Pub Date : 2024-03-16DOI: 10.9734/jerr/2024/v26i41110
Agbo, Aondoungwa, Alabi, Isaac Ibitayo
This study presents an optimized Proportional Integral Derivative Based Power System Stabilizer (PIDPSS) using Jaya Algorithm for angular stability enhancement. Jaya algorithm introduced by Rao, is an optimization technique with few control parameters which is used to minimize the objective function F(K). The modeling and simulation were done using Matlab /Simulink software version R2021b on IEEE 14-Bus system and Single Machine Infinite Bus (SMIB). A three-phase fault was introduced into the network at system runtime of 5s with a fault clearing time of 0.1s. The result of the simulation of the IEEE 14 Bus system showed a 74% and 24% reduction in overshoot time of speed deviation for generators 1 and 2, with settling times of 2.5s and 4s, respectively, in the presence of PIDPSS. The load angle experienced a 14% and 19% reduction in overshoot with settling times of 2s and 2.5s, respectively in the presence of PIDPSS for generators 1 and 2, respectively. The Electrical Power result showed 27% and 6% reduction in overshoot time as well as settling times of 2.5s and 4s, respectively, for generator 1 and 2 in the presence of PIDPSS. The result of the simulation of SMIB system also showed a 25% reduction in overshoot time in relation to deviation speed at a settling time of 4s in the presence of PIDPSS. The Load Angle showed- a 13% decrease in overshoot time at 2s settling time in the presence of PIDPSS. Also, the Electrical Power result highlighted a 15% drop-in overshoot time and settles within 2s. These results affirms that the PIDPSS introduced improved overall system stability.
{"title":"Optimized Proportional Integral Derivative Based Power System Stabilizer Using Jaya Algorithm for Angular Stability Enhancement","authors":"Agbo, Aondoungwa, Alabi, Isaac Ibitayo","doi":"10.9734/jerr/2024/v26i41110","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/jerr/2024/v26i41110","url":null,"abstract":"This study presents an optimized Proportional Integral Derivative Based Power System Stabilizer (PIDPSS) using Jaya Algorithm for angular stability enhancement. Jaya algorithm introduced by Rao, is an optimization technique with few control parameters which is used to minimize the objective function F(K). The modeling and simulation were done using Matlab /Simulink software version R2021b on IEEE 14-Bus system and Single Machine Infinite Bus (SMIB). A three-phase fault was introduced into the network at system runtime of 5s with a fault clearing time of 0.1s. The result of the simulation of the IEEE 14 Bus system showed a 74% and 24% reduction in overshoot time of speed deviation for generators 1 and 2, with settling times of 2.5s and 4s, respectively, in the presence of PIDPSS. The load angle experienced a 14% and 19% reduction in overshoot with settling times of 2s and 2.5s, respectively in the presence of PIDPSS for generators 1 and 2, respectively. The Electrical Power result showed 27% and 6% reduction in overshoot time as well as settling times of 2.5s and 4s, respectively, for generator 1 and 2 in the presence of PIDPSS. The result of the simulation of SMIB system also showed a 25% reduction in overshoot time in relation to deviation speed at a settling time of 4s in the presence of PIDPSS. The Load Angle showed- a 13% decrease in overshoot time at 2s settling time in the presence of PIDPSS. Also, the Electrical Power result highlighted a 15% drop-in overshoot time and settles within 2s. These results affirms that the PIDPSS introduced improved overall system stability.","PeriodicalId":340494,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Engineering Research and Reports","volume":"98 S4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140236380","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The paper examines the technical and economic characteristics of the most common controllers from popular manufacturers in the United States, designed to automate the operation of rod depth pumps installed in oil-producing pumping machines. The main functional components, including sensors and actuators, are presented. A comparative analysis of the functionality is made, namely, the operating modes of the automation systems for switching on and off electric motors of rod pumps. The main distinguishing features of the presented controllers is that some of them lack any sensors and in which the dynamograms are controlled in the function of currents and voltages. In addition, there are also types that use radio communication with the main control and control panel, which greatly simplifies wiring diagrams, eliminates the need to install relatively long cable networks.
