Pub Date : 2023-12-28DOI: 10.9734/jerr/2023/v25i121053
Philip Vincent
Design process of the bearing puller involves various stages that can be grouped into conceptualization of ideas based on design criteria and functional requirements. This is followed by concept generation and selection for optimal design. Concept selection is an important activity in engineering design process, because it involves decision making considering various factors. In this project, computer aided design of four bearing puller was developed after a thorough consideration of the design criteria and factors of an optimal design. Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Technique for order of preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) were used in order to ascertain their suitability for selecting optimal design in engineering. The result obtained from the comparison process proves that both processes are suitable because there are no ties in the final selection of the optimal design concept. The AHP and TOPSIS shows the same design concept irrespective of the processes. This is an indication that both concept selection process considered the weight factor of the level of importance of functional requirement or design criteria. In view of this, it has been proven that whenever the weigh factor remains the same, both processes will give the same result, at least for the considered case. This result may vary when they are both applied for design process of other products.
{"title":"A Comparative Study on Suitability of AHP and TOPSIS for Identifying optimal Conceptual Design of Bearing Puller","authors":"Philip Vincent","doi":"10.9734/jerr/2023/v25i121053","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/jerr/2023/v25i121053","url":null,"abstract":"Design process of the bearing puller involves various stages that can be grouped into conceptualization of ideas based on design criteria and functional requirements. This is followed by concept generation and selection for optimal design. Concept selection is an important activity in engineering design process, because it involves decision making considering various factors. In this project, computer aided design of four bearing puller was developed after a thorough consideration of the design criteria and factors of an optimal design. Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Technique for order of preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) were used in order to ascertain their suitability for selecting optimal design in engineering. The result obtained from the comparison process proves that both processes are suitable because there are no ties in the final selection of the optimal design concept. The AHP and TOPSIS shows the same design concept irrespective of the processes. This is an indication that both concept selection process considered the weight factor of the level of importance of functional requirement or design criteria. In view of this, it has been proven that whenever the weigh factor remains the same, both processes will give the same result, at least for the considered case. This result may vary when they are both applied for design process of other products.","PeriodicalId":340494,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Engineering Research and Reports","volume":"58 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139151942","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-26DOI: 10.9734/jerr/2023/v25i121048
Ismaila Ibrahim
One of the most significant technological challenges that this industry faces today is securing the production flow in deep water exploration. Intense conditions of high pressure and low temperatures will favor the formation of the hydrates which could restrict or block the pathway to the extent that there can be a humungous financial loss. This research was devoted to hydrate control in subsea natural gas production using results from water concentration estimation for reservoir, wellhead and onshore receiving terminal conditions. For illustration, a natural gas stream from the Niger Delta was selected where the transportation medium is a pipeline. Further implementation as part of the hydrate formation assessment input was done on the temperature and pressure profile along this pipeline. A hydrate inhibition strategy based on monoethylene glycol (MEG) is under consideration. It is revealed that in the case if a temperature falls below 20°C and pressure will increase above 100 bar, then it would be met with a flow configuration in a region where hydrates are formed. Estimation of water concentration thus suffices to give useful information as possible prevention methods to hydrate formation while the gas flow is going on in the pipeline. The actual thermodynamic conditions required for the hydrate formation can also be deduced from the temperature and pressure data.
