José Afonso, Bernardo H. Motta, K. Castro, Abreu, T. F. R.
Portuguese Abstract: Análise de proposta de reforma tributária no Brasil baseada em um impostos sobre pagamentos
English Abstract: Analysis of a Brazilian tax reform proposal based on a financial transaction tax.
摘要:基于支付税的巴西税制改革提案分析摘要:基于金融交易税的巴西税制改革提案分析
{"title":"Reforma tributária: quando o velho se traveste de novo (Tax Reform: When the Old Is Dressed As New)","authors":"José Afonso, Bernardo H. Motta, K. Castro, Abreu, T. F. R.","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3439328","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3439328","url":null,"abstract":"<b>Portuguese Abstract:</b> Análise de proposta de reforma tributária no Brasil baseada em um impostos sobre pagamentos<br><br><b>English Abstract:</b> Analysis of a Brazilian tax reform proposal based on a financial transaction tax.","PeriodicalId":341058,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Primary Taxonomy (Topic)","volume":"51 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121345783","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper investigates the impact of the minimum wage (MW) on corporate tax planning. By exploiting heterogeneity in the MW level across cities and over time in China, we find that increases in the MW are associated with greater tax planning by firms. Our results are robust to the consideration of a sample of contiguous firms in two adjacent cities subject to different MWs, a change specification and a difference-in-differences research design that exploits the enactment of the Labor Contract Law in 2008 as an exogenous shock to the MW. In cross-sectional analyses, we find that the positive impact of MWs on tax planning is more pronounced for firms with higher labor intensity, greater financial constraints, less product market power, and in regions with laxer enforcement. Our paper suggests that public policy decisions such as MWs impose significant, albeit likely unintended, externalities on corporate decisions.
{"title":"The Minimum Wage and Corporate Tax Planning","authors":"Xiaoxi Li, C. Lim, Yanping Xu","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3447024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3447024","url":null,"abstract":"This paper investigates the impact of the minimum wage (MW) on corporate tax planning. By exploiting heterogeneity in the MW level across cities and over time in China, we find that increases in the MW are associated with greater tax planning by firms. Our results are robust to the consideration of a sample of contiguous firms in two adjacent cities subject to different MWs, a change specification and a difference-in-differences research design that exploits the enactment of the Labor Contract Law in 2008 as an exogenous shock to the MW. In cross-sectional analyses, we find that the positive impact of MWs on tax planning is more pronounced for firms with higher labor intensity, greater financial constraints, less product market power, and in regions with laxer enforcement. Our paper suggests that public policy decisions such as MWs impose significant, albeit likely unintended, externalities on corporate decisions.","PeriodicalId":341058,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Primary Taxonomy (Topic)","volume":"67 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130194946","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Banerjee, Eliana La Ferrara, Victor Orozco-Olvera
This paper tests the effectiveness of an entertainment education television series, MTV Shuga, aimed at providing information and changing attitudes and behaviors related to HIV/AIDS. Using a simple model, the paper shows that “edutainment” can work through an individual or a social channel. This study is a randomized controlled trial conducted in urban Nigeria, where young viewers were exposed to MTV Shuga or a placebo television series. Among those exposed to MTV Shuga, the trial created additional variation in the social messages they received and the people with whom they watched the show. The study finds significant improvements in knowledge and attitudes toward HIV and risky sexual behavior. Treated subjects are twice as likely to get tested for HIV eight months after the intervention. The study also finds reductions in sexually transmitted diseases among women. These effects are stronger for viewers who reported being more involved with the narrative, consistent with the psychological underpinnings of edutainment. The trial’s experimental manipulations of the social norm component did not produce significantly different results from the main treatment. The individual effect of edutainment thus seems to have prevailed in the context of this study.