{"title":"Comparative Analysis of Technical and Operational Characteristics of Controllers Used to Automate the Operation of Rod Depth Pumps","authors":"Hashimov Khanlar Khamis, Allahverdiyev Vugar Alasgar","doi":"10.9734/jerr/2024/v26i41109","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/jerr/2024/v26i41109","url":null,"abstract":"The paper examines the technical and economic characteristics of the most common controllers from popular manufacturers in the United States, designed to automate the operation of rod depth pumps installed in oil-producing pumping machines. The main functional components, including sensors and actuators, are presented. A comparative analysis of the functionality is made, namely, the operating modes of the automation systems for switching on and off electric motors of rod pumps. \u0000The main distinguishing features of the presented controllers is that some of them lack any sensors and in which the dynamograms are controlled in the function of currents and voltages. In addition, there are also types that use radio communication with the main control and control panel, which greatly simplifies wiring diagrams, eliminates the need to install relatively long cable networks.","PeriodicalId":340494,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Engineering Research and Reports","volume":"10 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140237355","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-14DOI: 10.9734/jerr/2024/v26i31107
Liu Yue
TOPSIS method, as a relatively new comprehensive evaluation method for multi-objective decision making, makes use of the proximity between the evaluation object and its ideal target to rank the relative advantages and disadvantages, and is a comprehensive evaluation method for intra-group distance. This method is often combined with risk identification technology in the field of risk assessment, which can accurately reflect the gap between evaluation schemes, correctly identify risks, assess risks and scientifically control risks, reduce adverse effects and improve management level, so it is widely used in the engineering field. As the infrastructure construction tends to be saturated and the industry competition becomes increasingly fierce, the project construction mode is gradually changing from the traditional mode to the EPC mode. EPC projects have the characteristics of large construction scale, many personnel and mixed technologies, and are faced with complex risk factors in the construction process. Therefore, it will become a trend to explore the better integration of EPC projects and TOPSIS method. This paper mainly discusses the advantages and disadvantages of TOPSIS method, research status and applicability with EPC, proposes my own views on the improvement of TOPSIS method in EPC projects, and looks forward to its future research direct0069on in the field of risk assessment, so as to provide references for the integration and improvement of EPC projects and TOPSIS method.
{"title":"Research on the Application of TOPSIS Method in EPC Risk Assessment","authors":"Liu Yue","doi":"10.9734/jerr/2024/v26i31107","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/jerr/2024/v26i31107","url":null,"abstract":"TOPSIS method, as a relatively new comprehensive evaluation method for multi-objective decision making, makes use of the proximity between the evaluation object and its ideal target to rank the relative advantages and disadvantages, and is a comprehensive evaluation method for intra-group distance. This method is often combined with risk identification technology in the field of risk assessment, which can accurately reflect the gap between evaluation schemes, correctly identify risks, assess risks and scientifically control risks, reduce adverse effects and improve management level, so it is widely used in the engineering field. As the infrastructure construction tends to be saturated and the industry competition becomes increasingly fierce, the project construction mode is gradually changing from the traditional mode to the EPC mode. EPC projects have the characteristics of large construction scale, many personnel and mixed technologies, and are faced with complex risk factors in the construction process. Therefore, it will become a trend to explore the better integration of EPC projects and TOPSIS method. This paper mainly discusses the advantages and disadvantages of TOPSIS method, research status and applicability with EPC, proposes my own views on the improvement of TOPSIS method in EPC projects, and looks forward to its future research direct0069on in the field of risk assessment, so as to provide references for the integration and improvement of EPC projects and TOPSIS method.","PeriodicalId":340494,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Engineering Research and Reports","volume":"7 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140243400","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-14DOI: 10.9734/jerr/2024/v26i41108
Hachimenum Nyebuchi Amadi, Oke. I. Awochi, Abam. S. Innocent
Forecasting the future load growth of an area based on its load demand is often a proactive measure to ensure a steady electricity power supply to that area. The study focused on long-term load forecasting for power system planning, specifically examining the electric load demand from consumers on distribution transformers within Port Harcourt City, located in Rivers State, Nigeria. The study encompassed a comprehensive review of both statistical and artificial intelligence-based approaches. Historical load data for distribution transformer readings spanning 2008 to 2017 were acquired from the Port Harcourt Electricity Distribution Company (PHEDC) and subjected to analysis using the curve-fitting technique. For the period between 2015 and 2030, a yearly load forecast simulation was conducted using the Fourier Series model, implemented with MATLAB software. This simulation aimed to provide insights into future load demand, facilitating careful and informed decision-making in the investment, operation, and maintenance of power system equipment. The effectiveness of the forecasting investigation was assessed using the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), confirming the efficiency, reliability, and validity of the employed model. The study's forecasted results are presented as a valuable guide and practical tool for policymakers and the utility company (PHEDC) to enhance proper planning and decision-making processes. Considering the observed trend in the results, it is suggested that installing additional transformer units in the region would be necessary to alleviate the loads on existing overloaded transformer units within the power system network.