{"title":"Hydrate Control in Subsea Natural Gas Production","authors":"Ismaila Ibrahim","doi":"10.9734/jerr/2023/v25i121048","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/jerr/2023/v25i121048","url":null,"abstract":"One of the most significant technological challenges that this industry faces today is securing the production flow in deep water exploration. Intense conditions of high pressure and low temperatures will favor the formation of the hydrates which could restrict or block the pathway to the extent that there can be a humungous financial loss. This research was devoted to hydrate control in subsea natural gas production using results from water concentration estimation for reservoir, wellhead and onshore receiving terminal conditions. For illustration, a natural gas stream from the Niger Delta was selected where the transportation medium is a pipeline. Further implementation as part of the hydrate formation assessment input was done on the temperature and pressure profile along this pipeline. A hydrate inhibition strategy based on monoethylene glycol (MEG) is under consideration. It is revealed that in the case if a temperature falls below 20°C and pressure will increase above 100 bar, then it would be met with a flow configuration in a region where hydrates are formed. Estimation of water concentration thus suffices to give useful information as possible prevention methods to hydrate formation while the gas flow is going on in the pipeline. The actual thermodynamic conditions required for the hydrate formation can also be deduced from the temperature and pressure data.","PeriodicalId":340494,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Engineering Research and Reports","volume":"93 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139155903","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-26DOI: 10.9734/jerr/2023/v25i121049
Aniebiet Effiong Bassey, Enyenihi Henry Johnson, Gabriel Etim Umoh
Data confidentiality implies that data access is limited to authorized entities only, thus measured data and transmitted data by wireless sensors require optimum security and privacy. Various techniques have been employed to implement effective security mechanisms for a wireless sensor network. However, the arsenal of these potential solutions is useless, considering the constrained nature of the Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) resources in terms of memory, processing and computational capacity. While considering an effective solution for this situation, care must be taken not to trade the desired solution for other factors. This paper considers the implementation of a probabilistic approach for key management in WSN. In the implementation, all kinds of communication within the wireless sensor nodes are presented by forwarding encrypted keys for mutual authentication. A successful authentication opens a communication channel for the communicating nodes. The encrypted keys are computed by generating a polynomial which constitutes the hashed ID concatenated with the master key and Message Authentication Code (MAC) address of the node. The results presented from the simulation of this model are benchmarked with the Dynamically Generated Polynomial (DGP). The proposed model was simulated using MATLAB tools and the comparison of the results obtained shows that the proposed model outperforms the DGP model by 87%, based on the key metrics which are energy consumption, storage and communication overhead.
{"title":"Secret Key Management in Wireless Sensor Network Based on Probabilistic Technique","authors":"Aniebiet Effiong Bassey, Enyenihi Henry Johnson, Gabriel Etim Umoh","doi":"10.9734/jerr/2023/v25i121049","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/jerr/2023/v25i121049","url":null,"abstract":"Data confidentiality implies that data access is limited to authorized entities only, thus measured data and transmitted data by wireless sensors require optimum security and privacy. Various techniques have been employed to implement effective security mechanisms for a wireless sensor network. However, the arsenal of these potential solutions is useless, considering the constrained nature of the Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) resources in terms of memory, processing and computational capacity. While considering an effective solution for this situation, care must be taken not to trade the desired solution for other factors. This paper considers the implementation of a probabilistic approach for key management in WSN. In the implementation, all kinds of communication within the wireless sensor nodes are presented by forwarding encrypted keys for mutual authentication. A successful authentication opens a communication channel for the communicating nodes. The encrypted keys are computed