Pub Date : 2023-10-27DOI: 10.3389/fagro.2023.1323830
{"title":"Erratum: Compaction, aeration, and addition of mycotoxin contaminated silage alters the fermentation profile, mycotoxin content, and aerobic stability of ryegrass (Lolium perenne) silage","authors":"","doi":"10.3389/fagro.2023.1323830","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fagro.2023.1323830","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":34038,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Agronomy","volume":"227 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139312668","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Crenate broomrape, Orobanche crenata Forskal belong to family Orobanchaceae. It is a root holo-parasitic weed that devoid of chlorophyll and entirely dependent on host plants for its growth requirement. The parasite considerably infects plant species of Leguminosae, Apiaceae and Asteraceae families in highly infested drier and warmer areas of the world. It is well known for its devastating effects on cool-season food legumes especially on faba bean (Vicia faba L.) and threatening livelihood of subsistence farmers. Infected crop yield losses reach up to 100% depending on level of infection by the parasitic weed. Long-term impact of the parasite is even more serious than its short-term effects since its numerous minute seeds easily spread using different mechanisms and persist in soil up to 20 years. Besides, its management is difficult as no single method proved effective, economical and complete in managing the weed. This review paper gives an overview information on biological characteristics and harmful effects of crenate broomrape, and summarizes scientifically proven management techniques for its effective management. Different approaches should be validated, demonstrated and scaled for wider uses to manage crenate broomrape sustainably and boost the host crop productivity. Therefore, besides narrowing the knowledge gaps on the weed biology more strengthened efforts in searching for host plant resistance and/or tolerance based integrated management approaches by considering socio-economic and ecological conditions of faba bean growers are found paramount importance.
{"title":"Corrigendum: Biological characteristics, impacts, and management of crenate broomrape (Orobanche crenata) in faba bean (Vicia faba): a review","authors":"Takele Negewo, Seid Ahmed, Taye Tessema, Tamado Tana","doi":"10.3389/fagro.2023.1236921","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fagro.2023.1236921","url":null,"abstract":"Crenate broomrape, Orobanche crenata Forskal belong to family Orobanchaceae. It is a root holo-parasitic weed that devoid of chlorophyll and entirely dependent on host plants for its growth requirement. The parasite considerably infects plant species of Leguminosae, Apiaceae and Asteraceae families in highly infested drier and warmer areas of the world. It is well known for its devastating effects on cool-season food legumes especially on faba bean (Vicia faba L.) and threatening livelihood of subsistence farmers. Infected crop yield losses reach up to 100% depending on level of infection by the parasitic weed. Long-term impact of the parasite is even more serious than its short-term effects since its numerous minute seeds easily spread using different mechanisms and persist in soil up to 20 years. Besides, its management is difficult as no single method proved effective, economical and complete in managing the weed. This review paper gives an overview information on biological characteristics and harmful effects of crenate broomrape, and summarizes scientifically proven management techniques for its effective management. Different approaches should be validated, demonstrated and scaled for wider uses to manage crenate broomrape sustainably and boost the host crop productivity. Therefore, besides narrowing the knowledge gaps on the weed biology more strengthened efforts in searching for host plant resistance and/or tolerance based integrated management approaches by considering socio-economic and ecological conditions of faba bean growers are found paramount importance.","PeriodicalId":34038,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Agronomy","volume":"165 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134906583","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Global climate change presents various challenges to agricultural biotechnology in developing crops with increased resilience to various adverse natural conditions. Given the importance of this problem, we explored the mechanisms of plant salt tolerance and the role of plant-associated microbes, in mediating important physiological and metabolic processes that increase plant resistance to salt stress. Understanding the physiological, metabolic, and molecular responses of the entire plant holobiont, primarily including microorganisms, to the combination of abiotic stresses may be the key to developing more effective methods of combating various stress conditions and increasing agricultural efficiency. This work encompassed 86 peer-reviewed articles focused on various aspects of plant development in saline conditions and especially on key mechanisms of mitigating stress conditions, including the role of rhizobiome and endophytic microorganisms. It is shown that host plants and various microorganisms can form complex relationships where each organism plays a specific role in forming tolerance to stress conditions. Our review proposes that studying microorganisms that are resistant to soil salinity can lead to the development of new strategies to combat salinization and improve crop stress resistance. The paper concludes that using salt-adapted biostimulant microorganisms, which are natural components of agricultural plant microbiomes, is a highly promising research area.
