Public space is becoming increasingly augmented by public displays, bringing digital content into the real-world. Consequently, as public displays are a form of computing, they are prone to experiencing failure related to their hardware and software. In this paper, we investigate the types of failures that can arise on public interactive displays (PIDs) and how redundancy measures can be designed to ensure that a PID remains relevant even when a failure occurs. To gain an ecological understanding of failures, we focus on results that emerged from a field observation study and contextualise our findings within previous literature. From this, we contribute five design strategies for avoiding and mitigating the impact of these hardware and software failures. To assist designers and researchers of PIDs, we also present a failure matrix, which classifies failures along with suggestions on how they can be overcome. Our work specifically highlights the need for PIDs to become more adaptive and to include built-in redundancy measures, allowing them to at least partially recover from certain types of failures.
{"title":"Design Strategies for Overcoming Failures on Public Interactive Displays","authors":"Callum Parker, Marius Hoggenmüller, M. Tomitsch","doi":"10.1145/3205873.3205889","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3205873.3205889","url":null,"abstract":"Public space is becoming increasingly augmented by public displays, bringing digital content into the real-world. Consequently, as public displays are a form of computing, they are prone to experiencing failure related to their hardware and software. In this paper, we investigate the types of failures that can arise on public interactive displays (PIDs) and how redundancy measures can be designed to ensure that a PID remains relevant even when a failure occurs. To gain an ecological understanding of failures, we focus on results that emerged from a field observation study and contextualise our findings within previous literature. From this, we contribute five design strategies for avoiding and mitigating the impact of these hardware and software failures. To assist designers and researchers of PIDs, we also present a failure matrix, which classifies failures along with suggestions on how they can be overcome. Our work specifically highlights the need for PIDs to become more adaptive and to include built-in redundancy measures, allowing them to at least partially recover from certain types of failures.","PeriodicalId":340580,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 7th ACM International Symposium on Pervasive Displays","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124813398","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ashley Colley, Jonna Häkkilä, Meri-Tuulia Forsman, Bastian Pfleging, Florian Alt
Current changes in the automotive industry towards autonomous vehicles will spur wide ranging changes in the roles of cars in urban environments. When combined with advances in display technology, this creates potential for the outer surfaces of cars to act as public displays. We present a real-world in context study, where participants ideated on a variety of different types of informative content, displayed on or around vehicles. Our study approach utilized handheld projection to create visualization experiences suggestive of the capabilities of future display technologies. The salient findings show that ideas related to the car and the driving function, such as parking, warning pedestrians and changing the vehicles aesthetic appearance, were appreciated. In contrast, ideas where the vehicle formed part of a smart urban infrastructure, such as guiding pedestrians or acting as a public display caused diverse opinions. In particular, concepts where personalized content was shown were disliked for reasons related to privacy and feeling like 'big brother' is watching.
{"title":"Car Exterior Surface Displays: Exploration in a Real-World Context","authors":"Ashley Colley, Jonna Häkkilä, Meri-Tuulia Forsman, Bastian Pfleging, Florian Alt","doi":"10.1145/3205873.3205880","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3205873.3205880","url":null,"abstract":"Current changes in the automotive industry towards autonomous vehicles will spur wide ranging changes in the roles of cars in urban environments. When combined with advances in display technology, this creates potential for the outer surfaces of cars to act as public displays. We present a real-world in context study, where participants ideated on a variety of different types of informative content, displayed on or around vehicles. Our study approach utilized handheld projection to create visualization experiences suggestive of the capabilities of future display technologies. The salient findings show that ideas related to the car and the driving function, such as parking, warning pedestrians and changing the vehicles aesthetic appearance, were appreciated. In contrast, ideas where the vehicle formed part of a smart urban infrastructure, such as guiding pedestrians or acting as a public display caused diverse opinions. In particular, concepts where personalized content was shown were disliked for reasons related to privacy and feeling like 'big brother' is watching.","PeriodicalId":340580,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 7th ACM International Symposium on Pervasive Displays","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128642276","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Evaluating programming proficiency has become more relevant as the demand for coding skills has increased. Current methods, such as questionnaires or interviews, are methods that lack intuition, flexibility, and real-time capabilities. In our work, we investigate eye gaze behavior as an estimate for skill assessment. Specifically, we conducted a study (N=14) using an eye tracker to analyze the participants' abilities to understand source code by presenting them with a series of programs. We evaluated their eye movements based on common eye tracking metrics and identified mutual task-solving strategies among the participants. While we cannot relate these indicators to programming proficiency directly, this study serves as an evaluation of real-time methods for evaluating programming proficiency.
