International Journal of Multiphase Flow最新文献

Impact of water droplet on oil films suspended over water bath: Crater and jet dynamics 水滴对悬浮在水浴上的油膜的影响：陨石坑和射流动力学

IF 3.8 2区工程技术 Q1 MECHANICS

International Journal of Multiphase Flow

Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmultiphaseflow.2026.105644

Xiaolong He , Qian Yang , Haonan Peng , Linlin Fei , Jianmin Zhang , Ya-Ling He

The water droplet impact dynamics on an oil film over the water bath are studied based on extensive experiments, with a focus on the effects of key parameters (droplet size, impact velocity, and oil-film thickness) on the crater growth and the jet formation. A multi-interfaces theory, considering the surface-energy variations of the deformed droplet–air, oil–droplet, and oil–water interfaces, is proposed to describe the total change in the surface energy during the impact, leading to an effective surface tension and Weber number for the following analysis. The maximum crater depth follows a scaling

d_{e}^{'} \sim (F r^{1 / 4} / ρ^{'})

, consistent with classical theory, although the crater depth is slightly overestimated for thick oil films due to an underestimation of viscous dissipation. The total crater energy accounts for approximately 27∼35% of the initial droplet impact energy for

Fr \geq 100

. Furthermore, the maximum jet length scales as

l^{'} \sim We

, with jet pinch-off occurring when

l^{'} \frac{>}{\sim} 1.24

, demonstrating the capability of the proposed multi-interfaces theory to capture crater and jet dynamics. The measured maximum jet length also falls into the classical scaling relationship with the effective Weber number. Finally, two main impact regimes are identified using the effective Weber number

W e_{e_h}

in combination with the product of the Reynolds and Froude numbers

R e F r_{h}

. Generally, the developed multi-interface theory can correctly estimate the effect of the oil layer on the impact dynamics.

在大量实验的基础上，研究了水浴液上水滴对油膜的撞击动力学，重点研究了关键参数（水滴尺寸、撞击速度和油膜厚度）对弹坑生长和射流形成的影响。考虑到变形液滴-空气、油-液滴和油水界面的表面能变化，提出了一个多界面理论来描述碰撞过程中表面能的总变化，从而得到了有效表面张力和韦伯数，用于后续分析。最大弹坑深度遵循标度系数~ (Fr1/4/ρ)，与经典理论一致，尽管由于对粘性耗散的低估，对厚油膜的弹坑深度估计略高。当fr≥100时，撞击坑总能量约占液滴初始撞击能量的27 ~ 35%。此外，最大射流长度范围为l′~ We，射流掐断发生在l′>； ~ 1.24，证明了所提出的多界面理论捕捉陨石坑和射流动力学的能力。实测的最大射流长度与有效韦伯数也符合经典的标度关系。最后，使用有效韦伯数Wee_h结合雷诺数和弗劳德数refh的乘积确定了两个主要的影响机制。一般来说，所建立的多界面理论可以正确地估计油层对冲击动力学的影响。

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引用次数: 0

A mechanical model for the mixed-size particle splash process based on the stochastic particle-bed collision 基于随机颗粒床碰撞的混合粒径颗粒飞溅过程力学模型

IF 3.8 2区工程技术 Q1 MECHANICS

International Journal of Multiphase Flow

Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmultiphaseflow.2026.105641

Junqing Lei , Guohua Wang , Xiaojing Zheng

Investigating the interaction between sand particles and an erodible bed is fundamental to understanding wind-blown sand saltation. Since natural sand beds consist of non-uniformly distributed mixed-size particles, the existing three-particle stochastic granular-bed collision model (TPSGCM) for single-size particles is insufficient. To address this, the present study has developed a mixed-size four-particle stochastic granular-bed collision model (FPSGCM) that incorporates the shielding effect. This effect is influenced by the relative size of the impacted and shielding particles, as well as their relative vertical position. The new FPSGCM accurately reproduces the splash process of mixed-size particles. When applied to simulate wind-blown sand flow, the model predictions for the sand transport rate, saltation length, and height are in better agreement with experimental and theoretical results.

