Pub Date : 1990-10-01DOI: 10.1177/107906329000300402
R. Langevin, R. Lang
A total of 461 male sex offenders were compared on their histories of alcohol and street drug use. The Drug Use Survey, Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test (MAST), and Drug Abuse Screening Test (DAST) were examined to provide measures of 1) type and frequency of substance use, 2) mood on alcohol and drugs, and 3) alcoholism and drug abuse. Most sex offenders had used alcohol and they had tried a wide range of street drugs. Over half of the sample had tried at least one street drug, including minor tranquilizers, amphetamines, barbiturates, cocaine, narcotics, phencyclidine, hallucinogens, and solvents. Marijuana was used most. Over one half of the sex offenders were alcoholics, based on the MAST. Results of the DAST suggested that less than a fifth of the sample had a drug abuse problem at the time of examination. Although the majority experienced positive affect in conjunction with alcohol and drug use, between one fifth and one half experienced depressed affect. Use of alcohol and amphetamines were most often associated with hostile feelings. Amphetamine and hallucinogen use were associated most with paranoia. Respondents felt most ‘out of control’ with cocaine and hallucinogens. Results are discussed in terms of the role of substance abuse and violence in sex offences.
{"title":"Substance abuse among sex offenders","authors":"R. Langevin, R. Lang","doi":"10.1177/107906329000300402","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/107906329000300402","url":null,"abstract":"A total of 461 male sex offenders were compared on their histories of alcohol and street drug use. The Drug Use Survey, Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test (MAST), and Drug Abuse Screening Test (DAST) were examined to provide measures of 1) type and frequency of substance use, 2) mood on alcohol and drugs, and 3) alcoholism and drug abuse. Most sex offenders had used alcohol and they had tried a wide range of street drugs. Over half of the sample had tried at least one street drug, including minor tranquilizers, amphetamines, barbiturates, cocaine, narcotics, phencyclidine, hallucinogens, and solvents. Marijuana was used most. Over one half of the sex offenders were alcoholics, based on the MAST. Results of the DAST suggested that less than a fifth of the sample had a drug abuse problem at the time of examination. Although the majority experienced positive affect in conjunction with alcohol and drug use, between one fifth and one half experienced depressed affect. Use of alcohol and amphetamines were most often associated with hostile feelings. Amphetamine and hallucinogen use were associated most with paranoia. Respondents felt most ‘out of control’ with cocaine and hallucinogens. Results are discussed in terms of the role of substance abuse and violence in sex offences.","PeriodicalId":340989,"journal":{"name":"Annals of sex research","volume":"98 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116614118","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1990-10-01DOI: 10.1177/107906329000300404
R. Langevin, P. Wright, L. Handy
A total of 157 sex offenders were administered the MMPI. They were subdivided into violent and nonviolent, substance abuser versus nonabuser, criminal history versus no criminal history, CT brain abnormalities versus no abnormalities and into more and less defensive groups. From the MMPI, 125 scales measuring sexual behavior, substance abuse, violence, personality, defensiveness, and brain damage were examined for reliability, factor structure and discriminant validity. Results showed that most scales were internally consistent. Discriminant validity was modest in most cases but results suggest that many scales examined would be useful aids in screening and profiling sex offenders.