{"title":"Can salt-adapted microorganisms alleviate salt stress in plants and enhance their non-specific resilience?","authors":"Saubenova Margarita, Maksimovich Sviatoslav, Oleinikova Yelena, Yelubaeva Makhpal","doi":"10.3389/fagro.2023.1287108","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fagro.2023.1287108","url":null,"abstract":"Global climate change presents various challenges to agricultural biotechnology in developing crops with increased resilience to various adverse natural conditions. Given the importance of this problem, we explored the mechanisms of plant salt tolerance and the role of plant-associated microbes, in mediating important physiological and metabolic processes that increase plant resistance to salt stress. Understanding the physiological, metabolic, and molecular responses of the entire plant holobiont, primarily including microorganisms, to the combination of abiotic stresses may be the key to developing more effective methods of combating various stress conditions and increasing agricultural efficiency. This work encompassed 86 peer-reviewed articles focused on various aspects of plant development in saline conditions and especially on key mechanisms of mitigating stress conditions, including the role of rhizobiome and endophytic microorganisms. It is shown that host plants and various microorganisms can form complex relationships where each organism plays a specific role in forming tolerance to stress conditions. Our review proposes that studying microorganisms that are resistant to soil salinity can lead to the development of new strategies to combat salinization and improve crop stress resistance. The paper concludes that using salt-adapted biostimulant microorganisms, which are natural components of agricultural plant microbiomes, is a highly promising research area.","PeriodicalId":34038,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Agronomy","volume":"67 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135321794","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-24DOI: 10.3389/fagro.2023.1277054
Rohith Vulchi, Scott Nolte, Joshua McGinty, Benjamin McKnight
Herbicide-resistant Amaranthus palmeri poses a significant threat to cotton production in the US. Tillage, cover crops, crop rotations, and dicamba-based herbicide programs can individually provide effective control of A. palmeri , but there is a lack of research evaluating the above tactics in a system for its long-term management. Field trials were conducted near College Station and Thrall, TX (2019–2021) to evaluate the efficacy of dicamba-based herbicide programs under multiple cropping sequences and tillage types in a systems approach for A. palmeri control in dicamba-resistant cotton. The experimental design used was a split–split plot design. The main plots were no-till cover cropping, strip tillage, and conventional tillage. The subplots were cotton:cotton:cotton (CCC) and cotton:sorghum:cotton (CSC) sequences for 3 years within each tillage type, and sub-subplots were a weedy check (WC), a weed-free check (WF), a low-input program without residual herbicides (LI), and a high-input program with residual herbicides (HI). Using HI under the CSC sequence was the only system that provided >90% control of A. palmeri for 3 years across all tillage types and locations. By 2021, A. palmeri densities in the CSC sequence at College Station (4,156 plants ha −1 ) and Thrall (4,006 plants ha −1 ) are significantly low compared to the CCC sequence (31,364 and 9,867 plants ha −1 , respectively) when averaged across other factors. Similarly, A. palmeri densities in HI at College Station (9,867 plants ha −1 ) and Thrall (1,016 plants ha −1 ) are significantly low compared to LI (25,653 and 13,365 plants ha −1 , respectively) when averaged across other factors. We also observed that the CSC sequence reduced A. palmeri seed bank by at least 40% compared to the CCC sequence at both College Station and Thrall when averaged across other factors. Over 3 years, we did not observe significant differences between LI and HI for cotton yields at College Station (1,715–3,636 kg ha −1 ) and Thrall (1,569−1,989 kg ha −1 ). However, rotating cotton with sorghum during 2020 improved cotton yields by 39% under no-till cover cropping in 2021 at Thrall. These results indicate that using dicamba-based herbicide programs with residual herbicides and implementing crop rotations can effectively manage A. palmeri in terms of seasonal control, densities, and seed bank buildup across tillage types and environments.