{"title":"Long-term Load Forecasting for Optimal Power System Planning and Decision-Making","authors":"Hachimenum Nyebuchi Amadi, Oke. I. Awochi, Abam. S. Innocent","doi":"10.9734/jerr/2024/v26i41108","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/jerr/2024/v26i41108","url":null,"abstract":"Forecasting the future load growth of an area based on its load demand is often a proactive measure to ensure a steady electricity power supply to that area. The study focused on long-term load forecasting for power system planning, specifically examining the electric load demand from consumers on distribution transformers within Port Harcourt City, located in Rivers State, Nigeria. The study encompassed a comprehensive review of both statistical and artificial intelligence-based approaches. Historical load data for distribution transformer readings spanning 2008 to 2017 were acquired from the Port Harcourt Electricity Distribution Company (PHEDC) and subjected to analysis using the curve-fitting technique. For the period between 2015 and 2030, a yearly load forecast simulation was conducted using the Fourier Series model, implemented with MATLAB software. This simulation aimed to provide insights into future load demand, facilitating careful and informed decision-making in the investment, operation, and maintenance of power system equipment. The effectiveness of the forecasting investigation was assessed using the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), confirming the efficiency, reliability, and validity of the employed model. The study's forecasted results are presented as a valuable guide and practical tool for policymakers and the utility company (PHEDC) to enhance proper planning and decision-making processes. Considering the observed trend in the results, it is suggested that installing additional transformer units in the region would be necessary to alleviate the loads on existing overloaded transformer units within the power system network.","PeriodicalId":340494,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Engineering Research and Reports","volume":"7 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140244697","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-09DOI: 10.9734/jerr/2024/v26i31106
Bezon Dey Tushar, Tarifuzzaman Riyad, Quazi Reshoan Yazdi, Jariatun Islam, Prof. Dr. Engr. Muhibul Haque Bhuyan
Aims: The premier practical aspect of this research drive is to propose, build, simulate, and evaluate an Arduino-built automatic vehicle driver drowsiness detection and alert system. Study Design: The pivotal role of a reliable braking system in vehicular safety cannot be overstated, particularly considering the escalating frequency of traffic accidents, notably prevalent in Indonesia where human factors take center stage as the primary accident catalyst. An insightful poll underscores physical fatigue or drowsiness while driving as the foremost concern. Acknowledging the nuanced disparities between conventional air systems and electric systems, this research strategically directs its attention toward crafting a new system characteristic that mirrors the efficiency of the existing systems. Place and Period of Study: The research action engaged by the authors in a bunch of two students under the command of a professor as a part of one of his course capstone projects for the Bachelor of Science in Electrical and Electronic Engineering degree at the American International University Bangladesh (AIUB), Dhaka, Bangladesh. The authors performed their investigative tasks at AIUB from June 2023 to January 2024. Methodology: Recognizing the imperative to fortify vehicular safety, the integration of artificial intelligence emerges as a vital solution to assist drivers in ensuring the safety of individuals both within and outside the vehicle. This focused study, tailored specifically for Electric Vehicles (EVs), centers on the innovative application of object and distance identification methodologies to provide a comprehensive braking action indicator. Leveraging a minicomputer and a sophisticated neural network approach, images captured by a stereo camera undergo meticulous machine learning processes. This facilitates the precise categorization and measurement of distances between objects, with subsequent priority decisions determining the optimal degree of braking action. Employing an intelligent methodology, specifically fuzzy logic, the study demonstrates a successful outcome by constructing a curve while concurrently enhancing the dynamics of the pre-existing system. Moreover, a finely tuned Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) signal for braking, lasting 10 milliseconds, is intricately devised based on the study's discerning results. Results: The system is simulated in Proteus and tested in real time to check its functionality. The outcomes of the test showed that the system can produce the appropriate signals based on the detection of any kind of driver’s drowsiness and can stop the car. Conclusion: This comprehensive approach ensures the seamless replacement of components while concurrently elevating the overall performance of the braking system
