This paper presents preparation of polystyrene-poly(vinyl alcohol) (PS-PVA) double-shell with micro-encapsulation method. In order to improve the gas-barrier property of the PVA shell, a mixture of 2wt% PVA solution and borax are used as matrix for PVA coating. The pH value of the matrix are kept less than 8 to prevent the PVA coating from formation of patch which arise from local gelation and ruin the uniformity of the PVA shell. The resultant PVA coating ranges from 2 μm to 15 μm with uniformity better than 95%.
{"title":"Preparation of polystyrene-poly(vinyl alcohol) double-shell","authors":"Bo Li, Zhanwen Zhang, Chaoyang Wang, Su-fen Chen","doi":"10.1117/12.537402","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.537402","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents preparation of polystyrene-poly(vinyl alcohol) (PS-PVA) double-shell with micro-encapsulation method. In order to improve the gas-barrier property of the PVA shell, a mixture of 2wt% PVA solution and borax are used as matrix for PVA coating. The pH value of the matrix are kept less than 8 to prevent the PVA coating from formation of patch which arise from local gelation and ruin the uniformity of the PVA shell. The resultant PVA coating ranges from 2 μm to 15 μm with uniformity better than 95%.","PeriodicalId":340981,"journal":{"name":"European Conference on Laser Interaction with Matter","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122640823","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Perdeuterated polystyrene (DPS) was synthesized by free radical polymer. DPS films with thickness 50 ~ 400 μm were prepared by casting. The influence of heat curing on the properties of DPS films were investigated by different scanning calorimeter (DSC), dynamical thermal mechanical analysis (DMA) and tensile strength measurement. It was approved that the heat curing process of films influenced the glass transition temperature, dynamical thermal mechanical properties and tensile strengths of the films.
{"title":"Preparation and properties of perdeuterated polystyrene films","authors":"Lin Zhang, K. Du, Hou-feng Zhang, Haiyan Tu","doi":"10.1117/12.537455","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.537455","url":null,"abstract":"Perdeuterated polystyrene (DPS) was synthesized by free radical polymer. DPS films with thickness 50 ~ 400 μm were prepared by casting. The influence of heat curing on the properties of DPS films were investigated by different scanning calorimeter (DSC), dynamical thermal mechanical analysis (DMA) and tensile strength measurement. It was approved that the heat curing process of films influenced the glass transition temperature, dynamical thermal mechanical properties and tensile strengths of the films.","PeriodicalId":340981,"journal":{"name":"European Conference on Laser Interaction with Matter","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128276532","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
V. M. Izgorodin, A. P. Pepelyaev, E. U. Solomatina
The first experiment results on investigation of molecular composition kinetics in D-T mixture depending on temperature by means of Raman spectroscopy are given. The D-T mixture is contained within the glass microspheres used as laser thermonuclear fusion (LTF) targets. It is experimentally shown that the isotope molecules concentrations do not change with rapid temperature alteration from 4 - 77 K to room temperature. Two suppositions can explain the results: either the equilibrium concentration establishment time was less 5 minutes or molecule concentration is equal to the high temperature equilibrium concentration regardless of microspheres temperature.
{"title":"Research of D-T mixture molecular composition kinetics in laser thermonuclear fusion targets by Raman spectroscopy","authors":"V. M. Izgorodin, A. P. Pepelyaev, E. U. Solomatina","doi":"10.1117/12.537461","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.537461","url":null,"abstract":"The first experiment results on investigation of molecular composition kinetics in D-T mixture depending on temperature by means of Raman spectroscopy are given. The D-T mixture is contained within the glass microspheres used as laser thermonuclear fusion (LTF) targets. It is experimentally shown that the isotope molecules concentrations do not change with rapid temperature alteration from 4 - 77 K to room temperature. Two suppositions can explain the results: either the equilibrium concentration establishment time was less 5 minutes or molecule concentration is equal to the high temperature equilibrium concentration regardless of microspheres temperature.","PeriodicalId":340981,"journal":{"name":"European Conference on Laser Interaction with Matter","volume":"94 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128968462","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Y. Prasad, A. Joshi, V. Senecha, M. P. Kamath, P. Khare, H. C. Pant
Thermal x-ray radiation was generated and confined inside a spherical gold cavity of 1.2 mm diameter that was heated by a 50 J/1 ns laser pulse at 1.053 μm wavelength. The laser intensity on the inner surface of the cavity was ~5x1013 W/cm2. The x-ray spectra recorded on high sensitivity x-ray film using a transmission grating spectrometer (TGS) positioned normal to the laser beam direction were analyzed to obtain the radiation temperature of the cavity. The unfolded x-ray spectra from the cavity have most of the emission between 15 - 60 Å with peak emission at 20 - 35 Å. The Planckian spectral fit to the x-ray spectra suggests a peak blackbody temperature of 90 eV inside the cavity.
