Nearly anyone can be a tax preparer. There is no test to pass or code of ethics to follow. With few barriers to entry, the field of tax preparation has drawn unscrupulous players, many of whom prey on low-income families who claim the earned-income tax credit. In 2011, the IRS endeavored to regulate the anything-goes world of tax preparation. But a group ofsmall-government activists at the Institutefor Justice challenged the IRS's regulations in federal court. And they won. The U.S. Court of Appeals Jbr the D.C. Circuit struck down the regulations as beyond the I.R.S.'s authority under section 330 of Title 31 of the United States Code. In the wake of that decision, Loving v. IRS, the only path fbrward for advocates of taxpayer protection is for Congress to explicitly empower the IRS to regulate swindlers posing as tax professionals. This Article is, fundamentally, a story of political and judicial failure in the age of small government absolutism. In a different era, federal oversight of unscrupulous tax preparers who have represented the blandest kind ofcommon sense. But the Institute for Justice was able to convince a panel ofjudges on what is widely regarded as the second most influential court in the country that IRS oversight of tax preparers is unlawful. The government's litigation strategy proved bumbling and ill-considered, it was easily outmaneuvered by its ideologically-driven adversary. In the Article, I provide background on the IRS regulations and the process by which they were developed; I detail the pervasive fraud and incompetence that motivated the IRS to act: I explore the Institute for Justice's push to invalidate the regulations in court, and I look at the arguments it made outside the courtroom; I evaluate the state-level experience with tax preparer regulations to see what can be learned from these "laboratories of democracy "; and, finally, I discuss how to proceed in the aftermath of Loving.
几乎每个人都可以成为报税员。没有需要通过的测试，也没有需要遵循的道德准则。由于几乎没有进入壁垒，税务准备领域吸引了肆无忌惮的参与者，其中许多人以申请劳动所得税抵免的低收入家庭为猎物。2011年，美国国税局(IRS)努力对无所作为的报税界进行监管。但司法研究所的一群小政府活动人士在联邦法院对国税局的规定提出了质疑。他们赢了。美国上诉法院和华盛顿特区巡回法院驳回了这些规定，认为它们超出了国税局的管辖范围《美国法典》第31编第330条赋予的权力。在Loving诉美国国税局(IRS)一案的裁决之后，对纳税人保护的倡导者来说，唯一的出路是国会明确授权美国国税局(IRS)监管冒充税务专业人士的骗子。从根本上说，这篇文章是一个关于小政府专制时代政治和司法失败的故事。在另一个时代，联邦政府监管肆无忌惮的报税人，他们代表着最平淡无奇的常识。但司法研究所(Institute for Justice)能够说服被广泛认为是美国第二大最有影响力的法院的一个法官小组，让他们相信美国国税局对报税人的监管是非法的。政府的诉讼策略被证明是笨拙和欠考虑的，它很容易被意识形态驱动的对手打败。在文章中，我提供了有关美国国税局法规的背景和制定过程;我详细描述了促使国税局采取行动的普遍欺诈和无能:我探讨了司法研究所(Institute for Justice)在法庭上推动这些规定无效的做法，并研究了它在法庭外提出的论点;我评估了州一级的税务人员监管经验，看看可以从这些“民主实验室”中学到什么;最后，我讨论了如何在失恋后继续前进。
{"title":"Believing in Life After Loving: IRS Regulation of Tax Preparers","authors":"A. Levy","doi":"10.5744/ftr.2015.1005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5744/ftr.2015.1005","url":null,"abstract":"Nearly anyone can be a tax preparer. There is no test to pass or code of ethics to follow. With few barriers to entry, the field of tax preparation has drawn unscrupulous players, many of whom prey on low-income families who claim the earned-income tax credit. In 2011, the IRS endeavored to regulate the anything-goes world of tax preparation. But a group ofsmall-government activists at the Institutefor Justice challenged the IRS's regulations in federal court. And they won. The U.S. Court of Appeals Jbr the D.C. Circuit struck down the regulations as beyond the I.R.S.'s authority under section 330 of Title 31 of the United States Code. In the wake of that decision, Loving v. IRS, the only path fbrward for advocates of taxpayer protection is for Congress to explicitly empower the IRS to regulate swindlers posing as tax professionals. This Article is, fundamentally, a story of political and judicial failure in the age of small government absolutism. In a different era, federal oversight of unscrupulous tax preparers who have represented the blandest kind ofcommon sense. But the Institute for Justice was able to convince a panel ofjudges on what is widely regarded as the second most influential court in the country that IRS oversight of tax preparers is unlawful. The government's litigation strategy proved bumbling and ill-considered, it was easily outmaneuvered by its ideologically-driven adversary. In the Article, I provide background on the IRS regulations and the process by which they were developed; I detail the pervasive fraud and incompetence that motivated the IRS to act: I explore the Institute for Justice's push to invalidate the regulations in court, and I look at the arguments it made outside the courtroom; I evaluate the state-level experience with tax preparer regulations to see what can be learned from these \"laboratories of democracy \"; and, finally, I discuss how to proceed in the aftermath of Loving.","PeriodicalId":341058,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Primary Taxonomy (Topic)","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131690635","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The proliferation of market-oriented models of social housing has characterised the rearrangement of housing policy in Italy. These new housing models aimed to differentiate a supply of public housing often presented as limited and ineffective by including specific groups from the middle class who struggle to access the rental market. The new models are thus associated with the notion of ‘social mix’, and the need to remedy the ambiguous effects of the traditional public housing system has been emphasised, especially in terms of the spatial concentration of low-income households. This analysis focuses on the rearrangement of housing policy in the context of Bergamo, Lombardy’s middle-sized city, by analysing the implementation of a new socially rented housing model, namely moderate rental, and evaluating its effectiveness as a tool of tenure diversification within mass housing neighbourhoods which show high concentrations of low-income population. Through focusing the investigation on this case study, the research aims to contribute to bridging the gap in the scientific literature regarding the importation of social-mix policies into the South European context.
{"title":"Market-Oriented Models of Social Housing as Tools for Social Mix: The Case of Bergamo","authors":"Emanuele Belotti","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2816262","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2816262","url":null,"abstract":"The proliferation of market-oriented models of social housing has characterised the rearrangement of housing policy in Italy. These new housing models aimed to differentiate a supply of public housing often presented as limited and ineffective by including specific groups from the middle class who struggle to access the rental market. The new models are thus associated with the notion of ‘social mix’, and the need to remedy the ambiguous effects of the traditional public housing system has been emphasised, especially in terms of the spatial concentration of low-income households. This analysis focuses on the rearrangement of housing policy in the context of Bergamo, Lombardy’s middle-sized city, by analysing the implementation of a new socially rented housing model, namely moderate rental, and evaluating its effectiveness as a tool of tenure diversification within mass housing neighbourhoods which show high concentrations of low-income population. Through focusing the investigation on this case study, the research aims to contribute to bridging the gap in the scientific literature regarding the importation of social-mix policies into the South European context.","PeriodicalId":341058,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Primary Taxonomy (Topic)","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116937305","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Real estate investment trusts (REITs) have recently made headlines in major media outlets and have caught the attention of lawmakers and analysts because they erode the corporate tax base. REITs are not subject to the entity-level tax that typically applies to corporations. To avoid being taxed on real estate income, some corporations spin off real estate into REITs. After a REIT spinoff, such corporations rent the real estate from the REIT and continue to use it in their operations. Thus, a mere change in corporate form removes taxable income from the corporation (i.e., erodes the corporate tax base) and eliminates the entity-level tax on income from the spun-off real estate. This erosion of the corporate tax base concerns lawmakers (who have proposed prohibiting tax-free REIT spinoffs), some economists, and the media. Another concern is that the IRS has extended REIT classification to entities that hold nontraditional real estate, such as telecommunications infrastructure, billboards, oil and gas pipeline systems, timber, casinos, prisons, and data centers. The extension of REIT taxation to nontraditional real estate may not erode the corporate tax base because the assets may come from noncorporate entities. Thus, the tax-revenue effect of REIT taxation extends beyond REIT spinoffs and the erosion of the corporate tax base. Nonetheless, intuition suggests that more REIT spinoffs, the expansion of REIT taxation, and the growth of the REIT industry must erode the corporate tax base and significantly reduce government tax revenue. This Article challenges that intuition and presents two counterintuitive findings. First, it shows that REIT spinoffs can actually increase tax revenue even though they erode the corporate tax base. Second, it reveals that loss of tax revenue from REIT taxation primarily results from REITs forming from partnerships, not from REIT spinoffs. The Article concludes by recommending how these findings should influence discussions of REIT reform.