{"title":"The Entertaining Way to Behavioral Change: Fighting HIV with MTV","authors":"A. Banerjee, Eliana La Ferrara, Victor Orozco-Olvera","doi":"10.1596/1813-9450-8998","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-8998","url":null,"abstract":"This paper tests the effectiveness of an entertainment education television series, MTV Shuga, aimed at providing information and changing attitudes and behaviors related to HIV/AIDS. Using a simple model, the paper shows that “edutainment” can work through an individual or a social channel. This study is a randomized controlled trial conducted in urban Nigeria, where young viewers were exposed to MTV Shuga or a placebo television series. Among those exposed to MTV Shuga, the trial created additional variation in the social messages they received and the people with whom they watched the show. The study finds significant improvements in knowledge and attitudes toward HIV and risky sexual behavior. Treated subjects are twice as likely to get tested for HIV eight months after the intervention. The study also finds reductions in sexually transmitted diseases among women. These effects are stronger for viewers who reported being more involved with the narrative, consistent with the psychological underpinnings of edutainment. The trial’s experimental manipulations of the social norm component did not produce significantly different results from the main treatment. The individual effect of edutainment thus seems to have prevailed in the context of this study.","PeriodicalId":341058,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Primary Taxonomy (Topic)","volume":"81 1-2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134219312","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In recent years, private tuition has emerged as a major force as results of both demand and market mechanisms. In terms of its nature, extent, and importance, it is in fact, comparable to the formal system. It is like a shadow of the formal system (Bray, 1999). I believe private tuition, which is running parallel to the main education system undoubtedly is playing an important yet unnoticed role, thus impacting the education market immensely. The essence of private tuition(PT) lies in helping a child who is lagging behind in the class by providing support in terms of more attention and additional hours. However, teachers are using it as an additional source of income even if it violates the rule of RTE. Drawing from a nationally representative data of ASER 2007 in addition to a qualitative field-based study in Bangalore, I have attempted to document the possible effects of private tuitions in High literacy and Low literacy states. Private tuitions in Low literacy states have a greater significant positive impact on learning outcomes of a child than in High literacy states. This study aims to propose a policy framework which will enable all the students who are lagging behind irrespective of their socio- economic status to access additional quality support. The paper also suggests a way to recruit more trained teachers in the education system in order to enhance students’ learning outcomes.
{"title":"Weaving Together Two Parallel Worlds of Education-Private Tuitions and Schools","authors":"Sonali Singh","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3401503","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3401503","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years, private tuition has emerged as a major force as results of both demand and market mechanisms. In terms of its nature, extent, and importance, it is in fact, comparable to the formal system. It is like a shadow of the formal system (Bray, 1999). I believe private tuition, which is running parallel to the main education system undoubtedly is playing an important yet unnoticed role, thus impacting the education market immensely. The essence of private tuition(PT) lies in helping a child who is lagging behind in the class by providing support in terms of more attention and additional hours. However, teachers are using it as an additional source of income even if it violates the rule of RTE. Drawing from a nationally representative data of ASER 2007 in addition to a qualitative field-based study in Bangalore, I have attempted to document the possible effects of private tuitions in High literacy and Low literacy states. Private tuitions in Low literacy states have a greater significant positive impact on learning outcomes of a child than in High literacy states. This study aims to propose a policy framework which will enable all the students who are lagging behind irrespective of their socio- economic status to access additional quality support. The paper also suggests a way to recruit more trained teachers in the education system in order to enhance students’ learning outcomes.<br>","PeriodicalId":341058,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Primary Taxonomy (Topic)","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127883299","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-05-31DOI: 10.34218/JOM.6.3.2019.008
Ganapathy G Gangadharan, S. N.
Emerging markets such as India provide the investors with returns far greater than those in developed markets; taking the average returns from the period 1995 to 2014 the returns are 4.714% to 3.276% of the developed market (US not included). Majority of emerging markets commenced joining with the capital market of the world, thus allowing huge inflow of capital which in turn paved the path for economic growth. Even though the emerging markets provide high returns these may also be an indication of a bubble formation. Detection of a bubble is a tedious task primarily due to the fundamental value of the security being uncertain, the randomness of the fundamentals of the market make detecting bubbles an arduous task. Ratios that foretold the financial crisis of 2007- Market Capitalization to GDP (Buffet Indicator), Price to Earnings Ratio (PE Ratio), Price to Book Value (PB Ratio), Tobin’s Q. Data is collected from the 1999-2000 from various Indian indices such as NIFTY 50, NIFTY NEXT 50, NIFTY BANK, NIFTY 500 S&P BSE SENSEX, S&P BSE 100. The paper utilizes the ratios mentioned above to detect and back track various bubble episodes in the Indian market; methodology used is the Philips et al (2015) right tailed unit test. The paper is also inclined to take steps to mitigate the effects of bubble by amending the financial policies and the monetary liquidity of the financial system.