{"title":"Design, Simulation, Building, and Testing of a Microcontroller-Based Automatic Drowsiness Detection, Vehicle Braking, and Alert System","authors":"Bezon Dey Tushar, Tarifuzzaman Riyad, Quazi Reshoan Yazdi, Jariatun Islam, Prof. Dr. Engr. Muhibul Haque Bhuyan","doi":"10.9734/jerr/2024/v26i31106","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/jerr/2024/v26i31106","url":null,"abstract":"Aims: The premier practical aspect of this research drive is to propose, build, simulate, and evaluate an Arduino-built automatic vehicle driver drowsiness detection and alert system. \u0000Study Design: The pivotal role of a reliable braking system in vehicular safety cannot be overstated, particularly considering the escalating frequency of traffic accidents, notably prevalent in Indonesia where human factors take center stage as the primary accident catalyst. An insightful poll underscores physical fatigue or drowsiness while driving as the foremost concern. Acknowledging the nuanced disparities between conventional air systems and electric systems, this research strategically directs its attention toward crafting a new system characteristic that mirrors the efficiency of the existing systems. \u0000Place and Period of Study: The research action engaged by the authors in a bunch of two students under the command of a professor as a part of one of his course capstone projects for the Bachelor of Science in Electrical and Electronic Engineering degree at the American International University Bangladesh (AIUB), Dhaka, Bangladesh. The authors performed their investigative tasks at AIUB from June 2023 to January 2024. \u0000Methodology: Recognizing the imperative to fortify vehicular safety, the integration of artificial intelligence emerges as a vital solution to assist drivers in ensuring the safety of individuals both within and outside the vehicle. This focused study, tailored specifically for Electric Vehicles (EVs), centers on the innovative application of object and distance identification methodologies to provide a comprehensive braking action indicator. Leveraging a minicomputer and a sophisticated neural network approach, images captured by a stereo camera undergo meticulous machine learning processes. This facilitates the precise categorization and measurement of distances between objects, with subsequent priority decisions determining the optimal degree of braking action. Employing an intelligent methodology, specifically fuzzy logic, the study demonstrates a successful outcome by constructing a curve while concurrently enhancing the dynamics of the pre-existing system. Moreover, a finely tuned Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) signal for braking, lasting 10 milliseconds, is intricately devised based on the study's discerning results. \u0000Results: The system is simulated in Proteus and tested in real time to check its functionality. The outcomes of the test showed that the system can produce the appropriate signals based on the detection of any kind of driver’s drowsiness and can stop the car. \u0000Conclusion: This comprehensive approach ensures the seamless replacement of components while concurrently elevating the overall performance of the braking system","PeriodicalId":340494,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Engineering Research and Reports","volume":"195 S558","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140256409","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
One of the most significant challenges for extending production life in mature waterflood fields is high water cut. Couple with high reservoir heterogeneity, extensive layering and faulting, these fields often developed irregular flood patterns after decades of production which compounded the challenge of optimizing recovery from these fields. The severity of this problem has been observed in the Niger Delta oil fields, where several matured fields are producing at high water cut after many years of waterflooding. This study aimed to determine the viability of Water Alternating Gas (WAG) injection in comparison with Waterflooding and Gas injection methods for optimum oil recovery of an oil field in Niger Delta. WAG injection had a maximum field oil efficiency (FOE) of 31%, a field oil production total (FOPT) of 4,944 MMSTB, a plateau time of 14 years and a total field water production (FWPT) of 18,356 MMSTB. Waterflooding had a FOE of 23%, a FOPT of 37,466 MMSTB, a plateau time of 9 years and a FWPT of 96,895 MMSTB. Whereas gas injection had an FOE of 15%, a FOPT of 36,063 MMSTB, a plateau time of 3.2 years, and a FWPT of 13,444 MMSTB, respectively. From the comparative analysis of the three recovery methods, WAG injection outperformed both waterflooding and gas injection with the highest FOE of 31% and the longest plateau time of 14 years, respectively.