抗除草剂苋菜对美国棉花生产构成了重大威胁。耕作、覆盖作物、轮作和麦草畏除草剂方案均能有效地防治棕榈蚜，但缺乏在一个系统中对上述策略进行长期管理的研究。2019-2021年，在德克萨斯州大学城(College Station)和萨尔(Thrall)附近进行了田间试验，以评估基于麦草畏的除草剂方案在多重种植顺序和耕作类型下对抗麦草畏棉花的草蚜控制效果。实验设计采用裂-裂小区设计。主要耕作方式为免耕覆盖、带状耕作和常规耕作。每个耕作类型的子样为3年的棉花:棉花:棉花(CCC)和棉花:高粱:棉花(CSC)序列，子样为杂草检查(WC)、无杂草检查(WF)、无残留除草剂的低投入方案(LI)和残留除草剂的高投入方案(HI)。在CSC序列下使用HI是唯一能在所有耕作类型和地点连续3年控制棕榈蚜90%的系统。到2021年，与CCC序列(分别为31,364株和9,867株ha - 1)相比，College Station和Thrall的CSC序列(4,156株ha - 1)的palmeri密度显著降低。同样，在其他因素的平均影响下，College Station和Thrall地区高海拔地区palmeri的密度分别为9,867株ha - 1和1,016株ha - 1，显著低于LI地区(分别为25,653和13,365株ha - 1)。我们还观察到，当在其他因素上平均时，CSC序列比CCC序列在College Station和Thrall都减少了至少40%的A. palmeri种子库。在3年的时间里，我们观察到LI和HI在大学城(1,715-3,636 kg ha - 1)和萨尔(1,569 - 1,989 kg ha - 1)的棉花产量上没有显著差异。然而，在萨尔，2020年棉花与高粱轮作将使2021年免耕覆盖种植下的棉花产量提高39%。这些结果表明，在不同耕作类型和不同环境下，使用麦草畏除草剂和残留除草剂并实行轮作可以有效地控制棕榈草的季节控制、密度和种子库积累。
{"title":"Herbicide programs, cropping sequences, and tillage-types: a systems approach for managing Amaranthus palmeri in dicamba-resistant cotton","authors":"Rohith Vulchi, Scott Nolte, Joshua McGinty, Benjamin McKnight","doi":"10.3389/fagro.2023.1277054","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fagro.2023.1277054","url":null,"abstract":"Herbicide-resistant Amaranthus palmeri poses a significant threat to cotton production in the US. Tillage, cover crops, crop rotations, and dicamba-based herbicide programs can individually provide effective control of A. palmeri , but there is a lack of research evaluating the above tactics in a system for its long-term management. Field trials were conducted near College Station and Thrall, TX (2019–2021) to evaluate the efficacy of dicamba-based herbicide programs under multiple cropping sequences and tillage types in a systems approach for A. palmeri control in dicamba-resistant cotton. The experimental design used was a split–split plot design. The main plots were no-till cover cropping, strip tillage, and conventional tillage. The subplots were cotton:cotton:cotton (CCC) and cotton:sorghum:cotton (CSC) sequences for 3 years within each tillage type, and sub-subplots were a weedy check (WC), a weed-free check (WF), a low-input program without residual herbicides (LI), and a high-input program with residual herbicides (HI). Using HI under the CSC sequence was the only system that provided >90% control of A. palmeri for 3 years across all tillage types and locations. By 2021, A. palmeri densities in the CSC sequence at College Station (4,156 plants ha −1 ) and Thrall (4,006 plants ha −1 ) are significantly low compared to the CCC sequence (31,364 and 9,867 plants ha −1 , respectively) when averaged across other factors. Similarly, A. palmeri densities in HI at College Station (9,867 plants ha −1 ) and Thrall (1,016 plants ha −1 ) are significantly low compared to LI (25,653 and 13,365 plants ha −1 , respectively) when averaged across other factors. We also observed that the CSC sequence reduced A. palmeri seed bank by at least 40% compared to the CCC sequence at both College Station and Thrall when averaged across other factors. Over 3 years, we did not observe significant differences between LI and HI for cotton yields at College Station (1,715–3,636 kg ha −1 ) and Thrall (1,569−1,989 kg ha −1 ). However, rotating cotton with sorghum during 2020 improved cotton yields by 39% under no-till cover cropping in 2021 at Thrall. These results indicate that using dicamba-based herbicide programs with residual herbicides and implementing crop rotations can effectively manage A. palmeri in terms of seasonal control, densities, and seed bank buildup across tillage types and environments.","PeriodicalId":34038,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Agronomy","volume":"16 4","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135266514","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-23DOI: 10.3389/fagro.2023.1238273
Giulia Franzoni, Roberta Bulgari, Francesco Elia Florio, Enrico Gozio, Daniele Villa, Giacomo Cocetta, Antonio Ferrante
Introduction Biostimulants exert positive functions in plants, improving yield and quality, and alleviating the negative effects of abiotic stresses. Among them, the application of herbicides may cause damage to nontarget plants. At present, limited information is available regarding the interaction between biostimulants and herbicides. Methods The purpose of the present study was to assess the effect of an herbicide’s mixture (Harmony ® 50 SX ® + Tuareg ® + Zetrola ® ), used in combination with several biostimulant raw materials (BRM), on the agronomic and physiologic characteristics of soybean. The experiments were conducted in two seasons, 2020 and 2021, applying the herbicides mixture alone or associated with 10 BRM. Results Differences emerged between the two years, considering nitrate, total sugars concentration, flavonol, and chlorophyll a fluorescence-related parameters. Chlorophyll