印度等新兴市场为投资者提供的回报远高于发达市场;从1995年到2014年的平均回报率来看，发达市场(不包括美国)的回报率为4.714%至3.276%。大多数新兴市场开始加入世界资本市场，从而允许大量资本流入，从而为经济增长铺平了道路。尽管新兴市场提供了高回报，但这也可能是泡沫形成的迹象。检测泡沫是一项繁琐的任务，主要是因为证券的基本价值是不确定的，市场基本面的随机性使检测泡沫成为一项艰巨的任务。预测2007年金融危机的比率-市值占GDP(巴菲特指标)，市盈率(PE比率)，市净率(PB比率)，托宾Q.数据收集自1999-2000年的各种印度指数，如NIFTY 50, NIFTY NEXT 50, NIFTY BANK, NIFTY 500 s&p BSE SENSEX, s&p BSE 100。本文利用上述比率来检测和回溯印度市场的各种泡沫事件;使用的方法是Philips等人(2015)右尾单元测试。本文还倾向于采取措施，通过修改金融政策和金融体系的货币流动性来减轻泡沫的影响。
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Prize-linked programs are becoming increasingly popular, yet little evidence exists regarding their efficacy. I conduct the first field experiment examining whether prize-linked incentives can be effective in promoting debt reduction by randomizing access among 6,907 borrowers in a debt management plan. I find strong take-up of the program and that takers were timelier with repayment and paid off more debt. However, intent-to-treat estimates are precise zeros. These results suggest that despite strong interest and positive correlations, prize-linked incentives may not modify behavior and may simply attract individuals who are ex-ante likely to engage in the target behavior.
{"title":"Do Prize-Linked Incentives Promote Positive Financial Behavior? Evidence from a Debt Reduction Intervention","authors":"Jeremy Burke","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3376157","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3376157","url":null,"abstract":"Prize-linked programs are becoming increasingly popular, yet little evidence exists regarding their efficacy. I conduct the first field experiment examining whether prize-linked incentives can be effective in promoting debt reduction by randomizing access among 6,907 borrowers in a debt management plan. I find strong take-up of the program and that takers were timelier with repayment and paid off more debt. However, intent-to-treat estimates are precise zeros. These results suggest that despite strong interest and positive correlations, prize-linked incentives may not modify behavior and may simply attract individuals who are ex-ante likely to engage in the target behavior.","PeriodicalId":341058,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Primary Taxonomy (Topic)","volume":"98 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116309572","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Haushofer, Charlotte Ringdal, J. Shapiro, Xiao Yu Wang
In a previous study, we found an improvement in female empowerment after randomized unconditional cash transfers in Kenya (Haushofer and Shapiro 2016). Here we report detailed impacts of these transfers on physical and sexual intimate partner violence, and construct a theory to explain them. Transfers to women averaging USD 709 reduced physical and sexual violence (-0:26, -0:22 standard deviations). Transfers to men reduced physical violence (-0:18 SD). We find spillovers: physical violence towards non-recipient women in treatment villages decreased (-0:16 SD). We show theoretically that transfers to both men and women are needed to understand why violence occurs. Our theory suggests that husbands use physical violence to extract resources, but dislike it, while sexual violence is not used to extract resources, but is pleasurable.