{"title":"Rethinking the Tax-Revenue Effect of REIT Taxation","authors":"Bradley T. Borden","doi":"10.5744/ftr.2015.1007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5744/ftr.2015.1007","url":null,"abstract":"Real estate investment trusts (REITs) have recently made headlines in major media outlets and have caught the attention of lawmakers and analysts because they erode the corporate tax base. REITs are not subject to the entity-level tax that typically applies to corporations. To avoid being taxed on real estate income, some corporations spin off real estate into REITs. After a REIT spinoff, such corporations rent the real estate from the REIT and continue to use it in their operations. Thus, a mere change in corporate form removes taxable income from the corporation (i.e., erodes the corporate tax base) and eliminates the entity-level tax on income from the spun-off real estate. This erosion of the corporate tax base concerns lawmakers (who have proposed prohibiting tax-free REIT spinoffs), some economists, and the media. Another concern is that the IRS has extended REIT classification to entities that hold nontraditional real estate, such as telecommunications infrastructure, billboards, oil and gas pipeline systems, timber, casinos, prisons, and data centers. The extension of REIT taxation to nontraditional real estate may not erode the corporate tax base because the assets may come from noncorporate entities. Thus, the tax-revenue effect of REIT taxation extends beyond REIT spinoffs and the erosion of the corporate tax base. Nonetheless, intuition suggests that more REIT spinoffs, the expansion of REIT taxation, and the growth of the REIT industry must erode the corporate tax base and significantly reduce government tax revenue. This Article challenges that intuition and presents two counterintuitive findings. First, it shows that REIT spinoffs can actually increase tax revenue even though they erode the corporate tax base. Second, it reveals that loss of tax revenue from REIT taxation primarily results from REITs forming from partnerships, not from REIT spinoffs. The Article concludes by recommending how these findings should influence discussions of REIT reform.","PeriodicalId":341058,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Primary Taxonomy (Topic)","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126435156","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper presents the results of a study of the micro-, small and medium enterprise (MSME) sector in Tajikistan, with a focus on its role in the economic growth of the country. Tajikistan has experienced a significant improvement in economic performance during the last decade. This growth is evident in sectors in which MSMEs operate, suggesting the need to better understand the sector and its role in national economic growth. The paper describes the results of a survey of 325 randomly selected, cluster-based enterprises in three key economic sectors in urban and rural areas across Tajikistan: retail trade and services, transportation and agriculture. The dataset provides detailed information on the personal characteristics of entrepreneurs, as well as specific factors influencing the growth of MSMEs, including labour, capital, information and barriers to growth. Analysis of the determinants of making investments, as well as the success of investment decisions of urban entrepreneurs, provides insight into the necessity of developing education opportunities on business and financial planning for MSME owners. Conclusions are presented to help guide policy and programmes that impact the MSME sector and the broader environment in which it functions.