content significantly declined (−45% in 2020) in plants treated with the herbicides mixture alone but, in combination with potassium silicate, the chlorophyll values were restored to control levels. The same positive effect observed in response to the combination of potassium silicate and the herbicide mixture has been confirmed in the second year of experiment. At the same time, chlorophyll content and Nitrogen Index were positively increased (up to 8% and 30%, respectively) depending on the application of some BRM and the year. A significant effect of biostimulants on yield was confirmed by the application of Ascophyllum nodosum (+16%) and humic acids (+7%), in 2020. However, the combined use with the herbicides nullifies the increase. Discussion The results obtained from these experiments support the use of biostimulants in improving specific quality traits (chlorophyll content, leaves nitrogen status, and secondary metabolites accumulation). At the same time, the potential use of biostimulants in combination with herbicides needs to be further explored since of external factors (environment, year…) still have a strong effect on their efficacy.
{"title":"Effect of biostimulant raw materials on soybean (Glycine max) crop, when applied alone or in combination with herbicides","authors":"Giulia Franzoni, Roberta Bulgari, Francesco Elia Florio, Enrico Gozio, Daniele Villa, Giacomo Cocetta, Antonio Ferrante","doi":"10.3389/fagro.2023.1238273","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fagro.2023.1238273","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction Biostimulants exert positive functions in plants, improving yield and quality, and alleviating the negative effects of abiotic stresses. Among them, the application of herbicides may cause damage to nontarget plants. At present, limited information is available regarding the interaction between biostimulants and herbicides. Methods The purpose of the present study was to assess the effect of an herbicide’s mixture (Harmony ® 50 SX ® + Tuareg ® + Zetrola ® ), used in combination with several biostimulant raw materials (BRM), on the agronomic and physiologic characteristics of soybean. The experiments were conducted in two seasons, 2020 and 2021, applying the herbicides mixture alone or associated with 10 BRM. Results Differences emerged between the two years, considering nitrate, total sugars concentration, flavonol, and chlorophyll a fluorescence-related parameters. Chlorophyll content significantly declined (−45% in 2020) in plants treated with the herbicides mixture alone but, in combination with potassium silicate, the chlorophyll values were restored to control levels. The same positive effect observed in response to the combination of potassium silicate and the herbicide mixture has been confirmed in the second year of experiment. At the same time, chlorophyll content and Nitrogen Index were positively increased (up to 8% and 30%, respectively) depending on the application of some BRM and the year. A significant effect of biostimulants on yield was confirmed by the application of Ascophyllum nodosum (+16%) and humic acids (+7%), in 2020. However, the combined use with the herbicides nullifies the increase. Discussion The results obtained from these experiments support the use of biostimulants in improving specific quality traits (chlorophyll content, leaves nitrogen status, and secondary metabolites accumulation). At the same time, the potential use of biostimulants in combination with herbicides needs to be further explored since of external factors (environment, year…) still have a strong effect on their efficacy.","PeriodicalId":34038,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Agronomy","volume":"7 2","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135365585","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-20DOI: 10.3389/fagro.2023.1228165
Aksana Zakirova, Henryk Alff, Matthias Schmidt
Tajikistan's agricultural sector, primarily dominated by cotton cultivation, has experienced significant changes since the Soviet era. Although farmers introduced food crops into agricultural production to ensure food security after the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, the government still mandates that cotton cultivation occupy a considerable portion of Tajikistan's limited irrigated land. However, following the recent Covid-19 pandemic crisis, farmers have encountered the need to reassess their agricultural practices, given constrained governmental assistance and a range of socioeconomic considerations. This research adopts resilience as a conceptual framework to examine the coping strategies of smallholder farmers in the Khatlon region of Tajikistan, with a specific emphasis on the period spanning from 2019 to 2022. At the outset, our research employed the snowballing technique to increase