{"title":"On the Suitability of Real-Time Assessment of Programming Proficiency using Gaze Properties","authors":"Calvin Liang, Jakob Karolus, T. Kosch, A. Schmidt","doi":"10.1145/3205873.3210702","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3205873.3210702","url":null,"abstract":"Evaluating programming proficiency has become more relevant as the demand for coding skills has increased. Current methods, such as questionnaires or interviews, are methods that lack intuition, flexibility, and real-time capabilities. In our work, we investigate eye gaze behavior as an estimate for skill assessment. Specifically, we conducted a study (N=14) using an eye tracker to analyze the participants' abilities to understand source code by presenting them with a series of programs. We evaluated their eye movements based on common eye tracking metrics and identified mutual task-solving strategies among the participants. While we cannot relate these indicators to programming proficiency directly, this study serves as an evaluation of real-time methods for evaluating programming proficiency.","PeriodicalId":340580,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 7th ACM International Symposium on Pervasive Displays","volume":"82 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133039689","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Displays are ubiquitous in our everyday lives. Since most smart phones or tablets try to avoid control elements, touch screens are primarily the only remaining component of interaction. Beyond the restriction of input methods, static screens define the frame for our applications. Designers and developers, as well as users have to align with standard manufactured screen sizes and resolutions. Modular displays are able to overcome this restriction. Their arrangement can be adapted to fit momentary needs, but an even greater potential lies in their capability to create meaningful objects. Derived from toddlers constructive play with blocks, we introduce COMB. Our prototype demo includes an interaction concept centered around the idea of modular low-resolution displays representing accessible functionality by their arrangement and provide educational benefits for children.
{"title":"COMB","authors":"Beat Rossmy, A. Wiethoff","doi":"10.1145/3205873.3210700","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3205873.3210700","url":null,"abstract":"Displays are ubiquitous in our everyday lives. Since most smart phones or tablets try to avoid control elements, touch screens are primarily the only remaining component of interaction. Beyond the restriction of input methods, static screens define the frame for our applications. Designers and developers, as well as users have to align with standard manufactured screen sizes and resolutions. Modular displays are able to overcome this restriction. Their arrangement can be adapted to fit momentary needs, but an even greater potential lies in their capability to create meaningful objects. Derived from toddlers constructive play with blocks, we introduce COMB. Our prototype demo includes an interaction concept centered around the idea of modular low-resolution displays representing accessible functionality by their arrangement and provide educational benefits for children.","PeriodicalId":340580,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 7th ACM International Symposium on Pervasive Displays","volume":"389 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122197505","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ice is a familiar material to all, with a wide set of applications across artistic, cultural, scientific and technical domains. Most recently, the natural beauty of ice combined with its ephemerality is symbolic of the fragility of the global environment and climate change. Ice has been utilized as a design material in many formats, yet research has not so far presented a systematic framework for its applications. This paper presents a design space for ice as a design material and introduces examples and domains where ice has been utilized, particularly as part of interactive systems. The framework describes design properties that include e.g. state change, granularity and structural properties of ice.