{"title":"The Application of Water Alternating Gas Injection to Maximize Oil Recovery in the Niger Delta","authors":"Okon, Edet Ita, Chinedu I. Ndubuka, Aniefiok Livinus, Asuquo Ini-Obong, Mfonobong Umana, Ubong Thompson Idiok","doi":"10.9734/jerr/2024/v26i31103","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/jerr/2024/v26i31103","url":null,"abstract":"One of the most significant challenges for extending production life in mature waterflood fields is high water cut. Couple with high reservoir heterogeneity, extensive layering and faulting, these fields often developed irregular flood patterns after decades of production which compounded the challenge of optimizing recovery from these fields. The severity of this problem has been observed in the Niger Delta oil fields, where several matured fields are producing at high water cut after many years of waterflooding. This study aimed to determine the viability of Water Alternating Gas (WAG) injection in comparison with Waterflooding and Gas injection methods for optimum oil recovery of an oil field in Niger Delta. WAG injection had a maximum field oil efficiency (FOE) of 31%, a field oil production total (FOPT) of 4,944 MMSTB, a plateau time of 14 years and a total field water production (FWPT) of 18,356 MMSTB. Waterflooding had a FOE of 23%, a FOPT of 37,466 MMSTB, a plateau time of 9 years and a FWPT of 96,895 MMSTB. Whereas gas injection had an FOE of 15%, a FOPT of 36,063 MMSTB, a plateau time of 3.2 years, and a FWPT of 13,444 MMSTB, respectively. From the comparative analysis of the three recovery methods, WAG injection outperformed both waterflooding and gas injection with the highest FOE of 31% and the longest plateau time of 14 years, respectively.","PeriodicalId":340494,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Engineering Research and Reports","volume":"22 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140263053","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-06DOI: 10.9734/jerr/2024/v26i31105
S. C. Nwafor, C. C. Nwobi-Okoye, Benjamin E. Okafor, Kenneth K. Nwankwo, Chinenye Onwuchekwa
A door is an essential component of a building. It provides security and access to the different parts of a building. In the modern era, when people want everyday life to be completely automated so that work can be done easily in a short amount of time without wasting energy, automatic doors have continued to be fashionable. In addition to being effective and efficient as automation continues to develop rapidly, automatic doors are essential to curbing the transmission of infectious diseases like Ebola and COVID-19. While automatic doors are available in Nigeria, they are imported, thereby shrinking the nation’s foreign exchange. Not only that, but they also cost more when imported compared to when they are manufactured locally. In this work, therefore, a cost-effective automatic sliding door was developed using locally sourced materials from Nigeria. The door uses a passive infrared sensor (PIR) to detect a human or an object in a doorway and automatically opens and closes the door by signalling a microcontroller to activate a DC motor, which drives a belt pulley mechanism. The conceptual design of the system was designed and simulated using SolidWorks. Based on the design, calculations were made to determine the appropriate materials to source. The DC motor model was simulated using MATLAB SIMULINK as a physical model to observe how it would behave in the presence of noise, and the PID controller was tuned to give optimal performance using MATLAB Auto tuning. Some materials were locally purchased, while others were constructed through standard workshop methods. A cost-saving advantage of 95.77% and 89.13% were achieved when compared to imported equivalent types from the USA and China, respectively. The siding door was assembled and subjected to a functionality test, and it was observed that the automatic sliding door successfully detects humans and objects and actuates the motor to open and close the door after the object is out of the set sensing range of 50cm. This work is a step forward in boosting local innovation in Nigeria.
