Open Respiratory Archives最新文献

{"title":"MOLECULAR GATED STRATEGY FOR RAPID DETECTION OF KLEBSIELLA PNEUMONIAE AND CARBAPENEM-RESISTANT GENES IN RESPIRATORY AND HOSPITAL-ACQUIRED INFECTIONS [COMUNICACIÓN PREMIADA]","authors":"Alba López-Palacios ,&nbsp;Andrea Torres-Mesado ,&nbsp;María Ángeles Tormo-Mas ,&nbsp;Elena Aznar ,&nbsp;Ramón Martínez-Máñez","doi":"10.1016/j.opresp.2026.100540","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.opresp.2026.100540","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>Klebsiella pneumoniae is a major pathogen in healthcare-associated infections. This bacterium plays a critical role in severe respiratory infections such as hospital-acquired pneumonia, which can have mortality rates exceeding 50%, especially when multidrug-resistant strains are involved. K. pneumoniae increasing resistance to antibiotics, including carbapenems, makes it one of the most pressing pathogens in clinical environments. Rapid and accurate identification of K. pneumoniae is crucial for effective treatment. As current diagnostic methods based on culture and phenotypic assays can take up to 48 hours, new tools for faster diagnosis are urgently needed.</div><div>This work focuses on two main objectives: developing biosensors for the detection and identification of i) K. pneumoniae and ii) resistance genes encoding carbapenemases.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>To achieve this, we have applied molecular gated systems consisting of nanoporous anodic alumina (NAA) films loaded with rhodamine B (RhB), a fluorescent dye and capped with specific recognition motifs. In a first example, after surface functionalization, these supports are capped with a peptide that specifically binds to K. pneumoniae lipopolysaccharide (LPS). This peptide is anchored to the materials surface by a short oligonucleotide acting as the molecular gate that blocks the pores. Upon recognition of the pathogen, the molecular gates open, releasing RhB and producing a fluorescence signal. Additionally, a separate detection system was designed to identify carbapenem-resistance genes. Therefore, the integration of both biosensors into a multiplex system would allow simultaneous identification of K. pneumoniae and its resistance associated with the selected gene.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Both systems demonstrated strong responses, high sensitivity and selectivity in buffered media containing either LPS or the bla-OXA-48-like gene target. Validation in bacterial cultures further confirmed robust performance. Current efforts focus on validating both biosensors in patient-derived samples and developing a multiplexed system capable of simultaneously identifying K. pneumoniae and determining its resistance profile.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>These results highlight this technology's potential to detect K. pneumoniae and its resistance providing a powerful clinical tool for guiding appropriate antimicrobial therapy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34317,"journal":{"name":"Open Respiratory Archives","volume":"8 ","pages":"Article 100540"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146161856","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"FUNCTIONAL KIR2 AND KATP CHANNELS IN HUMAN PULMONARY VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE AND ENDOTHELIUM MODULATE ARTERIAL TONE","authors":"Bianca Barreira ,&nbsp;Daniel Morales-Cano ,&nbsp;Laura Moreno ,&nbsp;Beatriz de Olaiz ,&nbsp;Rui Adão ,&nbsp;Ángel Cogolludo ,&nbsp;Francisco Pérez-Vizcaíno ,&nbsp;María Sancho","doi":"10.1016/j.opresp.2026.100560","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.opresp.2026.100560","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>The resting membrane potential (V_M) of vascular cells is a major determinant of arterial tone, integrating the activity of multiple ionic conductances. In human pulmonary arteries, however, the specific K⁺ channels that establish V_M in smooth muscle and endothelial cells remain poorly characterized.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Freshly isolated human pulmonary arterial smooth muscle (PASMCs) and endothelial cells (PAECs) were studied using whole-cell patch-clamp electrophysiology, immunofluorescence, and wire myography. Kir2 currents were assessed using Ba²⁺, whereas K_ATP activity was evaluated with the synthetic activator pinacidil and the specific blockers glibenclamide and PNU-37883A. Concentration–response effects were examined in intact pulmonary artery rings.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Ba²⁺-sensitive, strongly inwardly rectifying currents were identified in both PASMCs and PAECs, consistent with Kir2.1/2.2 expression. In intact arteries, BaCl₂ induced concentration-dependent contractions and attenuated acetylcholine-evoked, endothelium-dependent relaxation, indicating a tonic vasodilatory influence of Kir2 channels. Pinacidil activated glibenclamide or PNU-sensitive K_ATP currents and produced vasodilation in isolated arteries, effects that were bunted by glibenclamide or PNU-37883A pretreatment. Robust Kir6.1 and SUR2 immunoreactivity further supported the presence of functional K_ATP channels.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>This study provides the first electrophysiological evidence for native Kir2 and K_ATP channels in human pulmonary vascular cells and demonstrates their contribution to arterial tone, highlighting these channels as potential therapeutic targets in pulmonary vascular disease.