{"title":"Ice as an Interactive Visualization Material: a Design Space","authors":"Ashley Colley, Antti-Jussi Yliharju, Jonna Häkkilä","doi":"10.1145/3205873.3205895","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3205873.3205895","url":null,"abstract":"Ice is a familiar material to all, with a wide set of applications across artistic, cultural, scientific and technical domains. Most recently, the natural beauty of ice combined with its ephemerality is symbolic of the fragility of the global environment and climate change. Ice has been utilized as a design material in many formats, yet research has not so far presented a systematic framework for its applications. This paper presents a design space for ice as a design material and introduces examples and domains where ice has been utilized, particularly as part of interactive systems. The framework describes design properties that include e.g. state change, granularity and structural properties of ice.","PeriodicalId":340580,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 7th ACM International Symposium on Pervasive Displays","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130636310","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Proceedings of the 7th ACM International Symposium on Pervasive Displays","authors":"","doi":"10.1145/3205873","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3205873","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":340580,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 7th ACM International Symposium on Pervasive Displays","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125265680","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mateusz Mikusz, S. Clinch, Peter Shaw, N. Davies, P. Nurmi
University campuses are rapidly transitioning to environments that are rich in technology designed to support learning throughout the day and in diverse forms. Traditional lectures and seminars are supplemented with rich WiFi coverage, integrated learning environments, video lectures, public display networks and other innovations. Of these diverse technologies, the role and potential of public display networks in higher education is currently least understood. Indeed, most campus displays are merely used as means of information dissemination or as tools to support collaboration. In this paper, we explore the potential of pervasive display technologies as active contributors to university teaching and learning. We describe a real-world explorative study in which campus displays we used to stimulate student recall of lecture material. Our experiences demonstrate that public displays can be leveraged to provide prompts at opportune moments and invites further research in designing memory prompts to leverage the learning potential of pervasive displays in campus settings. The insights we garnered form a solid foundation and highlight opportunities and challenges in the field.
{"title":"Using Pervasive Displays to Aid Student Recall -Reflections on a Campus-Wide Trial","authors":"Mateusz Mikusz, S. Clinch, Peter Shaw, N. Davies, P. Nurmi","doi":"10.1145/3205873.3205882","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3205873.3205882","url":null,"abstract":"University campuses are rapidly transitioning to environments that are rich in technology designed to support learning throughout the day and in diverse forms. Traditional lectures and seminars are supplemented with rich WiFi coverage, integrated learning environments, video lectures, public display networks and other innovations. Of these diverse technologies, the role and potential of public display networks in higher education is currently least understood. Indeed, most campus displays are merely used as means of information dissemination or as tools to support collaboration. In this paper, we explore the potential of pervasive display technologies as active contributors to university teaching and learning. We describe a real-world explorative study in which campus displays we used to stimulate student recall of lecture material. Our experiences demonstrate that public displays can be leveraged to provide prompts at opportune moments and invites further research in designing memory prompts to leverage the learning potential of pervasive displays in campus settings. The insights we garnered form a solid foundation and highlight opportunities and challenges in the field.","PeriodicalId":340580,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 7th ACM International Symposium on Pervasive Displays","volume":"43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129523852","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Euan Freeman, J. Williamson, Praxitelis B. Kourtelos, S. Brewster
Levitating objects can be used as the primitives in a new type of display. We present levitating particle displays and show how research into object levitation is enabling a new way of presenting and interacting with information. We identify novel properties of levitating particle displays and give examples of the interaction techniques and applications they allow. We then discuss design challenges for these displays, potential solutions, and promising areas for future research.