研究沙粒与可蚀层之间的相互作用是理解风沙跃变的基础。由于天然砂床由非均匀分布的混合粒径颗粒组成，现有的单粒径颗粒三粒随机颗粒床碰撞模型（TPSGCM）存在不足。为了解决这个问题，本研究开发了一个包含屏蔽效应的混合尺寸四粒子随机颗粒床碰撞模型（FPSGCM）。这种效果受受冲击和屏蔽颗粒的相对大小以及它们的相对垂直位置的影响。新的FPSGCM精确地再现了混合尺寸颗粒的飞溅过程。将该模型应用于风沙流模拟，对风沙输沙量、跃变长度和高度的预测结果与实验和理论结果吻合较好。

引用次数: 0

Numerical simulation on the coupling characteristics of air gun array bubbles 气枪阵列气泡耦合特性的数值模拟

IF 3.8 2区工程技术 Q1 MECHANICS

International Journal of Multiphase Flow

Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmultiphaseflow.2026.105643

Shuna Wang , Niannian Liu , Shuai Zhang , Hang Geng

To investigate the underlying relationship between the mechanical structure of an air gun and its bubble pulsation, we developed a compressible jet-based model for air gun bubble dynamics using the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software STAR-CCM+. This model facilitated a systematic analysis of the coupling characteristics of high-pressure air gun bubble arrays and the propagation patterns of pressure waves in their flow fields. By examining the air discharge process of air gun, the influence of its mechanical structure on the surrounding hydrodynamics was revealed. The results indicate that during the bubble collapse phase, a centripetal jet, accompanied by a high-pressure stagnation point, typically forms near the opening outside the air gun array. The study further demonstrates that a smaller inter-gun spacing leads to a longer bubble pulsation period, while the maximum bubble volume remains largely unchanged. A higher initial internal pressure results in an increased maximum bubble volume, a longer pulsation period, and a faster pressure wave propagation speed. Finally, the opening height was found to exert a significant influence on bubble pulsation when it falls outside a specific optimal range.

为了研究气枪机械结构与其气泡脉动之间的潜在关系，我们利用计算流体力学（CFD）软件STAR-CCM+建立了一个基于可压缩射流的气枪气泡动力学模型。该模型有助于系统分析高压气枪泡阵的耦合特性及其流场中压力波的传播规律。通过对气枪放气过程的研究，揭示了其机械结构对周围流体力学的影响。结果表明：在气泡破裂阶段，通常在气枪阵外开口附近形成向心射流，并伴有高压滞止点；研究进一步表明，枪间距越小，气泡脉动周期越长，而最大气泡体积基本保持不变。初始内压越高，最大气泡体积越大，脉动周期越长，压力波传播速度越快。最后发现，当气泡脉动超出特定的最佳范围时，开口高度对气泡脉动有显著影响。

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引用次数: 0

Mechanisms of Interfacial Evolution in Droplet Impact on Superhydrophobic Cones 液滴撞击超疏水锥体时界面演化机制研究

IF 3.8 2区工程技术 Q1 MECHANICS

International Journal of Multiphase Flow

Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-31 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmultiphaseflow.2026.105637

Xiaofei Hu , Bing Zhu , Mingyang Lv , Wei Zhang

Droplet impact on conical surfaces is relevant to both natural processes and industrial applications. This study examines the interfacial evolution of droplets impacting superhydrophobic cones through experiments, simulations, and theoretical analysis, focusing on the effects of Weber number and cone angle. Four distinct impact modes are identified: (I) complete rebound without penetration; (II) penetration with ring formation and complete rebound; (III) penetration with ring formation followed by breakup during retraction; and (IV) penetration with ring formation followed by breakup during spreading. Increasing Weber number enhances the maximum spreading factor and prolongs spreading time, while larger cone angles suppress spreading and reduce the corresponding time. For non-penetration cases (Mode I), a pancake-like theoretical model based on energy conservation accurately predicts the maximum spreading factor. Mechanistically, Modes I–II arise from the balance of inertia and surface tension, Mode III from Rayleigh–Plateau instability, and Mode IV from local necking-induced ring rupture.