respondent participation, later transitioning to a representative sample size that facilitated the collection of qualitative data from around 100 semi-structured interviews, 10 focus groups, and personal visits to agricultural fields over the course of four years. The paper not only demonstrates the overall creativity of Tajikistani farmers in growing and selecting non-cotton crops in this most recent period of crisis, but also points to wealthier farmers’ generally greater willingness to adopt technological innovations and gain new knowledge to apply to them. Although these strategies have been taken in order to address farmers’ immediate needs in troubled times against the backdrop of the existing state cotton policy, their sustainability remains uncertain. While the qualitative focus of this study bears certain inherent limitations, the data collected nevertheless show that this period of crisis has been generative for many farmers as they seek out new methods of subsistence.
{"title":"Cash crop or food crop? socioeconomic and geopolitical factors affecting smallholder farmer crop selection in times of crisis in southwestern Tajikistan","authors":"Aksana Zakirova, Henryk Alff, Matthias Schmidt","doi":"10.3389/fagro.2023.1228165","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fagro.2023.1228165","url":null,"abstract":"Tajikistan's agricultural sector, primarily dominated by cotton cultivation, has experienced significant changes since the Soviet era. Although farmers introduced food crops into agricultural production to ensure food security after the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, the government still mandates that cotton cultivation occupy a considerable portion of Tajikistan's limited irrigated land. However, following the recent Covid-19 pandemic crisis, farmers have encountered the need to reassess their agricultural practices, given constrained governmental assistance and a range of socioeconomic considerations. This research adopts resilience as a conceptual framework to examine the coping strategies of smallholder farmers in the Khatlon region of Tajikistan, with a specific emphasis on the period spanning from 2019 to 2022. At the outset, our research employed the snowballing technique to increase respondent participation, later transitioning to a representative sample size that facilitated the collection of qualitative data from around 100 semi-structured interviews, 10 focus groups, and personal visits to agricultural fields over the course of four years. The paper not only demonstrates the overall creativity of Tajikistani farmers in growing and selecting non-cotton crops in this most recent period of crisis, but also points to wealthier farmers’ generally greater willingness to adopt technological innovations and gain new knowledge to apply to them. Although these strategies have been taken in order to address farmers’ immediate needs in troubled times against the backdrop of the existing state cotton policy, their sustainability remains uncertain. While the qualitative focus of this study bears certain inherent limitations, the data collected nevertheless show that this period of crisis has been generative for many farmers as they seek out new methods of subsistence.","PeriodicalId":34038,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Agronomy","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135616769","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-20DOI: 10.3389/fagro.2023.1290781
Lori Croghan, Alan G. Smith, Matthew A. Tancos, Neil O. Anderson, Roger L. Becker
Invasive plants cause significant environmental and economic damage, but land managers have few control options. Common tansy ( Tanacetum vulgare ) is prevalent in many US states and is one of the most reported invasive plants in Minnesota. Controlling common tansy poses a challenge due to its extensive distribution and association with diverse plant communities. A gene drive is being explored as a genetic biocontrol method for the management of several non-native invasives, including common tansy in North America. Gene drives have emerged as a novel biotechnology application with potential to improve public health, promote conservation, and increase agricultural productivity. In common tansy, gene drives could be developed to target genes that would reduce or eliminate female fertility and consequently inhibit common tansy seed production. Using common tansy as an example, we outline risks associated with the use of gene drive technology for invasive plant control and explain how risks may be mitigated. Understanding potential benefits and risks associated with gene drives in the early stages of development is crucial. Mitigating risks, receiving stakeholder input, and navigating the regulatory environment will play an important role in gene drive development and deployment.