{"title":"Use of the MMPI and its derived scales with sex offenders","authors":"R. Langevin, P. Wright, L. Handy","doi":"10.1177/107906329000300404","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/107906329000300404","url":null,"abstract":"A total of 157 sex offenders were administered the MMPI. They were subdivided into violent and nonviolent, substance abuser versus nonabuser, criminal history versus no criminal history, CT brain abnormalities versus no abnormalities and into more and less defensive groups. From the MMPI, 125 scales measuring sexual behavior, substance abuse, violence, personality, defensiveness, and brain damage were examined for reliability, factor structure and discriminant validity. Results showed that most scales were internally consistent. Discriminant validity was modest in most cases but results suggest that many scales examined would be useful aids in screening and profiling sex offenders.","PeriodicalId":340989,"journal":{"name":"Annals of sex research","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129442182","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1990-10-01DOI: 10.1177/107906329000300403
W. Snell, P. Finney
The disease, AIDS (i.e., acquired immune deficiency syndrome), has raised concern among many people throughout the world. Although medical attention has been focused for some time on identifying the causes and cures of this deadly disease, research designed to examine the psychological aspects of AIDS has just begun. Within this context, two investigations were conducted to construct and validate the AIDS Discussion Strategy Scale (ADSS), an objective self-report instrument designed to measure the types of interpersonal discussion strategies that women and men use if they want to discuss AIDS with an intimate partner. A factor analysis conducted in Study I provided evidence for six AIDS-related discussion strategies: rational, manipulation, withdrawal, charm, subtlety, and persistence. Reliability analyses indicated more than adequate internal consistency for the resulting ADSS subscales (alphas from .74 to .96). Other findings revealed that, relative to males, females reported they would be more likely to use rational types of AIDS discussion strategies with an intimate partner. Additionally, it was found that research participants' stereotypes about AIDS influenced the types of strategies they were likely to use in discussing the topic of AIDS within a close relationship. Other results in Study II provided evidence that men's and women's willingness to discuss AIDS with a potential sexual partner was related to cognitive, behavioral, and affective aspects of their sexuality.
{"title":"Interpersonal strategies associated with the discussion of AIDS","authors":"W. Snell, P. Finney","doi":"10.1177/107906329000300403","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/107906329000300403","url":null,"abstract":"The disease, AIDS (i.e., acquired immune deficiency syndrome), has raised concern among many people throughout the world. Although medical attention has been focused for some time on identifying the causes and cures of this deadly disease, research designed to examine the psychological aspects of AIDS has just begun. Within this context, two investigations were conducted to construct and validate the AIDS Discussion Strategy Scale (ADSS), an objective self-report instrument designed to measure the types of interpersonal discussion strategies that women and men use if they want to discuss AIDS with an intimate partner. A factor analysis conducted in Study I provided evidence for six AIDS-related discussion strategies: rational, manipulation, withdrawal, charm, subtlety, and persistence. Reliability analyses indicated more than adequate internal consistency for the resulting ADSS subscales (alphas from .74 to .96). Other findings revealed that, relative to males, females reported they would be more likely to use rational types of AIDS discussion strategies with an intimate partner. Additionally, it was found that research participants' stereotypes about AIDS influenced the types of strategies they were likely to use in discussing the topic of AIDS within a close relationship. Other results in Study II provided evidence that men's and women's willingness to discuss AIDS with a potential sexual partner was related to cognitive, behavioral, and affective aspects of their sexuality.","PeriodicalId":340989,"journal":{"name":"Annals of sex research","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127127975","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1990-07-01DOI: 10.1177/107906329000300302
M. Kaplan, G. Abel, Jerry Cunningham-Rathner, Mary S. Mittleman
Parole officers who supervise sex offenders need to know if parolees continue to be a risk for child molestation after their incarceration. One hundred and twenty convicted child molesters under Parole Supervision were asked to participate in two interviews about their sexual offenses: first by a parolee officer in the parole office and then in a non-parole, psychologic setting by a psychologist. Seventy-four subjects agreed to participate in the parole setting, and 18 of those 74 agreed to participate in the psychologic setting. Hypotheses tested included whether perceived confidentiality affects reports of past child molestation or current urges to molest children or whether it improves the consistency between the offender's reports of their sex crimes and their arrest records. Results indicated that as confidentiality increased, reports of prior sex offenses and current urges to molest increased. The relevance of this finding to our current system of parole supervision is discussed.