{"title":"An Automatic Sliding Door: Leveraging Locally Sourced Materials for Innovation","authors":"S. C. Nwafor, C. C. Nwobi-Okoye, Benjamin E. Okafor, Kenneth K. Nwankwo, Chinenye Onwuchekwa","doi":"10.9734/jerr/2024/v26i31105","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/jerr/2024/v26i31105","url":null,"abstract":"A door is an essential component of a building. It provides security and access to the different parts of a building. In the modern era, when people want everyday life to be completely automated so that work can be done easily in a short amount of time without wasting energy, automatic doors have continued to be fashionable. In addition to being effective and efficient as automation continues to develop rapidly, automatic doors are essential to curbing the transmission of infectious diseases like Ebola and COVID-19. While automatic doors are available in Nigeria, they are imported, thereby shrinking the nation’s foreign exchange. Not only that, but they also cost more when imported compared to when they are manufactured locally. In this work, therefore, a cost-effective automatic sliding door was developed using locally sourced materials from Nigeria. The door uses a passive infrared sensor (PIR) to detect a human or an object in a doorway and automatically opens and closes the door by signalling a microcontroller to activate a DC motor, which drives a belt pulley mechanism. The conceptual design of the system was designed and simulated using SolidWorks. Based on the design, calculations were made to determine the appropriate materials to source. The DC motor model was simulated using MATLAB SIMULINK as a physical model to observe how it would behave in the presence of noise, and the PID controller was tuned to give optimal performance using MATLAB Auto tuning. Some materials were locally purchased, while others were constructed through standard workshop methods. A cost-saving advantage of 95.77% and 89.13% were achieved when compared to imported equivalent types from the USA and China, respectively. The siding door was assembled and subjected to a functionality test, and it was observed that the automatic sliding door successfully detects humans and objects and actuates the motor to open and close the door after the object is out of the set sensing range of 50cm. This work is a step forward in boosting local innovation in Nigeria.","PeriodicalId":340494,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Engineering Research and Reports","volume":"17 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140263078","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-06DOI: 10.9734/jerr/2024/v26i31104
K. M. Oba
The problem of transporting steel reinforcement for construction purposes has always been eminent in construction projects. In this study, the transportation model was applied while shipping steel reinforcement from three supply locations to three construction sites owned by Julius Berger construction limited, in the city of Port Harcourt. The study was done for 100-ton truck load of steel reinforcement bars with standard 12m lengths and diameters 8mm to 40mm. This was from the three selected steel depots in Port Harcourt. The costs of transporting the steel reinforcement bars were analyzed using the basic steps of simplex algorithm for solving transportation problems. The initial and optimum feasible solutions were obtained. The Stepping Stone method was used for the optimum solution after three consecutive iterations, which amounted to $3,813 or (₦2,897,880 as of March 2023). The result was compared with that obtained from Microsoft Excel solver. There was no difference between the two results.