{"title":"Benefits and risks of gene drives for invasive plant management - the case for common tansy","authors":"Lori Croghan, Alan G. Smith, Matthew A. Tancos, Neil O. Anderson, Roger L. Becker","doi":"10.3389/fagro.2023.1290781","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fagro.2023.1290781","url":null,"abstract":"Invasive plants cause significant environmental and economic damage, but land managers have few control options. Common tansy ( Tanacetum vulgare ) is prevalent in many US states and is one of the most reported invasive plants in Minnesota. Controlling common tansy poses a challenge due to its extensive distribution and association with diverse plant communities. A gene drive is being explored as a genetic biocontrol method for the management of several non-native invasives, including common tansy in North America. Gene drives have emerged as a novel biotechnology application with potential to improve public health, promote conservation, and increase agricultural productivity. In common tansy, gene drives could be developed to target genes that would reduce or eliminate female fertility and consequently inhibit common tansy seed production. Using common tansy as an example, we outline risks associated with the use of gene drive technology for invasive plant control and explain how risks may be mitigated. Understanding potential benefits and risks associated with gene drives in the early stages of development is crucial. Mitigating risks, receiving stakeholder input, and navigating the regulatory environment will play an important role in gene drive development and deployment.","PeriodicalId":34038,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Agronomy","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135569516","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Introduction Yield and its stability are both vital characteristics to evaluate the viability of cropping systems. However, the current frames of field research hardly allow an accurate evaluation of short-term effect stability. Therefore, over nine German environments (three years and three locations), first crop, maize, total harvested dry biomass yield (DMY), and maize dry matter content (DMC) variability were evaluated through a risk assessment in an organically managed silage maize experiment comprising 18 cropping systems. Material and methods The treatment factors included first crop group (pure legume, legume–cereal mixture), first crop (winter pea, hairy vetch and their mixtures with rye, control), management —incorporating first crop use and tillage (double cropping system no-till, double cropping system reduced till, double-cropped, mulched system terminated with roller-crimper, control), fertilization and mechanical weed control (yes–no), and row width (75 cm, 50 cm). Results and discussion The first crop DMY and maize DMC had a positive relationship with its variance, whereas maize DMY and total DMY had a negative relationship. The differences in risks were governed by system (number of crops), management and first crop ( group ), and followed compatible patterns with what was observed for their influence on the mean of the parameters. The pedological and climatic conditions, especially near maize sowing and establishment, and therefore the length of season are crucial in double cropping and double-cropped, mulched systems. In its current state, the location in the northern region of Germany was not well suited for the studied alternative systems, whereas in the other regions (central and south), double cropping systems with reduced tillage as well as double-cropped systems with pure legume mulches may offer alternative management systems for silage maize. Further optimization of the critical sowing and establishment phase may result in more diversified options for double cropping and double-cropped, mulched systems in the future.
