow","volume":"195 ","pages":"Article 105530"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145517814","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High-energy droplet collisions in multi-interacting hollow cone sprays","authors":"Narendra Dev ,&nbsp;Varun Kulkarni ,&nbsp;Sivakumar Deivandren","doi":"10.1016/j.ijmultiphaseflow.2025.105525","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijmultiphaseflow.2025.105525","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Droplets collide in several complex spray environments ranging from sea sprays to combustion chambers, altering their size and velocity characteristics. The present work offers a systematic investigation of such collisions within the interacting region formed by three hollow-cone sprays, termed the combined spray, at two elevated liquid sheet Weber numbers (<span><math><mrow><mi>W</mi><mspace></mspace><msub><mrow><mi>e</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>l</mi></mrow></msub></mrow></math></span>). The integrated analysis employs Phase Doppler Interferometry (PDI) and microscopic high-speed backlit imaging to characterize the collision dynamics. PDI indicates a notable reduction (11%–15%) in Sauter Mean Diameter (SMD) at the onset of the interaction region. Images reveal frequent, high-energy droplet collisions, capturing structures associated with binary collision outcomes, namely <em>reflexive and stretching separations</em>, <em>splashing</em>, <em>fingering</em>, and <em>stretching with digitations</em>, along with complex <em>multi-droplet collisions</em>. These collisions produce numerous smaller satellite droplets at the expense of larger parent droplets, leading to a decrease in local SMD. Increasing <span><math><mrow><mi>W</mi><mspace></mspace><msub><mrow><mi>e</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>l</mi></mrow></msub></mrow></math></span> elevates the frequency of these outcomes, particularly highlighting <em>stretching separation</em> as the dominant mechanism. Furthermore, joint probability density functions from PDI and image-based analysis confirm that most satellite droplets predominantly exhibit axial motion, in contrast to the initial trajectories of parent droplets. The satellite droplets continue to move downstream, colliding with others, resulting in a cascade effect, producing finer droplets. Rescaled droplet size distributions, normalized by mean droplet diameter, are broader in the combined spray due to enhanced size reduction from collisions. These distributions are well captured by the compound gamma distribution, reflecting ligament-mediated breakup dynamics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":339,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Multiphase Flow","volume":"195 ","pages":"Article 105525"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145517923","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Volume-of-Fluid simulations of multiphase flows with high surface tension and curvature using a tensile force method with pressure jump correction","authors":"Dennis P.L. Thuy-Petrov ,&nbsp;Niels G. Deen ,&nbsp;Joris J.C. Remmers ,&nbsp;Giulia Finotello","doi":"10.1016/j.ijmultiphaseflow.2025.105535","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijmultiphaseflow.2025.105535","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Accurate modeling of surface tension forces in Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations of multiphase flow is crucial for applications such as droplet formation and jet breakup, especially for interfaces with high surface tension and curvature. This work integrates a Tensile Force (TF) method in a geometric Volume-of-Fluid (VOF) solver. Unlike the Continuum Surface Force (CSF) model, the TF method calculates the surface tension force directly at the interface location, thus reducing the smearing of the force around the interface. Combination with a Pressure Jump Correction (PJC) further reduces the magnitude of the forces at the interface. This lowers the intensity of problematic spurious currents and allows the simulation of multiphase flows with high surface tension and curvature, which is typically challenging for the CSF method. We validate the TF method through several simulation test cases. Results show that the TF method reduces spurious velocities by an order of magnitude compared to the CSF model. The TF accurately models capillary instability in cases where the CSF model fails. Additionally, the TF model is combined with Adaptive Mesh Refinement (AMR) and Large Eddy Simulation (LES) to simulate droplet breakup. Typical features of the bag-breakup regime are successfully reproduced. Diameters and velocities of secondary droplets are predicted with reasonable agreement to experimental data. Simulation of primary breakup of a liquid aluminium jet in the gas atomization process demonstrates the TF model in industrially relevant conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":339,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Multiphase Flow","volume":"195 ","pages":"Article 