{"title":"The impact of parolees' perception of confidentiality of their self-reported sex crimes","authors":"M. Kaplan, G. Abel, Jerry Cunningham-Rathner, Mary S. Mittleman","doi":"10.1177/107906329000300302","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/107906329000300302","url":null,"abstract":"Parole officers who supervise sex offenders need to know if parolees continue to be a risk for child molestation after their incarceration. One hundred and twenty convicted child molesters under Parole Supervision were asked to participate in two interviews about their sexual offenses: first by a parolee officer in the parole office and then in a non-parole, psychologic setting by a psychologist. Seventy-four subjects agreed to participate in the parole setting, and 18 of those 74 agreed to participate in the psychologic setting. Hypotheses tested included whether perceived confidentiality affects reports of past child molestation or current urges to molest children or whether it improves the consistency between the offender's reports of their sex crimes and their arrest records. Results indicated that as confidentiality increased, reports of prior sex offenses and current urges to molest increased. The relevance of this finding to our current system of parole supervision is discussed.","PeriodicalId":340989,"journal":{"name":"Annals of sex research","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126144895","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1990-07-01DOI: 10.1177/107906329000300301
R. Langevin, P. Wright, L. Handy
A number of MMPI derived scales were examined for their utility in the clinical assessment of sex offenders and for their ability to discriminate sex offenders from controls. The MMPIs from a total of 479 men were scored for scales measuring sexual behavior and deviance, substance abuse, personality, violence, suicide-proneness, defensiveness and brain damage. Each scale was examined for its internal consistency, using Cronbach's Alpha. Of the 125 scales examined, 70% had alphas greater than 0.60 and 80% discriminated sex offenders from controls at a better than chance level. Most scales were free of bias from age, education, IQ, and the MMPI L, F, and K Scales. The MMPI and its derived scales appear to be useful in screening of sex offenders and in evaluating their other problems which play a major role in their crimes.
{"title":"Use of the MMPI and its derived scales with sex offenders: I. Reliability and validity studies","authors":"R. Langevin, P. Wright, L. Handy","doi":"10.1177/107906329000300301","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/107906329000300301","url":null,"abstract":"A number of MMPI derived scales were examined for their utility in the clinical assessment of sex offenders and for their ability to discriminate sex offenders from controls. The MMPIs from a total of 479 men were scored for scales measuring sexual behavior and deviance, substance abuse, personality, violence, suicide-proneness, defensiveness and brain damage. Each scale was examined for its internal consistency, using Cronbach's Alpha. Of the 125 scales examined, 70% had alphas greater than 0.60 and 80% discriminated sex offenders from controls at a better than chance level. Most scales were free of bias from age, education, IQ, and the MMPI L, F, and K Scales. The MMPI and its derived scales appear to be useful in screening of sex offenders and in evaluating their other problems which play a major role in their crimes.","PeriodicalId":340989,"journal":{"name":"Annals of sex research","volume":"735 ","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134530053","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1990-07-01DOI: 10.1177/107906329000300303
S. Margretta Dwyer, Shepherd Myers
In an attempt to assess the effectiveness of a community-based sex offender treatment program, questionnaires were sent to 153 former male patients. It was expected that only the 110 patients who had completed or almost completed treatment would return questionnaires. A total of 61 patients returned the form. Program components utilized during treatment were analyzed and data on current offending urges were obtained. The patterns and characteristics patients had before and after treatment were analyzed for behavioral changes as well as recidivism. Recidivism data were self-report as well as computer checked in cooperation with the state law enforcement agency. Retrospective review shows clinical improvement by most patients in all areas of treatment. Recidivism rate for the entire population (n=153) was 3.7%. This preliminary study indicates that a significant number of treatment modalities are effective for outpatient sex offenders.