{"title":"Yield stability of silage maize double cropping systems across nine German environments","authors":"Fruzsina Schmidt, Herwart Böhm, Hans-Peter Piepho, Peer Urbatzka, Michael Wachendorf, Rüdiger Graß","doi":"10.3389/fagro.2023.1235034","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fagro.2023.1235034","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction Yield and its stability are both vital characteristics to evaluate the viability of cropping systems. However, the current frames of field research hardly allow an accurate evaluation of short-term effect stability. Therefore, over nine German environments (three years and three locations), first crop, maize, total harvested dry biomass yield (DMY), and maize dry matter content (DMC) variability were evaluated through a risk assessment in an organically managed silage maize experiment comprising 18 cropping systems. Material and methods The treatment factors included first crop group (pure legume, legume–cereal mixture), first crop (winter pea, hairy vetch and their mixtures with rye, control), management —incorporating first crop use and tillage (double cropping system no-till, double cropping system reduced till, double-cropped, mulched system terminated with roller-crimper, control), fertilization and mechanical weed control (yes–no), and row width (75 cm, 50 cm). Results and discussion The first crop DMY and maize DMC had a positive relationship with its variance, whereas maize DMY and total DMY had a negative relationship. The differences in risks were governed by system (number of crops), management and first crop ( group ), and followed compatible patterns with what was observed for their influence on the mean of the parameters. The pedological and climatic conditions, especially near maize sowing and establishment, and therefore the length of season are crucial in double cropping and double-cropped, mulched systems. In its current state, the location in the northern region of Germany was not well suited for the studied alternative systems, whereas in the other regions (central and south), double cropping systems with reduced tillage as well as double-cropped systems with pure legume mulches may offer alternative management systems for silage maize. Further optimization of the critical sowing and establishment phase may result in more diversified options for double cropping and double-cropped, mulched systems in the future.","PeriodicalId":34038,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Agronomy","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135729738","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-19DOI: 10.3389/fagro.2023.1216520
David Johnston-Monje, Laura Isabella Vergara, Jessica Lopez-Mejia, James Francis White
Agricultural products such as tea, chocolate, coffee and wine are valued for their sensorial and nutritional qualities. Variation in the growing conditions of a crop can influence the plant’s phenotype, thus it behooves agriculturalists to optimize the conditions on their farms to grow the highest quality product. The set of growing conditions associated with a certain geographic location and its influence on the product’s chemistry is known as terroir. Although terroir plays a significant role in marketing and consumer appreciation as well as product identity and valorization, rarely are the biochemical differences or the factors creating them very well understood. The word derives from the Latin for “land”, suggesting terroir is simply a function of the geographical location where a plant grew, while in its modern usage, terroir is understood to be the result of soil type, climate, landscape, topography, biotic interactions and agricultural practice. Except for fermented food products like wine and chocolate, plant associated microbiomes have been little studied for their contribution to a crop’s terroir; however, modern metagenomics and metabolomics technologies have given scientists the tools to better observe how microbial diversity can impact the chemical variation in plant products. Differences in the microbiomes inhabiting plant organs can change phytochemistry by altering host metabolism, for example increasing the nutrients absorbed by roots that then are deposited in leaves, seeds and fruits. Plant associated microbes can consume plant molecules, removing them from the metabolome, or they can contribute smells and flavors of their own. This review aims to synthesize research into rhizosphere, endosphere, phyllosphere, spermosphere, carposphere, and anthosphere microbiome influences on plant biochemistry and crop derived products, while helping to increase the appreciation that beneficial microbes are able to contribute to agriculture by improving phytochemical quality.
{"title":"Plant microbiomes as contributors to agricultural terroir","authors":"David Johnston-Monje, Laura Isabella Vergara, Jessica Lopez-Mejia, James Francis White","doi":"10.3389/fagro.2023.1216520","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fagro.2023.1216520","url":null,"abstract":"Agricultural products such as tea, chocolate, coffee and wine are valued for their sensorial and nutritional qualities. Variation in the growing conditions of a crop can influence the plant’s phenotype, thus it behooves agriculturalists to optimize the conditions on their farms to grow the highest quality product. The set of growing conditions associated with a certain geographic location and its influence on the product’s chemistry is known as terroir. Although terroir plays a significant role in marketing and consumer appreciation as well as product identity and valorization, rarely are the biochemical differences or the factors creating them very well understood. The word derives from the Latin for “land”, suggesting terroir is simply a function of the geographical location where a plant grew, while in its modern usage, terroir is understood to be the result of soil type, climate, landscape, topography, biotic interactions and agricultural practice. Except for fermented food products like wine and chocolate, plant associated microbiomes have been little studied for their contribution to a crop’s terroir; however, modern metagenomics and metabolomics technologies have given scientists the tools to better observe how microbial diversity can impact the chemical variation