by generating a polynomial which constitutes the hashed ID concatenated with the master key and Message Authentication Code (MAC) address of the node. The results presented from the simulation of this model are benchmarked with the Dynamically Generated Polynomial (DGP). The proposed model was simulated using MATLAB tools and the comparison of the results obtained shows that the proposed model outperforms the DGP model by 87%, based on the key metrics which are energy consumption, storage and communication overhead.","PeriodicalId":340494,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Engineering Research and Reports","volume":"16 25","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139156269","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-23DOI: 10.9734/jerr/2023/v25i121047
J. K. Makone
The MV Uhuru II is a cargo ship designed to transport cargo within Lake Victoria. It is a powerful and reliable vessel, equipped with a range of sophisticated systems that are essential for its safe and efficient operation. MV Uhuru I and her sister ship MV Umoja were built in 1965 by Yarrow Shipbuilders in Scotstoun, Glasgow, Scotland, and entered service in 1967. At over 300 ft (91 m), they were the longest vessels on any of the East African lakes. The two vessels were owned and operated by the East African Railways and Harbors Corporation (EARH) until 1977, when EARH was divided between Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda. This research paper aims to explore the challenges encountered during the construction of the first vessel in the Lake Victoria Basin by local Engineers. The study provides insights into the various obstacles faced by researchers, engineers, and stakeholders involved in the project by identifying and analyzing these challenges. This paper seeks to contribute to future vessel construction efforts in the region. Local shipbuilding industry seeks to harness the potential of the oceans, lakes and coastal areas while ensuring their long-term health and productivity for future generations. It is estimated that the blue economy, if used properly, has the potential to inject up to 4.8 billion US dollars to Kenya's economy and create over 52,000 jobs in the next 10 years. This, combined with a sustainable approach, should make a difference in the protection of maritime ecosystems. The Lake Victoria Basin is a significant water body in East Africa, providing a vital transportation route and supporting various economic activities; ensuring the long-term viability of fish stocks by implementing effective management practices, combating illegal fishing, and promoting sustainable fishing methods, expanding and promoting responsible aquaculture practices to meet the growing demand for seafood while minimizing environmental impacts. Enhancing port infrastructure, improving maritime connectivity, and optimizing logistics to facilitate trade and economic growth within East Africa region. Constructing a vessel in this region poses unique challenges due to the geographical, environmental, and logistical factors. Hence there is a need to focus on the difficulties encountered during the First-time local Construction of MV Uhuru II wagon Vessel by local engineers under expatriate supervision in the Lake Victoria Basin Kisumu. Kenya needs to formulate a clear and detailed strategy outlining the vision, goals, and steps required to become a pioneer in shipbuilding. This strategy should consider market demand, infrastructure development, skills training, and regulatory frameworks and should invest in the necessary infrastructure to support shipbuilding activities. The MV Uhuru II is a cargo ship designed to transport cargo within Lake Victoria. It is a powerful and reliable vessel, equipped with a range of sophisticated systems that are essential for its safe
MV Uhuru II 是一艘专为在维多利亚湖内运输货物而设计的货船。它是一艘动力强劲、性能可靠的船只，配备了一系列对其安全高效运行至关重要的先进系统。MV Uhuru I 及其姊妹船 MV Umoja 于 1965 年由苏格兰格拉斯哥 Scotstoun 的亚罗造船厂建造，1967 年投入使用。它们的长度超过 300 英尺（91 米），是东非湖上最长的船只。这两艘船一直由东非铁路和港口公司（EARH）拥有和运营，直到 1977 年东非铁路和港口公司被肯尼亚、坦桑尼亚和乌干达瓜分。本研究论文旨在探讨当地工程师在维多利亚湖盆地建造第一艘船时遇到的挑战。本研究通过确定和分析这些挑战，深入探讨了参与该项目的研究人员、工程师和利益相关者所面临的各种障碍。本文旨在为该地区未来的船舶建造工作做出贡献。当地造船业力求利用海洋、湖泊和沿海地区的潜力，同时为子孙后代确保其长期健康和生产力。据估计，如果利用得当，蓝色经济有可能在未来 10 年内为肯尼亚经济注入高达 48 亿美元的资金，并创造 52,000 多个就业岗位。这与可持续的方法相结合，应能在保护海洋生态系统方面有所作为。维多利亚湖盆地是东非的一个重要水体，提供了一条重要的运输路线，并支持各种经济活动；通过实施有效的管理方法、打击非法捕鱼、推广可持续捕鱼方法，确保鱼类种群的长期生存能力，扩大和推广负责任的水产养殖方法，以满足对海产品日益增长的需求，同时最大限度地减少对环境的影响。加强港口基础设施，改善海上连通性，优化物流，促进东非地区的贸易和经济增长。由于地理、环境和物流因素，在该地区建造船只面临着独特的挑战。因此，有必要重点关注当地工程师在外籍人士监督下于维多利亚湖盆地基苏木首次在当地建造 MV Uhuru II 货船时遇到的困难。肯尼亚需要制定明确而详细的战略，概述成为造船业先锋所需的愿景、目标和步骤。该战略应考虑市场需求、基础设施发展、技能培训和监管框架，并应投资于必要的基础设施，以支持造船活动。MV Uhuru II 是一艘货船，设计用于在维多利亚湖内运输货物。它是一艘强大而可靠的船只，配备了一系列对其安全高效运行至关重要的先进系统。MV Uhuru II 上最重要的系统之一是船体结构。MV Uhuru II 是肯尼亚从零开始建造的一流船舶，该船舶项目耗资 24 亿肯尼亚先令，历时 24 个月完工，标志着肯尼亚成为非洲造船业的先锋。MV Uhuru II（载重量为 1063 吨）由肯尼亚国防军、技术熟练的文职人员等肯尼亚机构在肯尼亚造船厂建造，包括与荷兰达门造船厂合作。这是政府振兴维多利亚湖流域海上贸易和促进蓝色经济活动计划的一部分。 该船采用了造船业的模块化方法，即在不同地点建造船舶的各个部分或模块，然后将其组装成完整的船舶。虽然这种方法有一些优点，如提高效率、成本效益和灵活性，但也带来了一些挑战。由于经济方面的限制，维多利亚湖盆地的船舶建造项目很难获得足够的资金。非洲造船业面临的最大挑战是缺乏足够的资本投资。投资者对投资非洲造船业仍持怀疑态度，而政府目前在预算中往往也不会优先考虑，因为这是当地的一项新技术探索。