{"title":"Micro-, Small and Medium Enterprises in Tajikistan: Drivers of and Barriers to Growth","authors":"Kanat Tilekeyev","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.2946686","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.2946686","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents the results of a study of the micro-, small and medium enterprise (MSME) sector in Tajikistan, with a focus on its role in the economic growth of the country. Tajikistan has experienced a significant improvement in economic performance during the last decade. This growth is evident in sectors in which MSMEs operate, suggesting the need to better understand the sector and its role in national economic growth. The paper describes the results of a survey of 325 randomly selected, cluster-based enterprises in three key economic sectors in urban and rural areas across Tajikistan: retail trade and services, transportation and agriculture. The dataset provides detailed information on the personal characteristics of entrepreneurs, as well as specific factors influencing the growth of MSMEs, including labour, capital, information and barriers to growth. Analysis of the determinants of making investments, as well as the success of investment decisions of urban entrepreneurs, provides insight into the necessity of developing education opportunities on business and financial planning for MSME owners. Conclusions are presented to help guide policy and programmes that impact the MSME sector and the broader environment in which it functions.","PeriodicalId":341058,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Primary Taxonomy (Topic)","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120962287","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Frederic Bastiat (1801-1850) is primarily known for his writings in economics, especially in the area of international trade. However, he worked as an accountant in his early years and some of his writings take an accounting approach. This paper will examine the influence of accounting on his writings. Particular attention will be paid to his accounting approach toward the measurement and relevance of trade deficits, his application of the theory of opportunity cost, which was ahead of its time, and how he used accounting principles in his debate with Proudhon on the justification of interest. A bibliography with links to other Bastiat studies is also included.
{"title":"Frédéric Bastiat as an Accountant","authors":"Robert W. McGee","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.2435745","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.2435745","url":null,"abstract":"Frederic Bastiat (1801-1850) is primarily known for his writings in economics, especially in the area of international trade. However, he worked as an accountant in his early years and some of his writings take an accounting approach. This paper will examine the influence of accounting on his writings. Particular attention will be paid to his accounting approach toward the measurement and relevance of trade deficits, his application of the theory of opportunity cost, which was ahead of its time, and how he used accounting principles in his debate with Proudhon on the justification of interest. A bibliography with links to other Bastiat studies is also included.","PeriodicalId":341058,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Primary Taxonomy (Topic)","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132387418","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper develops a decision making empirical method to evaluate welfare programs accounting for heterogeneity of impacts. We find outcome predictive distributions for different subgroups of the population and use a characterization of second order stochastic dominance to give a policy recommendation conditional on covariates with minimal requirements on the social planner's utility function. Further, we can estimate quantile treatment effects within subgroups of the population. We apply this method to the Connecticut's Jobs First program and find subgroups for which the program did not maximize welfare even though some statistics may suggest the opposite and vice-versa.
{"title":"Conditional Average Treatment Effects and Decision Making","authors":"M. Samano","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2388364","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2388364","url":null,"abstract":"This paper develops a decision making empirical method to evaluate welfare programs accounting for heterogeneity of impacts. We find outcome predictive distributions for different subgroups of the population and use a characterization of second order stochastic dominance to give a policy recommendation conditional on covariates with minimal requirements on the social planner's utility function. Further, we can estimate quantile treatment effects within subgroups of the population. We apply this method to the Connecticut's Jobs First program and find subgroups for which the program did not maximize welfare even though some statistics may suggest the opposite and vice-versa.","PeriodicalId":341058,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Primary Taxonomy (Topic)","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127038350","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Leonardo Bursztyn, Florian Ederer, Bruno Ferman, Noam Yuchtman
Using a high‐stakes field experiment conducted with a financial brokerage, we implement a novel design to separately identify two channels of social influence in financial decisions, both widely studied theoretically. When someone purchases an asset, his peers may also want to purchase it, both because they learn from his choice (“social learning”) and because his possession of the asset directly affects others' utility of owning the same asset (“social utility”). We randomize whether one member of a peer pair who chose to purchase an asset has that choice implemented, thus randomizing his ability to possess the asset. Then, we randomize whether the second member of the pair: (i) receives no information about the first member, or (ii) is informed of the first member's desire to purchase the asset and the result of the randomization that determined possession. This allows us to estimate the effects of learning plus possession, and learning alone, relative to a (no information) control group. We find that both social learning and social utility channels have statistically and economically significant effects on investment decisions. Evidence from a follow‐up survey reveals that social learning effects are greatest when the first (second) investor is financially sophisticated (financially unsophisticated); investors report updating their beliefs about asset quality after learning about their peer's revealed preference; and, they report motivations consistent with “keeping up with the Joneses” when learning about their peer's possession of the asset. These results can help shed light on the mechanisms underlying herding behavior in financial markets and peer effects in consumption and investment decisions.