{"title":"Sex offender treatment: A six-month to ten-year follow-up study","authors":"S. Margretta Dwyer, Shepherd Myers","doi":"10.1177/107906329000300303","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/107906329000300303","url":null,"abstract":"In an attempt to assess the effectiveness of a community-based sex offender treatment program, questionnaires were sent to 153 former male patients. It was expected that only the 110 patients who had completed or almost completed treatment would return questionnaires. A total of 61 patients returned the form. Program components utilized during treatment were analyzed and data on current offending urges were obtained. The patterns and characteristics patients had before and after treatment were analyzed for behavioral changes as well as recidivism. Recidivism data were self-report as well as computer checked in cooperation with the state law enforcement agency. Retrospective review shows clinical improvement by most patients in all areas of treatment. Recidivism rate for the entire population (n=153) was 3.7%. This preliminary study indicates that a significant number of treatment modalities are effective for outpatient sex offenders.","PeriodicalId":340989,"journal":{"name":"Annals of sex research","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131356011","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1990-07-01DOI: 10.1177/107906329000300304
P. Wright, J. Nóbrega, R. Langevin, G. Wortzman
Brain area and optical density were computed for each hemisphere and for 4 sections within the hemispheres at the level of the temporal horns for 18 pedophiles, 12 incest offenders, 34 sexually aggressive offenders of adult females and 12 nonviolent nonsex offender controls. Brain length and width was also computed, using the pineal gland as reference. From the width measures, an index of brain symmetry was computed. Results showed that the brains of sex offenders were relatively smaller in the left hemisphere compared to controls, but there were no significant group differences in optical density. There were no subgroup differences in brain area but the segments corresponding to the left frontal and temporal areas were smaller in sex offenders than controls. There were no significant differences in brain length but sex offenders had smaller widths in both hemispheres than controls. Analysis of symmetry showed that 66.7% of pedophiles and 53.1% of sexual aggressives had asymmetric brains compared to 8.3% of incest offenders and 20.0% of controls. Pedophiles showed smaller left hemispheres than right whereas sexual aggressives were equally split between left and right asymmetry. These results support earlier findings of temporal horn dilatation in pedophiles and sexual aggressives.
{"title":"Brain density and symmetry in pedophilic and sexually aggressive offenders","authors":"P. Wright, J. Nóbrega, R. Langevin, G. Wortzman","doi":"10.1177/107906329000300304","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/107906329000300304","url":null,"abstract":"Brain area and optical density were computed for each hemisphere and for 4 sections within the hemispheres at the level of the temporal horns for 18 pedophiles, 12 incest offenders, 34 sexually aggressive offenders of adult females and 12 nonviolent nonsex offender controls. Brain length and width was also computed, using the pineal gland as reference. From the width measures, an index of brain symmetry was computed. Results showed that the brains of sex offenders were relatively smaller in the left hemisphere compared to controls, but there were no significant group differences in optical density. There were no subgroup differences in brain area but the segments corresponding to the left frontal and temporal areas were smaller in sex offenders than controls. There were no significant differences in brain length but sex offenders had smaller widths in both hemispheres than controls. Analysis of symmetry showed that 66.7% of pedophiles and 53.1% of sexual aggressives had asymmetric brains compared to 8.3% of incest offenders and 20.0% of controls. Pedophiles showed smaller left hemispheres than right whereas sexual aggressives were equally split between left and right asymmetry. These results support earlier findings of temporal horn dilatation in pedophiles and sexual aggressives.","PeriodicalId":340989,"journal":{"name":"Annals of sex research","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124977189","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1990-04-01DOI: 10.1177/107906329000300202
T. G. Hughes, W. Snell
Sexual relationships may be viewed from a communal perspective which emphasizes caring and concern for a partner's sexual needs and preferences, or else from an exchange perspective which emphasizes a quid pro quo approach. The purpose of the present investigation was to construct and validate an objective self-report instrument measuring communal and exchange approaches to sexual relations, the Sexual Relationship Scale (SRS). Reliability analyses indicated that the two SRS scales designed to measure communal and exchange approaches to sexual relations had reasonably strong internal consistency, and other analyses revealed that, among females, the two SRS subscales were essentially orthogonal to one another. In addition, it was found that the Sexual Relationship Scale correlated in predictable ways with measures of relationship orientation. Additional evidence indicated that men's and women's relationship satisfaction was influenced by their tendency to approach sexual relationships from either a communal or an exchange perspective.