{"title":"The Construction Challenges of Uhuru II Wagon Vessel by Local Engineers under Expatriate Training and Supervision in the Lake Victoria Basin Kisumu, Kenya","authors":"J. K. Makone","doi":"10.9734/jerr/2023/v25i121047","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/jerr/2023/v25i121047","url":null,"abstract":"The MV Uhuru II is a cargo ship designed to transport cargo within Lake Victoria. It is a powerful and reliable vessel, equipped with a range of sophisticated systems that are essential for its safe and efficient operation. MV Uhuru I and her sister ship MV Umoja were built in 1965 by Yarrow Shipbuilders in Scotstoun, Glasgow, Scotland, and entered service in 1967. At over 300 ft (91 m), they were the longest vessels on any of the East African lakes. The two vessels were owned and operated by the East African Railways and Harbors Corporation (EARH) until 1977, when EARH was divided between Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda. This research paper aims to explore the challenges encountered during the construction of the first vessel in the Lake Victoria Basin by local Engineers. The study provides insights into the various obstacles faced by researchers, engineers, and stakeholders involved in the project by identifying and analyzing these challenges. This paper seeks to contribute to future vessel construction efforts in the region. Local shipbuilding industry seeks to harness the potential of the oceans, lakes and coastal areas while ensuring their long-term health and productivity for future generations. It is estimated that the blue economy, if used properly, has the potential to inject up to 4.8 billion US dollars to Kenya's economy and create over 52,000 jobs in the next 10 years. This, combined with a sustainable approach, should make a difference in the protection of maritime ecosystems. The Lake Victoria Basin is a significant water body in East Africa, providing a vital transportation route and supporting various economic activities; ensuring the long-term viability of fish stocks by implementing effective management practices, combating illegal fishing, and promoting sustainable fishing methods, expanding and promoting responsible aquaculture practices to meet the growing demand for seafood while minimizing environmental impacts. Enhancing port infrastructure, improving maritime connectivity, and optimizing logistics to facilitate trade and economic growth within East Africa region. Constructing a vessel in this region poses unique challenges due to the geographical, environmental, and logistical factors. Hence there is a need to focus on the difficulties encountered during the First-time local Construction of MV Uhuru II wagon Vessel by local engineers under expatriate supervision in the Lake Victoria Basin Kisumu. Kenya needs to formulate a clear and detailed strategy outlining the vision, goals, and steps required to become a pioneer in shipbuilding. This strategy should consider market demand, infrastructure development, skills training, and regulatory frameworks and should invest in the necessary infrastructure to support shipbuilding activities. The MV Uhuru II is a cargo ship designed to transport cargo within Lake Victoria. It is a powerful and reliable vessel, equipped with a range of sophisticated systems that are essential for its safe","PeriodicalId":340494,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Engineering Research and Reports","volume":"36 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139162883","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study aims determine the physical, chemical and biological characteristics of borehole water in Awka. The Study Activities Include: Collection of borehole water samples, Identification of physical, chemical and biochemical characteristics present in the borehole water samples, analyzing the characteristics, comparing the characteristics of the water samples to the World Health Organizations (WHO) standards, Federal Environmental Protection Agency (FEPA) and the Nigerian Industrial Standard (NIS), Identification of health effects of imbalance in the characteristic and development recommendation for improving the quality of borehole water. The study was carried out in Microbiology laboratory, Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University Uli, Anambra State, Nigeria (5.7699° N, 6.8361° E). It took six months to complete the study. The physical, chemical and biological characteristics