{"title":"Generation of thermal x-ray radiation in high-Z cavities using high-power glass laser beam","authors":"Y. Prasad, A. Joshi, V. Senecha, M. P. Kamath, P. Khare, H. C. Pant","doi":"10.1117/12.536761","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.536761","url":null,"abstract":"Thermal x-ray radiation was generated and confined inside a spherical gold cavity of 1.2 mm diameter that was heated by a 50 J/1 ns laser pulse at 1.053 μm wavelength. The laser intensity on the inner surface of the cavity was ~5x1013 W/cm2. The x-ray spectra recorded on high sensitivity x-ray film using a transmission grating spectrometer (TGS) positioned normal to the laser beam direction were analyzed to obtain the radiation temperature of the cavity. The unfolded x-ray spectra from the cavity have most of the emission between 15 - 60 Å with peak emission at 20 - 35 Å. The Planckian spectral fit to the x-ray spectra suggests a peak blackbody temperature of 90 eV inside the cavity.","PeriodicalId":340981,"journal":{"name":"European Conference on Laser Interaction with Matter","volume":"154 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127119577","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
E. Koresheva, A. A. Tonshin, I. E. Osipov, Oleg V. Isheinov, L. S. Yaguzinskiy
Earlier we have proposed and demonstrated a mechanism of formation of a smooth thermo stable glassy solid layer of hydrogen inside a microshell based on introduction of minor dopes into the fuel (so called minor dopes technique or MD-technique). This paper offers a more detailed overview and optimization of the method. The object under consideration is a microshell of ~1 mm dia filled with gaseous hydrogen H2 and a minor dope of HD; density of H2 is less than its critical density (30 kg/m3). It is found that for glassy structure formation it is necessary to maintain uniform dope distribution in the hydrogen volume during the layering process. The calculations have shown that this is achieved by (a) implementation of the drop condensation mode within the time period of t < 0.1 - 0.2 sec, and (b) solidification of the liquid phase within the time period of t < 10 sec. The results of calculations are confirmed by relevant experimental research work. Further model development involves research of specific features of formation of the glassy layer of D2-fuel with minor dopes of HD or DT as well as analysis of the potential use of MD-technique for larger fuel quantities (IFE target).
{"title":"Mechanism of formation of a smooth solid layer of hydrogen inside a microshell","authors":"E. Koresheva, A. A. Tonshin, I. E. Osipov, Oleg V. Isheinov, L. S. Yaguzinskiy","doi":"10.1117/12.536884","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.536884","url":null,"abstract":"Earlier we have proposed and demonstrated a mechanism of formation of a smooth thermo stable glassy solid layer of hydrogen inside a microshell based on introduction of minor dopes into the fuel (so called minor dopes technique or MD-technique). This paper offers a more detailed overview and optimization of the method. The object under consideration is a microshell of ~1 mm dia filled with gaseous hydrogen H2 and a minor dope of HD; density of H2 is less than its critical density (30 kg/m3). It is found that for glassy structure formation it is necessary to maintain uniform dope distribution in the hydrogen volume during the layering process. The calculations have shown that this is achieved by (a) implementation of the drop condensation mode within the time period of t < 0.1 - 0.2 sec, and (b) solidification of the liquid phase within the time period of t < 10 sec. The results of calculations are confirmed by relevant experimental research work. Further model development involves research of specific features of formation of the glassy layer of D2-fuel with minor dopes of HD or DT as well as analysis of the potential use of MD-technique for larger fuel quantities (IFE target).","PeriodicalId":340981,"journal":{"name":"European Conference on Laser Interaction with Matter","volume":"563 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128376748","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
V. I. Annenkov, V. Gaidash, N. Zhidkov, G. A. Kirillov, V. Kovalenko, A. G. Kravchenko, V. Krotov, N. A. Nitochkin, V. Pankratov, I. Solomatin, V. Khrustalev, N. M. Khudikov, V. S. Faizullin
The experimental results of "Iskra-5" laser operation conversion at the second harmonic. (λ = 657.6 nm) are presented. The experiments were carried out with DKDP crystals of big aperture (size 32 x 33 x 2 cm). The scheme of one channel was upgraded for optimization of second harmonic generation. Maximum conversion efficiency has been achieved for primary laser intensity of 1 - 2 GW/cm2. A second harmonic output of 500 J has been obtained at 60% of technical efficiency.