{"title":"The Application of Mathematical Modelling to Optimize Steel Reinforcement Shipping Cost for Construction Projects by Julius Berger","authors":"K. M. Oba","doi":"10.9734/jerr/2024/v26i31104","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/jerr/2024/v26i31104","url":null,"abstract":"The problem of transporting steel reinforcement for construction purposes has always been eminent in construction projects. In this study, the transportation model was applied while shipping steel reinforcement from three supply locations to three construction sites owned by Julius Berger construction limited, in the city of Port Harcourt. The study was done for 100-ton truck load of steel reinforcement bars with standard 12m lengths and diameters 8mm to 40mm. This was from the three selected steel depots in Port Harcourt. The costs of transporting the steel reinforcement bars were analyzed using the basic steps of simplex algorithm for solving transportation problems. The initial and optimum feasible solutions were obtained. The Stepping Stone method was used for the optimum solution after three consecutive iterations, which amounted to $3,813 or (₦2,897,880 as of March 2023). The result was compared with that obtained from Microsoft Excel solver. There was no difference between the two results.","PeriodicalId":340494,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Engineering Research and Reports","volume":"33 16","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140262644","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-05DOI: 10.9734/jerr/2024/v26i31101
Felix Kwarteng, Charles K. Kankam, J. O. Banahene, George Oti Boateng, E. Mansal
This research investigated the behaviour of square reinforced concrete columns with embedded PVC pipes, aiming to comprehensively analyze their performance. The study addressed the lack of significant research on the contributions and effects of embedded PVC pipes on structural performance compared to hollow columns. The objectives of the study sought to evaluate the contributions and effects of embedded PVC pipes on the structural performance of columns under loading conditions, determine how the presence of PVC pipes influenced the columns' ability to deform and dissipate energy, and identify the optimal size of PVC pipes to enhance column performance while maintaining stability and safety. Numerical analysis using ABAQUS CEA 2020 software was employed to simulate the behavior of reinforced concrete columns with embedded PVC pipes. The computational model used the same cross-sections with varying diameters of PVC pipes (50mm, 75mm and 100mm). The analysis focused on assessing load-bearing capacities, deformation characteristics, and energy dissipation patterns under axial vertical displacement loading scenario. Findings indicated that PVC-embedded columns exhibit, on average, approximately 0.5% higher load-bearing capacities than Perforated columns. With a composite average of 0.00543 for plastic strains (LE) in PVC-Embedded columns compared to 0.00673 in Perforated columns, a composite average of 5.87E-03 for Equivalent Plastic Strains (PEEQ) in PVC-Embedded columns compared to 7.41E-03 in Perforated columns, and a composite average of 0.0091 for Magnetic Potential Energy (PEMag) in PVC-Embedded columns compared to 0.012 in Perforated columns, collectively suggested that PVC pipes positively impact controlled deformation and energy dissipation. The observed trend is particularly evident in specific instances, with PVC-Embedded-50mm exhibiting a marginal load-bearing increase of approximately 0.2%, PVC-Embedded-75mm indicating an improvement of about 0.5%, and PVC-Embedded-100mm manifesting a load-bearing capacity increase of roughly 0.7%. Overall, these findings highlight that smaller sizes of embedded PVC pipes result in better load-bearing performance. The study recommended meticulous attention to material composition and structural design during PVC-embedded column implementation, careful selection of PVC pipe sizes based on structural requirements and project specifications, further research on dynamic loading conditions to comprehensively understand column behavior, and implementation of stringent quality control measures during manufacturing and construction processes.
{"title":"Predictive Behaviour from Finite Element Analysis on PVC-Ducted Reinforced Concrete Column","authors":"Felix Kwarteng, Charles K. Kankam, J. O. Banahene, George Oti Boateng, E. Mansal","doi":"10.9734/jerr/2024/v26i31101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/jerr/2024/v26i31101","url":null,"abstract":"This research investigated the behaviour of square reinforced concrete columns with embedded PVC pipes, aiming to comprehensively analyze their performance. The study addressed the lack of significant research on the contributions and effects of embedded PVC pipes on structural performance compared to hollow columns. The objectives of the study sought to evaluate the contributions and effects of embedded PVC pipes on the structural performance of columns under loading conditions, determine how the presence of PVC pipes influenced the columns' ability to deform and dissipate energy, and identify the optimal size of PVC pipes to enhance column performance while maintaining stability and safety. Numerical analysis using ABAQUS CEA 2020 software was employed to simulate the behavior of reinforced concrete columns with