were carefully analyzed with the right methodology which includes HANNA INSTRUCTIONS FOR pH, Electrical Conductivity and temperature, GALVERMETRIC METHOD for Total Dissolved Oxygen, ARGENTOMETRIC METHOD for chloride, molybdenum blue phosphorous method for phosphate, PHENATE SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC METHOD for ammonia, WINKLER'S TITRIMETRIC METHOD for Dissolved Oxygen, TITRIMETRIC METHOD for total acidity, alkalinity and hardness, ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROMETRY for heavy metals and MEMBRANE FILTERATION TECHNIQUE for total coliform and total E. Coli counts. This study presents results for these characteristics which ranges from: 28.3°C - 32°C for temperature which are all below WHO standards, 4.5 - 7.6 for pH, 0.02ms/cm - 1.355ms/cm for Electrical Conductivity, 19.5mg/L - 1020.75 mg/L for Total Dissolved Solids, 4.5mg/L - 8.6mg/L for Dissolved Oxygen, 64mg/L - 198mg/L for Chemical Oxygen Demand, 20mg/L - 138.8mg/L for Total Hardness, 25.2mg/L - 340.2mg/L for Chloride, 5.02ppm - 17.6ppm for phosphate, 0.27mg/L - 6.99mg/L, 2fcu/100ml - 130fcu/100ml for Total coliform count, 1fcu/100ml - 33fcu/100ml, 5.2mg/L - 17mg/L for total acidity, 10mg/L - 255mg/L for total acidity. Conclusion: Results of these characteristics were compared with World Health standards of drinking water, Nigeria Industrial Standards and Federal Environmental Protection Agency standards. The average values the parameters were as well compared to these standards and recommendations were developed for the maintenance and improvement of borehole water quality.
{"title":"Analysis of Physical, Chemical and Biological Characteristics of Borehole Water in Awka, Awka South LGA, Anambra State, Nigeria","authors":"Mmuonwuba Nwanneka, Muogbo Emmanuel Sochima, Onuegbu Akachukwu Samuel, Maduba Kizito","doi":"10.9734/jerr/2023/v25i121046","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/jerr/2023/v25i121046","url":null,"abstract":"This study aims determine the physical, chemical and biological characteristics of borehole water in Awka. The Study Activities Include: Collection of borehole water samples, Identification of physical, chemical and biochemical characteristics present in the borehole water samples, analyzing the characteristics, comparing the characteristics of the water samples to the World Health Organizations (WHO) standards, Federal Environmental Protection Agency (FEPA) and the Nigerian Industrial Standard (NIS), Identification of health effects of imbalance in the characteristic and development recommendation for improving the quality of borehole water. The study was carried out in Microbiology laboratory, Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University Uli, Anambra State, Nigeria (5.7699° N, 6.8361° E). It took six months to complete the study. The physical, chemical and biological characteristics were carefully analyzed with the right methodology which includes HANNA INSTRUCTIONS FOR pH, Electrical Conductivity and temperature, GALVERMETRIC METHOD for Total Dissolved Oxygen, ARGENTOMETRIC METHOD for chloride, molybdenum blue phosphorous method for phosphate, PHENATE SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC METHOD for ammonia, WINKLER'S TITRIMETRIC METHOD for Dissolved Oxygen, TITRIMETRIC METHOD for total acidity, alkalinity and hardness, ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROMETRY for heavy metals and MEMBRANE FILTERATION TECHNIQUE for total coliform and total E. Coli counts. This study presents results for these characteristics which ranges from: 28.3°C - 32°C for temperature which are all below WHO standards, 4.5 - 7.6 for pH, 0.02ms/cm - 1.355ms/cm for Electrical Conductivity, 19.5mg/L - 1020.75 mg/L for Total Dissolved Solids, 4.5mg/L - 8.6mg/L for Dissolved Oxygen, 64mg/L - 198mg/L for Chemical Oxygen Demand, 20mg/L - 138.8mg/L for Total Hardness, 25.2mg/L - 340.2mg/L for Chloride, 5.02ppm - 17.6ppm for phosphate, 0.27mg/L - 6.99mg/L, 2fcu/100ml - 130fcu/100ml for Total coliform count, 1fcu/100ml - 33fcu/100ml, 5.2mg/L - 17mg/L for total acidity, 10mg/L - 255mg/L for total acidity. Conclusion: Results of these characteristics were compared with World Health standards of drinking water, Nigeria Industrial Standards and Federal Environmental Protection Agency standards. The average values the parameters were as well compared to these standards and recommendations were developed for the maintenance and improvement of borehole water quality.","PeriodicalId":340494,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Engineering Research and Reports","volume":"25 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139162601","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