in plant products. Differences in the microbiomes inhabiting plant organs can change phytochemistry by altering host metabolism, for example increasing the nutrients absorbed by roots that then are deposited in leaves, seeds and fruits. Plant associated microbes can consume plant molecules, removing them from the metabolome, or they can contribute smells and flavors of their own. This review aims to synthesize research into rhizosphere, endosphere, phyllosphere, spermosphere, carposphere, and anthosphere microbiome influences on plant biochemistry and crop derived products, while helping to increase the appreciation that beneficial microbes are able to contribute to agriculture by improving phytochemical quality.","PeriodicalId":34038,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Agronomy","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135730872","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-16DOI: 10.3389/fagro.2023.1244633
Jose A. Jimenez-Berni, Arantxa Cabello-Leblic, Alicia Lopez-Guerrero, Francisco J. Villalobos, Luca Testi, Elias Fereres
Determining crop evapotranspiration (ET) is essential for managing water at various scales, from regional water accounting to farm irrigation. Quantification of ET may be carried out by several procedures, being eddy covariance and energy balance the most established methods among the research community. One major limitation is the high cost of the sensors included in the eddy covariance or energy balance systems. We report here the development of a simpler device (CORDOVA-ET: COnductance Recording Device for Observation and VAlidation of ET) to determine crop ET based on industrial-grade, commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) sensors costing far less than research-grade sensors. The CORDOVA-ET contains a sensor package that integrates the basic micrometeorological instrumentation and the infrared temperature sensors required for estimating ET over crops using the energy balance approach. One novel feature is the presence of four different nodes that allow the determination of ET in four different locations within a field or in four different fields of the same crop, thus allowing an assessment of ET spatial variability. The system was conceived as an open-source and hardware alternative to commercial devices, using a collaborative approach for the development of a regional ET network in countries of North Africa and the Near East. Comparisons of radiation, temperature, humidity, and wind against those of research-grade sensors yielded excellent results, with coefficients of correlation ( R 2 ) above 0.96. The estimated reference ET calculated from these measurements showed R 2 = 0.99 and a root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.22 mm/day. The infrared temperature measurements at the four different nodes showed an RMSE below 0.56°C. The energy balance components and estimates of ET from the CORDOVA-ET were validated against an eddy-covariance system over a wheat crop. The high ( R 2 ) for net radiation (0.98), sensible heat (0.88), and latent heat (0.86) showed good agreement between the modeled energy fluxes and the field measurements. The hardware components, acquisition, and data processing software are available as open-source repositories to facilitate adoption for different applications, from water use efficiency research to irrigation management.
{"title":"Energy balance determination of crop evapotranspiration using a wireless sensor network","authors":"Jose A. Jimenez-Berni, Arantxa Cabello-Leblic, Alicia Lopez-Guerrero, Francisco J. Villalobos, Luca Testi, Elias Fereres","doi":"10.3389/fagro.2023.1244633","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fagro.2023.1244633","url":null,"abstract":"Determining crop evapotranspiration (ET) is essential for managing water at various scales, from regional water accounting to farm irrigation. Quantification of ET may be carried out by several procedures, being eddy covariance and energy balance the most established methods among the research community. One major limitation is the high cost of the sensors included in the eddy covariance or energy balance systems. We report here the development of a simpler device (CORDOVA-ET: COnductance Recording Device for Observation and VAlidation of ET) to determine crop ET based on industrial-grade, commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) sensors costing far less than research-grade sensors. The CORDOVA-ET contains a sensor package that integrates the basic micrometeorological instrumentation and the infrared temperature sensors required for estimating ET over crops using the energy balance approach. One novel feature is the presence of four different nodes that allow the determination of ET in four different locations within a field or in four different fields of the same crop, thus allowing an assessment of ET spatial variability. The system was conceived as an open-source and hardware alternative to commercial devices, using a collaborative approach for the development of a regional ET network in countries of North Africa and the Near East. Comparisons of radiation, temperature, humidity, and wind against those of research-grade sensors yielded excellent results, with coefficients of correlation ( R 2 ) above 0.96. The estimated reference ET calculated from these measurements showed R 2 = 0.99 and a root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.22 mm/day. The infrared temperature measurements at the four different nodes showed an RMSE below 0.56°C. The energy balance components and estimates of ET from the CORDOVA-ET were validated against an eddy-covariance system over a wheat crop. The high ( R 2 ) for net radiation (0.98), sensible heat (0.88), and latent heat (0.86) showed good agreement between the modeled energy fluxes and the field measurements. The hardware components, acquisition, and data processing software are available as open-source repositories to facilitate adoption for different applications, from water use efficiency research to irrigation management.","PeriodicalId":34038,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Agronomy","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136077858","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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