{"title":"Understanding Mechanisms Underlying Peer Effects: Evidence from a Field Experiment on Financial Decisions","authors":"Leonardo Bursztyn, Florian Ederer, Bruno Ferman, Noam Yuchtman","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2101391","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2101391","url":null,"abstract":"Using a high‐stakes field experiment conducted with a financial brokerage, we implement a novel design to separately identify two channels of social influence in financial decisions, both widely studied theoretically. When someone purchases an asset, his peers may also want to purchase it, both because they learn from his choice (“social learning”) and because his possession of the asset directly affects others' utility of owning the same asset (“social utility”). We randomize whether one member of a peer pair who chose to purchase an asset has that choice implemented, thus randomizing his ability to possess the asset. Then, we randomize whether the second member of the pair: (i) receives no information about the first member, or (ii) is informed of the first member's desire to purchase the asset and the result of the randomization that determined possession. This allows us to estimate the effects of learning plus possession, and learning alone, relative to a (no information) control group. We find that both social learning and social utility channels have statistically and economically significant effects on investment decisions. Evidence from a follow‐up survey reveals that social learning effects are greatest when the first (second) investor is financially sophisticated (financially unsophisticated); investors report updating their beliefs about asset quality after learning about their peer's revealed preference; and, they report motivations consistent with “keeping up with the Joneses” when learning about their peer's possession of the asset. These results can help shed light on the mechanisms underlying herding behavior in financial markets and peer effects in consumption and investment decisions.","PeriodicalId":341058,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Primary Taxonomy (Topic)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122580924","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
P. Cook, K. Dodge, G. Farkas, Roland G. Fryer, Jonathan Guryan, Jens Ludwig, Susan E. Mayer, H. Pollack, L. Steinberg
There is growing concern that improving the academic skills of disadvantaged youth is too difficult and costly, so policymakers should instead focus either on vocationally oriented instruction for teens or else on early childhood education. Yet this conclusion may be premature given that so few previous interventions have targeted a potential fundamental barrier to school success: "mismatch" between what schools deliver and the needs of disadvantaged youth who have fallen behind in their academic or non-academic development. This paper reports on a randomized controlled trial of a two-pronged intervention that provides disadvantaged youth with non-academic supports that try to teach youth social-cognitive skills based on the principles of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), and intensive individualized academic remediation. The study sample consists of 106 male 9th and 10th graders in a public high school on the south side of Chicago, of whom 95% are black and 99% are free or reduced price lunch eligible. Participation increased math test scores by 0.65 of a control group standard deviation (SD) and 0.48 SD in the national distribution, increased math grades by 0.67 SD, and seems to have increased expected graduation rates by 14 percentage points (46%). While some questions remain about the intervention, given these effects and a cost per participant of around $4,400 (with a range of $3,000 to $6,000), this intervention seems to yield larger gains in adolescent outcomes per dollar spent than many other intervention strategies.