With the arrival of 3G and 4G technologies, telecommunications networks have undergone a major expansion. These networks have enabled the integration of new services and adequate bandwidth, enabling operators to meet growing user demand. This rapid evolution has led operators to adapt their methods to new technologies, which increase network complexity. This complexity becomes even greater when these networks combine several different access technologies into a heterogeneous network, as in the case of 4G networks. In such cases, sizing involves new challenges such as: the considerable increase in service demands, compatibility with current networks, managing users' intercellular mobility and offering better quality of service. The solution proposed to meet these new requirements is the dimensioning of the EPC core network. The main aim of this project is to design and produce a computerized tool for sizing the EPC. The objectives of our work are in threefold : - to provide an architecture for interconnecting the EPC core network to the existing core network ; - to provide the methodology and process for sizing the core network of an EPS network; - design and implement an EPC core network dimensioning tool. In our work, traffic models are used to calculate the traffic generated by each technology to be connected to the core network. The resulting application, developed as part of our work, calculates the traffic and estimates the capacity of EPC network's core MME.
{"title":"Design and Production of an EPC Core Network Sizing Tool “The Case of Orange-Guinea","authors":"Mamadou Sadigou Diallo, Janvier Fotsing, Kadiatou Aissatou Barry, Emmanuel Tonye, Mamadou Sanoussy Camara, Amadou-oury Bah","doi":"10.9734/jerr/2023/v25i111033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/jerr/2023/v25i111033","url":null,"abstract":"With the arrival of 3G and 4G technologies, telecommunications networks have undergone a major expansion. These networks have enabled the integration of new services and adequate bandwidth, enabling operators to meet growing user demand. This rapid evolution has led operators to adapt their methods to new technologies, which increase network complexity. This complexity becomes even greater when these networks combine several different access technologies into a heterogeneous network, as in the case of 4G networks. In such cases, sizing involves new challenges such as: the considerable increase in service demands, compatibility with current networks, managing users' intercellular mobility and offering better quality of service. \u0000The solution proposed to meet these new requirements is the dimensioning of the EPC core network. \u0000The main aim of this project is to design and produce a computerized tool for sizing the EPC. The objectives of our work are in threefold : - to provide an architecture for interconnecting the EPC core network to the existing core network ; - to provide the methodology and process for sizing the core network of an EPS network; - design and implement an EPC core network dimensioning tool. In our work, traffic models are used to calculate the traffic generated by each technology to be connected to the core network. The resulting application, developed as part of our work, calculates the traffic and estimates the capacity of EPC network's core MME.","PeriodicalId":340494,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Engineering Research and Reports","volume":"6 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138589588","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-08DOI: 10.9734/jerr/2023/v25i111034
Klaus Dölle
Since paper has been invented in Chana in 105 BC by Cai Lun it has transformed human live. Sustainable developments favor paper as packaging media to replace plastic packaging materials. Laboratory tests were performed on commercially available packaging papers for the assessment of mechanical properties and vapor transmission rates that might affect the packaging of perishable goods to further develop paper-based packaging materials. Research results of the mechanical paper properties values cannot be directly related and compared between the different packaging papers analyzed due to their different basis weight, composition and intended use. Research results revealed that the application of a coating material can affect paper properties negatively but decrease the vapor transmission rate measured at 23°C and 50% relative humidity below 1.06 g for wax coating and 0.3 g for polyvinyl coatings. Parchment type paper products without coating can achieve a water vapor transmission rate of 1.35 g per 240 hours. an important factor for packaging perishable goods. Therefore, packaging paper are specifically designed for their intended use and application including the application of a coating to the paper material to keep perishable goods longer fresh.