液滴对圆锥表面的冲击与自然过程和工业应用都有关。本文通过实验、模拟和理论分析研究了液滴撞击超疏水锥体的界面演化，重点研究了韦伯数和锥体角的影响。确定了四种不同的冲击模式：(1)完全反弹而无穿透；（二）穿透形成环，完全回弹；（III）穿透形成环状，然后在收回过程中破裂；(4)在扩张过程中形成环状的穿透和破裂。增大韦伯数可提高最大扩散系数，延长扩散时间；增大锥角可抑制扩散，缩短扩散时间。对于非穿透情况（模式I），基于能量守恒的饼状理论模型能准确预测最大扩散因子。在力学上，模式I-II来自惯性和表面张力的平衡，模式III来自瑞利高原不稳定，模式IV来自局部颈结引起的环破裂。

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引用次数: 0

Fall and fingering of miscible magnetic fluid drops in a Hele-Shaw cell Hele-Shaw电池中混溶磁流体滴液的下落和指动

IF 3.8 2区工程技术 Q1 MECHANICS

International Journal of Multiphase Flow

Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmultiphaseflow.2026.105639

M.S. Krakov , A.V. Chernyshov , A.R. Zakinyan

The presented study is the experimental and numerical investigation of the fall and fingering of miscible magnetic fluid drops with variable properties in a vertical Hele-Shaw cell under a uniform field normal to the cell plane. We revealed that fingering is possible in magnetic fields that exceed the critical value. For the kerosene-based magnetic fluid used in the experiment and a droplet with a radius of about 3 mm, the critical value of the magnetic field strength was about 2 kA/m. It was found numerically that the distance between the fingers is linearly related to the width of the gap in the Hele-Shaw cell, and for the studied cases it is described by the expression λ = 1.19δ for the magnetic field of about 15 kA/m. The distance between the fingers decreases with the increase of the magnetic field in the region of weak magnetic fields, and with a further increase of the magnetic field, it hardly changes. The velocity of the droplet fall is determined by its morphology. With an increase in the number of fingers, the velocity of the fall decreases significantly. With the maximum value of the parameters numerically studied, the fall velocity decreased 2.5 times. As the number of fingers increases, the rate of mixing of magnetic fluid with the environment increases sharply. During the drop-fall time, the maximum concentration of magnetic fluid decreased 4 times at the maximum value of the parameters studied. However, in the absence of a magnetic field, without fingering, it remained practically unchanged.

本文研究了在垂直Hele-Shaw槽内，在垂直于槽面的均匀场作用下，具有可变性质的混相磁流体液滴的下落和指向性的实验和数值研究。我们发现在超过临界值的磁场中指法是可能的。对于实验中使用的煤油基磁流体和半径约为3mm的液滴，磁场强度临界值约为2ka /m。数值计算发现，手指间的距离与Hele-Shaw电池的间隙宽度成线性关系，对于所研究的情况，当磁场约为15 kA/m时，其表达式为λ = 1.19δ。在弱磁场区域，指间距离随着磁场的增大而减小，随着磁场的进一步增大，指间距离几乎没有变化。液滴下落的速度是由其形态决定的。随着手指数量的增加，下落的速度显著降低。在数值研究参数最大值时，下降速度降低了2.5倍。随着手指数量的增加，磁流体与环境混合的速率急剧增加。在降液时间内，磁流体的最大浓度在研究参数的最大值处下降了4倍。然而，在没有磁场，没有指法的情况下，它几乎保持不变。

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引用次数: 0

Numerical study on cavitation characteristics and flow field instability in a butterfly valve under choked conditions 节流条件下蝶阀空化特性及流场不稳定性的数值研究