{"title":"Communal and exchange approaches to sexual relations","authors":"T. G. Hughes, W. Snell","doi":"10.1177/107906329000300202","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/107906329000300202","url":null,"abstract":"Sexual relationships may be viewed from a communal perspective which emphasizes caring and concern for a partner's sexual needs and preferences, or else from an exchange perspective which emphasizes a quid pro quo approach. The purpose of the present investigation was to construct and validate an objective self-report instrument measuring communal and exchange approaches to sexual relations, the Sexual Relationship Scale (SRS). Reliability analyses indicated that the two SRS scales designed to measure communal and exchange approaches to sexual relations had reasonably strong internal consistency, and other analyses revealed that, among females, the two SRS subscales were essentially orthogonal to one another. In addition, it was found that the Sexual Relationship Scale correlated in predictable ways with measures of relationship orientation. Additional evidence indicated that men's and women's relationship satisfaction was influenced by their tendency to approach sexual relationships from either a communal or an exchange perspective.","PeriodicalId":340989,"journal":{"name":"Annals of sex research","volume":"54 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132519126","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1990-04-01DOI: 10.1177/107906329000300203
M. Miner, J. K. Marques, D. Day, Craig Nelson
This paper presents preliminary findings from the first 50 treatment cases and 48 volunteer controls released by California's Sex Offender Treatment and Evaluation Project (SOTEP). Participants receiving a comprehensive Relapse Prevention intervention showed significant changes in their willingness to accept responsibility for their deviant sexual behavior (measured by the Multiphasic Sex Inventory), and for their life circumstances in general (measured by certain scales of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, the Carlson Psychological Survey, and two measures of Locus of Control). Treatment cases also showed significantly less deviant sexual arousal at release, and more ability to cope with possible high risk situations. Treated participants showed less cognitive distortions and justifications for their sexual behavior at release than volunteer controls, and less post-release criminal activity than either these controls or a third group of men who did not volunteer for SOTEP.
{"title":"Impact of relapse prevention in treating sex offenders: Preliminary findings","authors":"M. Miner, J. K. Marques, D. Day, Craig Nelson","doi":"10.1177/107906329000300203","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/107906329000300203","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents preliminary findings from the first 50 treatment cases and 48 volunteer controls released by California's Sex Offender Treatment and Evaluation Project (SOTEP). Participants receiving a comprehensive Relapse Prevention intervention showed significant changes in their willingness to accept responsibility for their deviant sexual behavior (measured by the Multiphasic Sex Inventory), and for their life circumstances in general (measured by certain scales of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, the Carlson Psychological Survey, and two measures of Locus of Control). Treatment cases also showed significantly less deviant sexual arousal at release, and more ability to cope with possible high risk situations. Treated participants showed less cognitive distortions and justifications for their sexual behavior at release than volunteer controls, and less post-release criminal activity than either these controls or a third group of men who did not volunteer for SOTEP.","PeriodicalId":340989,"journal":{"name":"Annals of sex research","volume":"63 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129455798","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1990-04-01DOI: 10.1177/107906329000300201
S. Kalichman, J. Kelly, J. S. St. Lawrence
The past decade witnessed an alarming increase in prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. In this paper, we review the literature on factors which influence the reduction of risk behaviors for human immunodeficiency virus among gay and bisexual men, intravenous drug users, and non-intravenous drug using heterosexual adolescents and adults. In this review, specific attention is paid to the reduction of sexual modes of viral transmission. Several risk reduction factors are identified. Methodological limitations are discussed and suggestions for further research are offered.
{"title":"Factors influencing reduction of sexual risk behaviors for human immunodeficiency virus infection: A review","authors":"S. Kalichman, J. Kelly, J. S. St. Lawrence","doi":"10.1177/107906329000300201","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/107906329000300201","url":null,"abstract":"The past decade witnessed an alarming increase in prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. In this paper, we review the literature on factors which influence the reduction of risk behaviors for human immunodeficiency virus among gay and bisexual men, intravenous drug users, and non-intravenous drug using heterosexual adolescents and adults. In this review, specific attention is paid to the reduction of sexual modes of viral transmission. Several risk reduction factors are identified. Methodological limitations are discussed and suggestions for further research are offered.","PeriodicalId":340989,"journal":{"name":"Annals of sex research","volume":"30 4","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120815667","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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