{"title":"Levitating Particle Displays with Interactive Voxels","authors":"Euan Freeman, J. Williamson, Praxitelis B. Kourtelos, S. Brewster","doi":"10.1145/3205873.3205878","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3205873.3205878","url":null,"abstract":"Levitating objects can be used as the primitives in a new type of display. We present levitating particle displays and show how research into object levitation is enabling a new way of presenting and interacting with information. We identify novel properties of levitating particle displays and give examples of the interaction techniques and applications they allow. We then discuss design challenges for these displays, potential solutions, and promising areas for future research.","PeriodicalId":340580,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 7th ACM International Symposium on Pervasive Displays","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122032675","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Andreas Riegler, Philipp Wintersberger, A. Riener, Clemens Holzmann
Windshield displays are a promising technology for automotive applications. They easily allow to augment the capabilities of drivers or display content relevant for non-driving related activities. However, little information is available on how potential users would utilize these displays. In this paper we present the results of a user study (N=31) addressing user preferences for windshield displays in automated driving. Our goal was to find out how potential users would like applications to appear in terms of size, position, and content type. Participants could freely choose preferred position and size of multiple windows on an artificial "ideal" windshield display. We further distinguished between two levels of automation (conditional and full). Initial results of our experiment (presented in form of heatmaps) indicate differences considering the level of vehicle automation and reveal the most important areas for various content types. This can help designers and developers of automotive applications to enhance user experience.
{"title":"Investigating User Preferences for Windshield Displays in Automated Vehicles","authors":"Andreas Riegler, Philipp Wintersberger, A. Riener, Clemens Holzmann","doi":"10.1145/3205873.3205885","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3205873.3205885","url":null,"abstract":"Windshield displays are a promising technology for automotive applications. They easily allow to augment the capabilities of drivers or display content relevant for non-driving related activities. However, little information is available on how potential users would utilize these displays. In this paper we present the results of a user study (N=31) addressing user preferences for windshield displays in automated driving. Our goal was to find out how potential users would like applications to appear in terms of size, position, and content type. Participants could freely choose preferred position and size of multiple windows on an artificial \"ideal\" windshield display. We further distinguished between two levels of automation (conditional and full). Initial results of our experiment (presented in form of heatmaps) indicate differences considering the level of vehicle automation and reveal the most important areas for various content types. This can help designers and developers of automotive applications to enhance user experience.","PeriodicalId":340580,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 7th ACM International Symposium on Pervasive Displays","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132860981","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Alexandra Voit, Rufat Rzayev, Dominik Weber, Manuel Müller, N. Henze
People have been using calendars for thousands of years to schedule appointments and to keep track of their daily lives. Today, calendars have a variety of form factors, including wall, desk, and digital calendars that all have specific advantages and limitations. In previous work, we envisioned Caloo a smart wall calendar. In addition to displaying users' schedule, Caloo suggests nearby events. Caloo aims to increase the awareness regarding appointments and to support to be active through event suggestions. In this paper, we present the implementation and insights of the developed smart calendar. We deployed Caloo for four weeks in participants' homes. Our results show that all participants are eager to use the developed system. Our analysis further indicates that the usage of Caloo makes users more open to attending local events. Results also suggest that it is important to provide fine-grained control over event suggestions, enable users to define when events should be suggested as well as to prioritize events.
{"title":"Investigation of an Ambient and Pervasive Smart Wall Calendar with Event Suggestions","authors":"Alexandra Voit, Rufat Rzayev, Dominik Weber, Manuel Müller, N. Henze","doi":"10.1145/3205873.3205892","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3205873.3205892","url":null,"abstract":"People have been using calendars for thousands of years to schedule appointments and to keep track of their daily lives. Today, calendars have a variety of form factors, including wall, desk, and digital calendars that all have specific advantages and limitations. In previous work, we envisioned Caloo a smart wall calendar. In addition to displaying users' schedule, Caloo suggests nearby events. Caloo aims to increase the awareness regarding appointments and to support to be active through event suggestions. In this paper, we present the implementation and insights of the developed smart calendar. We deployed Caloo for four weeks in participants' homes. Our results show that all participants are eager to use the developed system. Our analysis further indicates that the usage of Caloo makes users more open to attending local events. Results also suggest that it is important to provide fine-grained control over event suggestions, enable users to define when events should be suggested as well as to prioritize events.","PeriodicalId":340580,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 7th ACM International Symposium on Pervasive Displays","volume":"74 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121101554","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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