IF 3.8 2区工程技术 Q1 MECHANICS

International Journal of Multiphase Flow

Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmultiphaseflow.2026.105647

Guang Zhang , Shuqin Qi , Zuchao Zhu , Yuanming Ding , Zhe Lin

Under operating conditions with high pressure difference, the occurrence of choked cavitation may be observed in the valve, which differs from conventional cavitation behavior. Choked cavitation not only leads to flow saturation but is also accompanied by intense bubble growth and pressure fluctuation, posing threats to valve performance and service life. This study focused the flow characteristics of a butterfly valve under various opening degrees and pressure difference. Numerical analysis was conducted on the variations in mass flow rate, cavitation bubble distribution, local energy loss, and entropy production during the development of choked cavitation, with particular emphasis on identifying the critical transition region from normal flow to the choked-cavitation regime. Additionally, the relationship between cavitation morphology and energy characteristics at different opening degrees was examined. The results indicate that as the pressure difference increases, the flow undergoes successive stages: normal flow, choked transition and cavitation-induced choking. At 80 % opening degree, the energy loss and recovery processes are more symmetrical, indicating a more stable flow structure. In contrast, at the 40 % opening degree, a stronger throttling effect and asymmetric energy distribution are present, the cavitation cloud exhibits a shorter trailing region, resulting in more localized flow-field disturbances. Energy loss at 40 % opening degree is highly concentrated at the throat throttling zone, whereas at 80 % opening degree, the primary energy loss shifts downstream to the wake region dominated by the shedding and collapse of the cavitation cloud.

在高压差工况下，阀内可观察到不同于常规空化行为的堵塞空化现象。堵塞气蚀不仅会导致流量饱和，还会伴随剧烈的气泡生长和压力波动，对阀门的性能和使用寿命构成威胁。研究了不同开度和压差条件下蝶阀的流量特性。对堵塞空化发展过程中质量流量、空化泡分布、局部能量损失和熵产的变化进行了数值分析，重点确定了从正常流动到堵塞空化的临界过渡区域。此外，还研究了不同开度下空化形态与能量特性的关系。结果表明：随着压差的增大，流动经历了正常流动、阻塞过渡和空化阻塞的连续阶段；在80%开度时，能量损失和恢复过程更加对称，表明流动结构更加稳定。相比之下，在40%开度时，节流效果更强，能量分布不对称，空化云的拖尾区域更短，导致更局部的流场扰动。40%开度时，能量损失高度集中在喉部节流区，而80%开度时，主要能量损失向下游以空化云脱落和坍缩为主的尾迹区转移。

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引用次数: 0

Simulations of bubble entrapment during receding in drop impact onto hydrophobic surfaces 水滴冲击疏水表面后退过程中气泡夹持的模拟

IF 3.8 2区工程技术 Q1 MECHANICS

International Journal of Multiphase Flow

Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmultiphaseflow.2026.105636

Mingguang Shen , Ben Q. Li

Air entrapment is intriguing but not fully understood in drop impact problems. Generally, there are two kinds of air entrapment, one occurring in the early stage of spreading and the other in the receding stage. The first kind has been studied extensively, with consensus achieved on its formation mechanism. However, there has been little consensus on the second kind. This paper simulates the air entrapment of the second kind using a diffuse interface method. The established model is solved using a finite difference method on a half-staggered grid. The model was compared with an experiment, showing a reasonable agreement. The detailed trapping process was captured. Moreover, the effects of drop size and impact velocity were examined. It is found that for an air bubble to be trapped in the receding stage, the central air cavity should come into contact with the substrate. The bubble is then trapped due to the closing of the cavity. With increased drop sizes, air entrapment is more likely to happen. With increased impact velocities, the chance of entrapment is increased as well.

空气夹持是很有趣的，但在下落冲击问题中还没有完全理解。空气夹持一般有两种类型，一种发生在扩张初期，另一种发生在后退阶段。对第一类的研究比较广泛，对其形成机制也达成了共识。然而，对于第二种方式，几乎没有达成共识。本文采用扩散界面法模拟了第二类空气夹持。采用有限差分法在半交错网格上求解所建立的模型。将模型与实验结果进行了比较，结果与实验结果吻合较好。捕获详细的捕获过程。此外，还考察了液滴大小和冲击速度对冲击效果的影响。研究发现，要使气泡在后退阶段被困住，中心空腔必须与基材接触。由于空腔的关闭，气泡被困住。随着液滴尺寸的增大，空气夹持更容易发生。随着冲击速度的增加，被困住的机会也增加了。

引用次数: 0

Revealing the effective basal condition of geophysical granular flows 揭示了地球物理颗粒流的有效基础条件

IF 3.8 2区工程技术 Q1 MECHANICS

International Journal of Multiphase Flow

Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmultiphaseflow.2026.105648

Alexis Bougouin , Fabio Dioguardi , Giovanna Capparelli , Eugenio Nicotra , Roberto Sulpizio