{"title":"Conversion of Iskra-5 iodine laser radiation to the second harmonic by large-aperture DKDP crystals","authors":"V. I. Annenkov, V. Gaidash, N. Zhidkov, G. A. Kirillov, V. Kovalenko, A. G. Kravchenko, V. Krotov, N. A. Nitochkin, V. Pankratov, I. Solomatin, V. Khrustalev, N. M. Khudikov, V. S. Faizullin","doi":"10.1117/12.537388","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.537388","url":null,"abstract":"The experimental results of \"Iskra-5\" laser operation conversion at the second harmonic. (λ = 657.6 nm) are presented. The experiments were carried out with DKDP crystals of big aperture (size 32 x 33 x 2 cm). The scheme of one channel was upgraded for optimization of second harmonic generation. Maximum conversion efficiency has been achieved for primary laser intensity of 1 - 2 GW/cm2. A second harmonic output of 500 J has been obtained at 60% of technical efficiency.","PeriodicalId":340981,"journal":{"name":"European Conference on Laser Interaction with Matter","volume":"101 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117269132","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
V. M. Izgorodin, S. N. Abramovich, V. G. Gogolev, N. Zhidkov, Yu V. Ignat'ev, A. E. Lakhtikov, A. P. Morovov, G. P. Nikolayev, V. Protopopov, V. Punin, V. A. Starodubtsev, B. V. Ferapontov, Yu. N. Khirnii, Y. Khokhlov, V. Chulkov
The research results of an opportunity of radiation-stimulated diffusion use for laser fusion microtargets filling with heavy gases are given, which they can not be filled with by means of usual diffusion. The theoretical estimates of quantity and character of radiation damages, their distribution in the volume of an irradiated material are made. The calculations of glass microshells argon filling process in mode of vacancy and effusive mechanisms of wall permeability are carried out. The experiments on argon filling of glass microspheres are carried out by means of diffusion with irradiation of them with electrons, protons and neutrons. It is experimentally shown that the neutron irradiation of the glass microspheres placed in the chamber with argon in the reactor IBR-2 (JINR, Dubna) and their subsequent annealing has resulted in the argon penetration into microspheres.
{"title":"Filling of glass microshells with heavy gases by radiation-simulated diffusion","authors":"V. M. Izgorodin, S. N. Abramovich, V. G. Gogolev, N. Zhidkov, Yu V. Ignat'ev, A. E. Lakhtikov, A. P. Morovov, G. P. Nikolayev, V. Protopopov, V. Punin, V. A. Starodubtsev, B. V. Ferapontov, Yu. N. Khirnii, Y. Khokhlov, V. Chulkov","doi":"10.1117/12.537453","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.537453","url":null,"abstract":"The research results of an opportunity of radiation-stimulated diffusion use for laser fusion microtargets filling with heavy gases are given, which they can not be filled with by means of usual diffusion. The theoretical estimates of quantity and character of radiation damages, their distribution in the volume of an irradiated material are made. The calculations of glass microshells argon filling process in mode of vacancy and effusive mechanisms of wall permeability are carried out. The experiments on argon filling of glass microspheres are carried out by means of diffusion with irradiation of them with electrons, protons and neutrons. It is experimentally shown that the neutron irradiation of the glass microspheres placed in the chamber with argon in the reactor IBR-2 (JINR, Dubna) and their subsequent annealing has resulted in the argon penetration into microspheres.","PeriodicalId":340981,"journal":{"name":"European Conference on Laser Interaction with Matter","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115129297","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yu V. Ignat'ev, M. Vasin, A. Veselov, V. M. Izgorodin, A. E. Lakhtikov, A. P. Morovov
The technique of argon determination in glass microspheres used in experiences on laser fusion is stated. The technique is based on registration of a spectrum of characteristic radiation of argon atoms, excited by β-radiation of tritium, contained in a target, or X-ray radiation of an external source for targets without tritium. The calculated dependencies of power of characteristic radiation on geometrical parameters of microspheres and results of measurement of various targets are submitted.