105535"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145568895","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genocchi wavelet method for the Stefan problem with dual moving interfaces","authors":"Kalpana Kumari,&nbsp;Jaya Joshi,&nbsp;Rajeev","doi":"10.1016/j.ijmultiphaseflow.2025.105503","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijmultiphaseflow.2025.105503","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper addresses a two phase non-linear solidification process characterized by convective initial boundary condition, internal heat generation and surface radiation effects which arise in numerous thermal processes. We considered that the thermal properties such as thermal conductivity, specific heat and speed of phase change materials (PCM) are linearly varying with temperature. This leads to a highly non-linear problem in both solid and mushy zones. We employed the Genocchi wavelet collocation method to solve this complex moving interface problem. We defined the Genocchi Wavelet in interval [a, b], where (<span><math><mrow><mi>a</mi><mo>≠</mo><mi>b</mi></mrow></math></span>) with suitable transformations to approximate the solution of phase change model with moving domains. The temperature fields and interface locations are approximated by truncated Genocchi wavelet series. The collocation at appropriate collocation points leads to a system of nonlinear algebraic equations, which are solved numerically to obtain results for temperature distribution and moving phase separation fronts during the solidification process. The exact solution of this problem does not exist. Thus, the results obtained from this method are compared with analytical solution and solution obtained from finite difference method in a special case. The efficiency and accuracy of the proposed method is discussed, which shows that it is suitable for solving the advanced phase change systems under realistic thermal conditions. We explored the influence of convective boundary parameter, radiation parameter, internal heat generation rate,temperature dependent specific heat, speed of PCM and thermal conductivity in accelerating or delaying the phase-change process. It is observed that the specific heat as a function of temperature flow enhances the completion speed of the solidification process. The dimensionless parameter related to the radiation also contributes to the acceleration of the operational time of the solidification process.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":339,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Multiphase Flow","volume":"195 ","pages":"Article 105503"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145464011","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Applied machine learning for adiabatic gas–liquid flow pattern prediction in small diameter circular tubes: Effect of dimensionality reduction","authors":"Elham Mollaie,&nbsp;Rasool Mohammadi,&nbsp;Mohammad Ali Akhavan-Behabadi,&nbsp;Behrang Sajadi","doi":"10.1016/j.ijmultiphaseflow.2025.105508","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijmultiphaseflow.2025.105508","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study attempts to establish versatile models, based on 30 flow pattern maps available in literature, employing machine learning (ML) methods, within range of database parameters, for adiabatic gas–liquid flow inside small-diameter tubes, from 0.53 to 5.16 mm. Support vector machines (SVM), artificial neural networks (ANN), and histogram-based gradient boosting (HGB) techniques are applied on two separate sets of carefully engineered input features, one with physical dimensional and one with dimensionless parameters, to see if dimensional reduction helps with providing better-performing models. The model training and testing procedure is conducted under a cross-validated study aiming to maximize the performance metric during hyperparameter tuning. The average accuracy of SVM, ANN, and HGB on test sets of data is reported as 0.9284, 0.9240, and 0.9620, respectively based on dimensional features. As for the dimensionless set, in the same order, values of 0.9115, 0.9115, and 0.9583 are obtained, indicating superior performance of HGB, along with acceptable results of ANN and SVM models. ANN models demonstrated faster prediction times than SVM and HGB, which makes ANN models more favorable for high-quantity prediction procedures. HGB models showed more robustness, while the SVM models showed the most prediction uncertainty amongst the models. Also, to visualize the model’s performance, several flow pattern maps are reconstructed with all models. Overall, due to the variety of flow behavior types in the database, employing sets of dimensionless numbers does not secure developing more general models and the performance for different input feature sets is roughly on par.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":339,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Multiphase Flow","volume":"195 ","pages":"Article 105508"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145464111","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}