Geophysical granular flows, such as landslides, rock avalanches and pyroclastic flows, remain difficult to model due to their unexpectedly high mobility. Several mechanisms have been proposed to interpret this low dissipative behavior, including the flow-substrate interaction. This study addresses this issue through dedicated, well-controlled experiments on steady granular avalanches of idealized and natural flowing materials (i.e., glass beads, sand, volcanic material) along a wide variety of inclined surfaces. Our observations reveal that the basal surface condition significantly influences the propagation and deposition dynamics of granular avalanches. In particular, we identify two main types of effective basal condition - smooth and rough - based on a single dimensionless parameter: the roughness-to-grain size ratio

λ / d

with a critical transition at

λ / d \approx 1 0^{- 1}

. The dynamic modeling of granular avalanches on smooth and rough inclines is then established based on initial flow conditions, material properties, and surface characteristics. We propose a unified flow rule governed by distinct functional relationships of the inflow Froude number, depending on the repose angle and grain size of flowing material, and the basal friction angle. These results highlight the importance of accurately constraining material and basal properties in order to improve field prediction of geophysical granular avalanches.

地球物理颗粒流，如滑坡、岩石雪崩和火山碎屑流，由于其意想不到的高流动性，仍然难以建模。已经提出了几种机制来解释这种低耗散行为，包括流动-基质相互作用。本研究通过专门的、控制良好的实验来解决这个问题，这些实验是对理想的和自然流动的物质（如玻璃珠、沙子、火山物质）沿着各种倾斜表面的稳定颗粒雪崩进行的。我们的观察结果表明，基底表面条件显著影响粒状雪崩的传播和沉积动力学。特别是，我们确定了两种主要类型的有效基础条件-光滑和粗糙-基于一个单一的无量纲参数：粗糙度与晶粒尺寸比λ/d与λ/d≈10−1的临界跃迁。基于初始流动条件、材料特性和表面特征，建立了光滑和粗糙斜坡上颗粒雪崩的动态模型。我们提出了一个统一的流动规律，由流入弗劳德数的不同函数关系决定，取决于流动物质的休止角和粒度，以及基本摩擦角。这些结果强调了准确约束物质和基本性质对提高地球物理颗粒雪崩现场预测的重要性。

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引用次数: 0

An integrated machine learning approach for identifying flow patterns in porous media using principal component analysis and K-means clustering 使用主成分分析和K-means聚类识别多孔介质流动模式的集成机器学习方法

IF 3.8 2区工程技术 Q1 MECHANICS

International Journal of Multiphase Flow

Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmultiphaseflow.2026.105646

Liangxing Li , Jiabin Gui , Yiwen Guo , Aimad Bouloudenine , Xiangyu Li , Jiaojiao Lou

Gas-liquid two-phase flow in porous media exists extensively in natural phenomena and numerous industrial processes, and the flow patterns of two-phase flow are crucial for understanding the flow characteristics and modeling the governing mechanisms. However, limited by the porous structure and the transient nature of two-phase flow, the traditional approaches for identifying the flow patterns in porous media often confront great challenge especially in terms of convenience and accuracy. By integrating machine learning techniques, this study proposes an integrated machine learning approach to identify air–water two-phase flow patterns in porous media coupled with the technologies of principal component analysis (PCA) and K-means clustering. Firstly, the time-domain analysis and frequency-domain analysis are carried out for the measured differential pressure signals of two-phase flow in porous media, aiming to extract typical features of two-phase flow in the time-frequency domain. Then, the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) model is developed by taking the typical features of time-frequency domain and the key physical parameters such as gas and liquid Reynolds numbers into account. The first three principal components are selected for dimensionality reduction in the PCA process. Subsequently, classification using K-means clustering enables the identification of both typical flow patterns and key transitional regimes, particularly the bubbly-slug transition. The machine learning approach provides a robust and efficient tool for the rapid identification of gas–liquid two-phase flow patterns in porous media.