{"title":"The (Surprising) Efficacy of Academic and Behavioral Intervention with Disadvantaged Youth: Results from a Randomized Experiment in Chicago","authors":"P. Cook, K. Dodge, G. Farkas, Roland G. Fryer, Jonathan Guryan, Jens Ludwig, Susan E. Mayer, H. Pollack, L. Steinberg","doi":"10.3386/W19862","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3386/W19862","url":null,"abstract":"There is growing concern that improving the academic skills of disadvantaged youth is too difficult and costly, so policymakers should instead focus either on vocationally oriented instruction for teens or else on early childhood education. Yet this conclusion may be premature given that so few previous interventions have targeted a potential fundamental barrier to school success: \"mismatch\" between what schools deliver and the needs of disadvantaged youth who have fallen behind in their academic or non-academic development. This paper reports on a randomized controlled trial of a two-pronged intervention that provides disadvantaged youth with non-academic supports that try to teach youth social-cognitive skills based on the principles of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), and intensive individualized academic remediation. The study sample consists of 106 male 9th and 10th graders in a public high school on the south side of Chicago, of whom 95% are black and 99% are free or reduced price lunch eligible. Participation increased math test scores by 0.65 of a control group standard deviation (SD) and 0.48 SD in the national distribution, increased math grades by 0.67 SD, and seems to have increased expected graduation rates by 14 percentage points (46%). While some questions remain about the intervention, given these effects and a cost per participant of around $4,400 (with a range of $3,000 to $6,000), this intervention seems to yield larger gains in adolescent outcomes per dollar spent than many other intervention strategies.","PeriodicalId":341058,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Primary Taxonomy (Topic)","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129370826","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper reports the results of a randomized trial of the College Possible program, which provides two years of college preparatory work for high school juniors and seniors in Minneapolis and St. Paul. The trial involved 238 students, including 134 who were randomly selected for admission to the program. The results indicate that the College Possible program significantly increased both applications and enrollment to both four-year colleges and selective four-year colleges; we estimate that initial enrollment at four-year colleges increased by more than 15 percentage points for program participants, but find little evidence of any effect of the program on ACT performance or college enrollment overall.
{"title":"Evaluation of the College Possible Program: Results from a Randomized Controlled Trial","authors":"Christopher Avery","doi":"10.3386/W19562","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3386/W19562","url":null,"abstract":"This paper reports the results of a randomized trial of the College Possible program, which provides two years of college preparatory work for high school juniors and seniors in Minneapolis and St. Paul. The trial involved 238 students, including 134 who were randomly selected for admission to the program. The results indicate that the College Possible program significantly increased both applications and enrollment to both four-year colleges and selective four-year colleges; we estimate that initial enrollment at four-year colleges increased by more than 15 percentage points for program participants, but find little evidence of any effect of the program on ACT performance or college enrollment overall.","PeriodicalId":341058,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Primary Taxonomy (Topic)","volume":"77 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122512033","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Michal Grinstein-Weiss, Michael Sherraden, W. Gale, W. Rohe, Mark Schreiner, Clinton Key
This paper presents evidence from a randomized field experiment testing the impact of a 3-year matched savings program on educational outcomes 10 years later. We examine the effect of an Individual Development Account (IDA) program on educational enrollment, degree completion, and increased education level. The IDA program, which ran from 1998 to 2003 in Tulsa, Oklahoma, provided low-income households with financial education and matching funds for qualified savings withdrawals, including a 1:1 match for educational uses. We find a significant impact on education enrollment and positive, but non-significant impacts on degree completion and increase in level of education. We also examine the interaction between gender and treatment assignment and find that the IDA had a strong positive effect on increased educational attainment for males, but not for females.
{"title":"Individual Development Accounts and Post-Secondary Education: Evidence from a Randomized Experiment","authors":"Michal Grinstein-Weiss, Michael Sherraden, W. Gale, W. Rohe, Mark Schreiner, Clinton Key","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2460867","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2460867","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents evidence from a randomized field experiment testing the impact of a 3-year matched savings program on educational outcomes 10 years later. We examine the effect of an Individual Development Account (IDA) program on educational enrollment, degree completion, and increased education level. The IDA program, which ran from 1998 to 2003 in Tulsa, Oklahoma, provided low-income households with financial education and matching funds for qualified savings withdrawals, including a 1:1 match for educational uses. We find a significant impact on education enrollment and positive, but non-significant impacts on degree completion and increase in level of education. We also examine the interaction between gender and treatment assignment and find that the IDA had a strong positive effect on increased educational attainment for males, but not for females.","PeriodicalId":341058,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Primary Taxonomy (Topic)","volume":"55 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125058369","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：