{"title":"Moisture Transfer of Paper for Food Packaging Applications: A Laboratory Study","authors":"Klaus Dölle","doi":"10.9734/jerr/2023/v25i111034","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/jerr/2023/v25i111034","url":null,"abstract":"Since paper has been invented in Chana in 105 BC by Cai Lun it has transformed human live. Sustainable developments favor paper as packaging media to replace plastic packaging materials. \u0000Laboratory tests were performed on commercially available packaging papers for the assessment of mechanical properties and vapor transmission rates that might affect the packaging of perishable goods to further develop paper-based packaging materials. \u0000Research results of the mechanical paper properties values cannot be directly related and compared between the different packaging papers analyzed due to their different basis weight, composition and intended use. \u0000Research results revealed that the application of a coating material can affect paper properties negatively but decrease the vapor transmission rate measured at 23°C and 50% relative humidity below 1.06 g for wax coating and 0.3 g for polyvinyl coatings. Parchment type paper products without coating can achieve a water vapor transmission rate of 1.35 g per 240 hours. an important factor for packaging perishable goods. \u0000Therefore, packaging paper are specifically designed for their intended use and application including the application of a coating to the paper material to keep perishable goods longer fresh.","PeriodicalId":340494,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Engineering Research and Reports","volume":"91 21","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138586640","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-05DOI: 10.9734/jerr/2023/v25i111032
Daniel Mishael, Yongdong Yan
The passive layer shielding the steel reinforcement from corrosion can be attacked by the chloride ions that permeate through the chloride ions that permeate through the pores in the concrete when it is in solution. This paper aims to explore the investigation of chloride diffusion into concrete with joint. Three exposure conditions were taken into consideration in chloride ion diffusion experiments in order to examine the impact of exposure conditions on the chloride ion diffusion property: long-term immersion in a static sodium chloride solution, long-term immersion in a circulating sodium chloride solution, and dry–wet cycles in a circulating sodium chloride solution. According to experimental findings, the age of erosion increased the chloride ion content at a particular depth. Furthermore, concrete subjected to dry-wet cycles of the circulating sodium chloride solution had slightly higher chloride ion content than concrete immersed in the solution for an extended period of time. Fick's second law served as the foundation for the empirical equations that were developed by fitting experimental data to determine the chloride content and diffusion coefficient at the concrete's surface, as well as the correlation coefficient values for various exposure scenarios. The calculation formula's greater applicability was confirmed by comparison with the experiment results. The chloride ion content could be predicted and examined using this method for various exposure scenarios.
{"title":"Investigation of Chloride Diffusion into Concrete with Joint","authors":"Daniel Mishael, Yongdong Yan","doi":"10.9734/jerr/2023/v25i111032","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/jerr/2023/v25i111032","url":null,"abstract":"The passive layer shielding the steel reinforcement from corrosion can be attacked by the chloride ions that permeate through the chloride ions that permeate through the pores in the concrete when it is in solution. This paper aims to explore the investigation of chloride diffusion into concrete with joint. Three exposure conditions were taken into consideration in chloride ion diffusion experiments in order to examine the impact of exposure conditions on the chloride ion diffusion property: long-term immersion in a static sodium chloride solution, long-term immersion in a circulating sodium chloride solution, and dry–wet cycles in a circulating sodium chloride solution. According to experimental findings, the age of erosion increased the chloride ion content at a particular depth. Furthermore, concrete subjected to dry-wet cycles of the circulating sodium chloride solution had slightly higher chloride ion content than concrete immersed in the solution for an extended period of time. Fick's second law served as the foundation for the empirical equations that were developed by fitting experimental data to determine the chloride content and diffusion coefficient at the concrete's surface, as well as the correlation coefficient values for various exposure scenarios. The calculation formula's greater applicability was confirmed by comparison with the experiment results. The chloride ion content could be predicted and examined using this method for various exposure scenarios.","PeriodicalId":340494,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Engineering Research and Reports","volume":"25 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138600952","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-02DOI: 10.9734/jerr/2023/v25i111031
H. A. Mintsa, G. E. Eny, Nzamba Senouveau, Rolland-Michel Assoumou Nzue
The Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) controller is widely used to control industrial systems due to its ease of implementation, flexibility and well-known theory. The Ziegler-Nichols method is the primary method of adjusting this gains controller. Unfortunately, this method generates limited performances, especially on nonlinear systems. This paper shows the optimization of the gains of the PID controller from the values of the gains obtained by the ZN method. To do this, the Matlab Response Optimization tool is used to control the angular position of an electrohydraulic servo system. The initial conditions of this optimization process are the gain values adjusted by the ZN method. The numerical results obtained after a few iterations show a reduction of approximately in the tracking error for a sinusoidal input. Unfortunately, the performance improvement is not achieved for the step signal input because only the sine wave was used as the signal reference requirement for the optimization procedure.