embedded PVC pipes. The computational model used the same cross-sections with varying diameters of PVC pipes (50mm, 75mm and 100mm). The analysis focused on assessing load-bearing capacities, deformation characteristics, and energy dissipation patterns under axial vertical displacement loading scenario. Findings indicated that PVC-embedded columns exhibit, on average, approximately 0.5% higher load-bearing capacities than Perforated columns. With a composite average of 0.00543 for plastic strains (LE) in PVC-Embedded columns compared to 0.00673 in Perforated columns, a composite average of 5.87E-03 for Equivalent Plastic Strains (PEEQ) in PVC-Embedded columns compared to 7.41E-03 in Perforated columns, and a composite average of 0.0091 for Magnetic Potential Energy (PEMag) in PVC-Embedded columns compared to 0.012 in Perforated columns, collectively suggested that PVC pipes positively impact controlled deformation and energy dissipation. The observed trend is particularly evident in specific instances, with PVC-Embedded-50mm exhibiting a marginal load-bearing increase of approximately 0.2%, PVC-Embedded-75mm indicating an improvement of about 0.5%, and PVC-Embedded-100mm manifesting a load-bearing capacity increase of roughly 0.7%. Overall, these findings highlight that smaller sizes of embedded PVC pipes result in better load-bearing performance. The study recommended meticulous attention to material composition and structural design during PVC-embedded column implementation, careful selection of PVC pipe sizes based on structural requirements and project specifications, further research on dynamic loading conditions to comprehensively understand column behavior, and implementation of stringent quality control measures during manufacturing and construction processes.","PeriodicalId":340494,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Engineering Research and Reports","volume":"19 21","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140264258","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-04DOI: 10.9734/jerr/2024/v26i31099
Shamim Forhad, M. Hossen, Shibly Noman, I. A. Diba, Fuad Mahmud, Md. Oli Ullah, Suraiya Hossain, Md. Riazat Kabir Shuvo
Addressing the increasing need for sustainable energy solutions, this study presents an advanced dual-axis solar tracking system tailored for Mirpur, Dhaka, Bangladesh (23.8123° N, 90.3740° E). By integrating Internet of Things (IoT) based intelligent power management and automated panel cleaning, we aim to optimize the efficiency of solar photovoltaic (PV) systems. Our design significantly outperforms traditional fixed PV setups, achieving an average voltage improvement of about 18.59% throughout the day. Real-time data monitoring showcases the system's adaptability, with Solar Voltage (SV) and Solar Current (SC) standard deviations recorded at 1.059 and 0.058, respectively. This system not only captures sunlight more efficiently but also ensures self-maintenance, reducing manual intervention. The integration of IoT capabilities provides real-time feedback and adaptability. With a small household size of 4-6 members and a basic electricity demand as a prototype version, the study reveals promising results for sustainable energy solutions. In future integrating a Microgrid system for improved energy distribution and storage, alongside implementing a smart fuzzy logic-based tracking system to optimize solar panel orientation for maximum power generation.
{"title":"Influence of a Dual Axis IoT- Based Off-Grid Solar Tracking System and Wheatstone Bridge on Efficient Energy Harvesting and Management","authors":"Shamim Forhad, M. Hossen, Shibly Noman, I. A. Diba, Fuad Mahmud, Md. Oli Ullah, Suraiya Hossain, Md. Riazat Kabir Shuvo","doi":"10.9734/jerr/2024/v26i31099","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/jerr/2024/v26i31099","url":null,"abstract":"Addressing the increasing need for sustainable energy solutions, this study presents an advanced dual-axis solar tracking system tailored for Mirpur, Dhaka, Bangladesh (23.8123° N, 90.3740° E). By integrating Internet of Things (IoT) based intelligent power management and automated panel cleaning, we aim to optimize the efficiency of solar photovoltaic (PV) systems. Our design significantly outperforms traditional fixed PV setups, achieving an average voltage improvement of about 18.59% throughout the day. Real-time data monitoring showcases the system's adaptability, with Solar Voltage (SV) and Solar Current (SC) standard deviations recorded at 1.059 and 0.058, respectively. This system not only captures sunlight more efficiently but also ensures self-maintenance, reducing manual intervention. The integration of IoT capabilities provides real-time feedback and adaptability. With a small household size of 4-6 members and a basic electricity demand as a prototype version, the study reveals promising results for sustainable energy solutions. In future integrating a Microgrid system for improved energy distribution and storage, alongside implementing a smart fuzzy logic-based tracking system to optimize solar panel orientation for maximum power generation.","PeriodicalId":340494,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Engineering Research and Reports","volume":"49 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140266707","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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