多孔介质中的气液两相流广泛存在于自然现象和众多工业过程中，而两相流的流型对于理解其流动特性和建立控制机理模型至关重要。然而，受多孔结构和两相流瞬态特性的限制，传统的多孔介质流型识别方法在便捷性和准确性方面面临着很大的挑战。通过整合机器学习技术，本研究提出了一种集成的机器学习方法，结合主成分分析（PCA）和K-means聚类技术来识别多孔介质中的空气-水两相流模式。首先，对多孔介质中两相流的实测压差信号进行时域和频域分析，提取两相流在时频域的典型特征。然后，结合典型时频特征和气体、液体雷诺数等关键物理参数，建立了主成分分析（PCA）模型；在主成分分析过程中，选取前三个主成分进行降维。随后，使用K-means聚类进行分类，可以识别典型的流动模式和关键的过渡状态，特别是气泡-段塞流过渡。机器学习方法为快速识别多孔介质中的气液两相流模式提供了一种强大而有效的工具。

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引用次数: 0

On the nature of single-phase liquid heat transfer mechanisms in nucleate boiling: Evidence from high-resolution diagnostics 关于有核沸腾中单相液体传热机制的性质：来自高分辨率诊断的证据

IF 3.8 2区工程技术 Q1 MECHANICS

International Journal of Multiphase Flow

Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmultiphaseflow.2026.105622

Gustavo M․ Aguiar, Matthew T. Hughes, Matteo Bucci

We perform high-fidelity subcooled flow-boiling experiments to investigate single-phase liquid heat transfer mechanisms during nucleate boiling. Using high-speed infrared thermometry and synchronized phase-detection imaging, we obtain time-resolved and spatially resolved measurements of wall temperature, heat flux and phase in contact with the surface, and bubble-dynamics parameters across the boiling curve for three different surface types, two mass fluxes (500 and 1000 kg/m²·s), and two subcooling levels (10 and 20 K). These diagnostics allow us to isolate the liquid-side heat transfer contribution with exceptional accuracy and directly observe the physical processes governing the transfer of energy from the heating surface to the liquid phase. Our measurements show that single-phase heat transfer is the dominant heat-removal mechanism and that the corresponding heat transfer coefficient (HTC) is significantly enhanced beyond pure forced-convection values. Crucially, this enhanced HTC is strongly time-dependent and cannot be predicted by conventional quenching models. Instead, we capture its evolution using a turbulent-diffusion model in which the influence of bubbles is represented through an effective shear velocity. We also observed that the bubble wait time is not an appropriate scale for the quenching process. Instead, we identified and demonstrated the soundness of a new time scale, i.e., the liquid refreshing frequency, which quantifies the rate at which bubbles sweep and renew the liquid contacting the wall. Building on these insights, we propose a preliminary mechanistic model to predict single-phase heat transfer in subcooled nucleate boiling that incorporates both the enhanced HTC and the refreshing-frequency time scale. The model substantially outperforms legacy HFP formulations across our database, providing a basis for more predictive capabilities.

我们进行了高保真度的过冷流动沸腾实验来研究核沸腾过程中的单相液体传热机制。利用高速红外测温和同步相位检测成像技术，我们获得了三种不同表面类型、两种质量通量（500和1000 kg/m²·s）和两种过冷水平（10和20 K）下的壁面温度、热流密度和与表面接触的相以及沸腾曲线上的气泡动力学参数的时间分辨和空间分辨测量结果。这些诊断使我们能够以极高的精度分离液体侧的传热贡献，并直接观察控制能量从受热面转移到液相的物理过程。我们的测量表明，单相换热是主要的换热机制，相应的换热系数（HTC）明显高于纯强制对流值。至关重要的是，这种增强的HTC具有很强的时间依赖性，不能通过传统的淬火模型来预测。相反，我们使用湍流扩散模型捕捉其演变，其中气泡的影响通过有效剪切速度表示。我们还观察到气泡等待时间不是淬火过程的适当尺度。相反，我们确定并证明了一个新的时间尺度的合理性，即液体刷新频率，它量化了气泡扫过和更新接触壁面的液体的速度。基于这些见解，我们提出了一个初步的机制模型来预测过冷核沸腾中的单相传热，该模型结合了增强的HTC和刷新频率时间尺度。该模型在整个数据库中大大优于传统的HFP公式，为更多的预测能力提供了基础。

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引用次数: 0