{"title":"Optimal Tuning PID Controller Gains from Ziegler-Nichols Approach for an Electrohydraulic Servo System","authors":"H. A. Mintsa, G. E. Eny, Nzamba Senouveau, Rolland-Michel Assoumou Nzue","doi":"10.9734/jerr/2023/v25i111031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/jerr/2023/v25i111031","url":null,"abstract":"The Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) controller is widely used to control industrial systems due to its ease of implementation, flexibility and well-known theory. The Ziegler-Nichols method is the primary method of adjusting this gains controller. Unfortunately, this method generates limited performances, especially on nonlinear systems. This paper shows the optimization of the gains of the PID controller from the values of the gains obtained by the ZN method. To do this, the Matlab Response Optimization tool is used to control the angular position of an electrohydraulic servo system. The initial conditions of this optimization process are the gain values adjusted by the ZN method. The numerical results obtained after a few iterations show a reduction of approximately in the tracking error for a sinusoidal input. Unfortunately, the performance improvement is not achieved for the step signal input because only the sine wave was used as the signal reference requirement for the optimization procedure.","PeriodicalId":340494,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Engineering Research and Reports","volume":"82 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138606238","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study aims to analyze students' perception and usage of translation software for language learning. A survey questionnaire was administered to International Engineering College students to gather data on their attitudes, reasons, and experiences related to using translation software. The findings reveal that a significant number of students agree to strongly agree with the use of translation software in various language learning contexts, such as translating simple sentences, long paragraphs, unfamiliar words, and during English classes. The majority of students perceive translation software as a valuable tool for improving language skills and facilitating communication with foreign teachers. However, some students also express dissenting opinions, suggesting that translation software may not be the optimal method for learning and improving English proficiency. The discussion highlights the benefits and limitations of translation software, as well as the need for a balanced approach to its usage. While translation software can be a helpful resource in specific language learning tasks, it should not replace authentic language input and independent learning. The findings emphasize the importance of integrating translation software into language learning curricula and providing guidance to students on effective and critical use. This study contributes to the understanding of students' perceptions of translation software and provides insights for educators and learners on maximizing its potential for language learning.
{"title":"The Need to Use Translation Software in the Classroom: Perception of Chinese International Engineering College Students in Language Learning","authors":"Yichen Yang, Hao Sun, Yuncheng Wan, Mingyang Ma, Taiji Cao, Yizhe Huang, Edison Estigoy","doi":"10.9734/jerr/2023/v25i111030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/jerr/2023/v25i111030","url":null,"abstract":"This study aims to analyze students' perception and usage of translation software for language learning. A survey questionnaire was administered to International Engineering College students to gather data on their attitudes, reasons, and experiences related to using translation software. The findings reveal that a significant number of students agree to strongly agree with the use of translation software in various language learning contexts, such as translating simple sentences, long paragraphs, unfamiliar words, and during English classes. The majority of students perceive translation software as a valuable tool for improving language skills and facilitating communication with foreign teachers. However, some students also express dissenting opinions, suggesting that translation software may not be the optimal method for learning and improving English proficiency. The discussion highlights the benefits and limitations of translation software, as well as the need for a balanced approach to its usage. While translation software can be a helpful resource in specific language learning tasks, it should not replace authentic language input and independent learning. The findings emphasize the importance of integrating translation software into language learning curricula and providing guidance to students on effective and critical use. This study contributes to the understanding of students' perceptions of translation software and provides insights for educators and learners on maximizing its potential for language learning.","PeriodicalId":340494,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Engineering Research and Reports","volume":"86 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138606136","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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