{"title":"Measurement of argon in laser fusion targets","authors":"Yu V. Ignat'ev, M. Vasin, A. Veselov, V. M. Izgorodin, A. E. Lakhtikov, A. P. Morovov","doi":"10.1117/12.537462","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.537462","url":null,"abstract":"The technique of argon determination in glass microspheres used in experiences on laser fusion is stated. The technique is based on registration of a spectrum of characteristic radiation of argon atoms, excited by β-radiation of tritium, contained in a target, or X-ray radiation of an external source for targets without tritium. The calculated dependencies of power of characteristic radiation on geometrical parameters of microspheres and results of measurement of various targets are submitted.","PeriodicalId":340981,"journal":{"name":"European Conference on Laser Interaction with Matter","volume":"215 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133999862","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
1 MeV proton from thin Cu tape target with 5 μm thickness was observed in the region of laser intensity (α~1.5) and ultra short pulse range of 60 fs. Carbon ion acceleration was also observed and the maximum energy was higher than 0.4 MeV. The energy and charged states of proton and carbon were measured by a Thomson mass spectrometer with CR39. The maximum proton energy seems to depend more on the laser energy density I λ2 τL [J μm2/cm2] than laser intensity I λ2 [W μm2/cm2] in the short pulse region around 100 fs.
{"title":"High-energy ions accelerated by 60-fs laser","authors":"K. Nemoto, T. Fujii, Y. Oishi, T. Nayuki","doi":"10.1117/12.536883","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.536883","url":null,"abstract":"1 MeV proton from thin Cu tape target with 5 μm thickness was observed in the region of laser intensity (α~1.5) and ultra short pulse range of 60 fs. Carbon ion acceleration was also observed and the maximum energy was higher than 0.4 MeV. The energy and charged states of proton and carbon were measured by a Thomson mass spectrometer with CR39. The maximum proton energy seems to depend more on the laser energy density I λ2 τL [J μm2/cm2] than laser intensity I λ2 [W μm2/cm2] in the short pulse region around 100 fs.","PeriodicalId":340981,"journal":{"name":"European Conference on Laser Interaction with Matter","volume":"402 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123548916","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In inertial confinement fusion, pellet implosion efficiency can be severely limited by hydrodynamic instabilities. In particular, the ablation front instability -- ablative Rayleigh-Taylor instability -- plays a major role. Linear stability analyses of ablation fronts have been mostly performed under several assumptions: isobaricity, steadiness, continuous/discontinuous flows. In more general cases, such analyses inevitably resort to solving initial boundary value problems for linear perturbations. The physical model used here is that of ideal gas dynamics with nonlinear heat conduction. A general numerical approach for solving both one-dimensional flows and linear perturbations is briefly presented. Linear perturbation evolutions from initial external surface defects are investigated for a self-similar ablation flow of a semi-infinite slab, initiated from rest.
{"title":"Investigation of linear perturbation growth in a planar ablation flow","authors":"C. Boudesocque-Dubois, J. Clarisse","doi":"10.1117/12.536574","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.536574","url":null,"abstract":"In inertial confinement fusion, pellet implosion efficiency can be severely limited by hydrodynamic instabilities. In particular, the ablation front instability -- ablative Rayleigh-Taylor instability -- plays a major role. Linear stability analyses of ablation fronts have been mostly performed under several assumptions: isobaricity, steadiness, continuous/discontinuous flows. In more general cases, such analyses inevitably resort to solving initial boundary value problems for linear perturbations. The physical model used here is that of ideal gas dynamics with nonlinear heat conduction. A general numerical approach for solving both one-dimensional flows and linear perturbations is briefly presented. Linear perturbation evolutions from initial external surface defects are investigated for a self-similar ablation flow of a semi-infinite slab, initiated from rest.","PeriodicalId":340981,"journal":{"name":"European Conference on Laser Interaction with Matter","volume":"85 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124640855","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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