在之前的一项研究中，我们发现肯尼亚随机无条件现金转移后女性赋权有所改善(Haushofer and Shapiro 2016)。在这里，我们详细报告了这些转移对身体和性亲密伴侣暴力的影响，并构建了一个理论来解释它们。对妇女的平均汇款为709美元，减少了身体和性暴力(-0:26，-0:22标准差)。转移到男性身上减少了身体暴力(-0:18 SD)。我们发现了溢出效应:治疗村对未接受治疗妇女的身体暴力减少了(-0:16标准差)。我们从理论上表明，要理解暴力发生的原因，需要对男性和女性进行转移。我们的理论表明，丈夫使用身体暴力来获取资源，但不喜欢它，而性暴力不是用来获取资源，而是令人愉快的。
{"title":"Income Changes and Intimate Partner Violence: Evidence from Unconditional Cash Transfers in Kenya","authors":"J. Haushofer, Charlotte Ringdal, J. Shapiro, Xiao Yu Wang","doi":"10.3386/W25627","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3386/W25627","url":null,"abstract":"In a previous study, we found an improvement in female empowerment after randomized unconditional cash transfers in Kenya (Haushofer and Shapiro 2016). Here we report detailed impacts of these transfers on physical and sexual intimate partner violence, and construct a theory to explain them. Transfers to women averaging USD 709 reduced physical and sexual violence (-0:26, -0:22 standard deviations). Transfers to men reduced physical violence (-0:18 SD). We find spillovers: physical violence towards non-recipient women in treatment villages decreased (-0:16 SD). We show theoretically that transfers to both men and women are needed to understand why violence occurs. Our theory suggests that husbands use physical violence to extract resources, but dislike it, while sexual violence is not used to extract resources, but is pleasurable.","PeriodicalId":341058,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Primary Taxonomy (Topic)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130662150","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Women in developing countries face challenges in terms of managing their menstrual hygiene. Oftentimes they do not possess the right means nor materials nor have access to the right facilities. Using a newly released dataset for Burkina Faso and propensity score matching, we provide for the first time evidence of a strong causal impact of advanced menstrual hygiene management on work attendance. Access to advanced menstrual hygiene management materials (disposable sanitary pads) reduces work absenteeism of women by about 21 percentage points. When we stratify the sample by religious affiliation, we find the treatment effect to be insignificant for Christian women and strong and significant for Muslim women.
{"title":"Menstruation Hygiene Management and Work Attendance in a Developing Country","authors":"Astrid Krenz, H. Strulik","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3305598","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3305598","url":null,"abstract":"Women in developing countries face challenges in terms of managing their menstrual hygiene. Oftentimes they do not possess the right means nor materials nor have access to the right facilities. Using a newly released dataset for Burkina Faso and propensity score matching, we provide for the first time evidence of a strong causal impact of advanced menstrual hygiene management on work attendance. Access to advanced menstrual hygiene management materials (disposable sanitary pads) reduces work absenteeism of women by about 21 percentage points. When we stratify the sample by religious affiliation, we find the treatment effect to be insignificant for Christian women and strong and significant for Muslim women.","PeriodicalId":341058,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Primary Taxonomy (Topic)","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128440197","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
P. Dalton, H. Pamuk, Ravindra Ramrattan, D. van Soest, Burak R. Uras
What determines the adoption of electronic-payment instruments? Do these instruments impact business outcomes, in particular access to finance? To shed light on these questions, we conducted a Randomized-Controlled-Trial with Kenyan SMEs. Our experiment released barriers to adopt a novel payment instrument. We uncover that the adoption barriers were binding for a large portion of the firms and that firms' financial transparency interacted with the decision to adopt. After sixteen months, treated businesses were more likely to feel safe and had more loans. The impact on loans was especially pronounced for smaller size establishments, which also experienced a reduction in sales-volatility.
{"title":"Payment Technology Adoption and Finance: A Randomized-Controlled-Trial with SMEs","authors":"P. Dalton, H. Pamuk, Ravindra Ramrattan, D. van Soest, Burak R. Uras","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3267254","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3267254","url":null,"abstract":"What determines the adoption of electronic-payment instruments? Do these instruments impact business outcomes, in particular access to finance? To shed light on these questions, we conducted a Randomized-Controlled-Trial with Kenyan SMEs. Our experiment released barriers to adopt a novel payment instrument. We uncover that the adoption barriers were binding for a large portion of the firms and that firms' financial transparency interacted with the decision to adopt. After sixteen months, treated businesses were more likely to feel safe and had more loans. The impact on loans was especially pronounced for smaller size establishments, which also experienced a reduction in sales-volatility.","PeriodicalId":341058,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Primary Taxonomy (Topic)","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125219049","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Email field experiment varying whether potential donor has matching surname to in-need teacher and quantifying effectiveness of less-exact matches.
电子邮件领域实验，改变潜在捐赠者的姓氏是否与需要的教师匹配，并量化不太精确匹配的有效性。
{"title":"Name Similarity Encourages Generosity: A Field Experiment in Email Personalization","authors":"Kurt P. Munz, Minah H. Jung, Adam L. Alter","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3244125","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3244125","url":null,"abstract":"Email field experiment varying whether potential donor has matching surname to in-need teacher and quantifying effectiveness of less-exact matches.","PeriodicalId":341058,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Primary Taxonomy (Topic)","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126866466","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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