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34317,"journal":{"name":"Open Respiratory Archives","volume":"8 ","pages":"Article 100560"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146161864","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"THE SPECIFIC ROLE OF MAPK13 ISOFORM IN AIRWAY BARRIER DYSFUNCTION AND MUCIN REGULATION","authors":"Rubén Fernández-Santamaría ,&nbsp;Cristina Rosales-Ariza ,&nbsp;Lucia Cremades-Jimeno ,&nbsp;Jorge Parrón ,&nbsp;Eva Batanero ,&nbsp;Blanca Cárdaba","doi":"10.1016/j.opresp.2026.100561","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.opresp.2026.100561","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>Asthma is a complex chronic disease that affects the airways. Despite significant advances in recent years, there is still a lack of information, mainly related to the specific molecular mechanisms involved. We have previously demonstrated the implication of four specific proteins: TLR4, STAT1, AKT1 and MAPK13 in asthma. In this study, we aim to study the specific role of the MAPK13 isoform in the underlying mechanisms of asthma.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>The human epithelial cell line CALU-3 was cultured at an air-liquid interface. MAPK13 was specifically silenced using siRNA (siRNA⁺MAPK13) or without it (siRNA^-MAPK13). MAPK13 expression was assessed by RT-qPCR, western blot (WB) and immunofluorescence (IF). siRNA⁺MAPK13 and siRNA^-MAPK13 were stimulated on day 3 with different inflammatory stimuli (IL-5, IL-9, IL-13, LPS and TNFα). Epithelial integrity was measured by transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) on day 0, 3 and 6, and occludin expression by IF on day 6. Mucus production was measured by RT-qPCR and ELISA.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>siRNA⁺MAPK13 cells showed significantly lower MAPK13 expression compared to siRNA^-MAPK13 cells by RT-qPCR, IF and WB. MAPK13 expression increased after stimulation with IL-13 and LPS, mainly in siRNA^-MAPK13. MAPK13 silencing has a significant impact on epithelial barrier integrity, with lower TEER results compared to non-silenced cells. This is also consistent with reduced occludin expression. Stimulation with IL-13 significantly reduced TEER values in both cells, while IL-5, IL-9 and TNFα did not affect epithelial barrier integrity, with only LPS capable of increasing TEER values. Mucin production appears to increase when MAPK13 is silenced, but the different stimuli increased its production in siRNA^-MAPK13, remaining at low levels when MAPK13 was silenced.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>The specific isoform MAPK13 appears to be significantly involved in airway barrier integrity and mucus production, mainly</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34317,"journal":{"name":"Open Respiratory Archives","volume":"8 ","pages":"Article 100561"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146161865","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"FUNCTIONALISED NANOPARTICLES LOADED WITH DRUGS: A NEW TOOL AGAINST PNEUMOCOCCAL GROWTH AND BIOFILM FORMATION","authors":"Mirella Llamosí ,&nbsp;Pilar Membrillo ,&nbsp;Julio Sempere ,&nbsp;Mirian Domenech ,&nbsp;Jose Yuste ,&nbsp;María Rosa Aguilar ,&nbsp;Luis García","doi":"10.1016/j.opresp.2026.100565","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.opresp.2026.100565","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div><em>Streptococcus pneumoniae</em> is one of the deadliest bacterial pathogens with high clinical significance in invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD). Vaccines have reduced the burden of disease caused by S. pneumoniae, but the increase in antibiotic-resistant strains and serotypes not covered by vaccines is concerning. Therefore, the development of new therapies to prevent and treat this disease is crucial.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>The efficacy of nanoparticles developed by the Rocasolano Institute of Physical Chemistry (CSIC) was evaluated. These nanoparticles were functionalised with vitamin E and loaded with three hydrophobic drugs—a macrolide, an antihistamine, and a glucocorticoid—and combinations thereof, both in biofilm and in planktonic culture of <em>S. pneumoniae</em>. Three strains of pneumococcus were used for this purpose: a reference strain of serotype 19F, an isogenic mutant of serotype 19A, and a multidrug-resistant clinical strain also of this serotype.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>It was observed that, in the reference strain, both empty nanoparticles and combinations with drugs inhibited growth at concentrations of 1.25% or 2.5%. Even when using nanoparticles with combinations of macrolide and the other two drugs, a decrease to 0.7% and 1.25% was observed. In the case of the isogenic mutant, this effect was also observed in viability but at higher concentrations, and with the multidrug-resistant strain, a decrease in growth was observed with the nanoparticle loaded with the antihistamine and the nanoparticle loaded with the combination of this together with the macrolide. In the inhibition of the biofilm of the reference strain, it was observed that the three loaded nanoparticles inhibit the biofilm at concentrations higher than the minimum inhibitory concentration, and in the case of the combinations, the macrolide nanoparticle with the glucocorticoid and the triple combination of the three drugs in the nanoparticle show an effect. However, in the treatment of biofilm, greater disintegration is observed when empty nanoparticles are used rather than loaded ones, which differs from what occurs in inhibition.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Nanoparticles loaded with different types of drugs and combinations thereof show a notable effect in inhibiting the growth of pneumococcus and even in inhibiting the biofilm of this pathogen. The nanoparticle loaded with the antihistamine has the greatest growth-inhibiting effect, and in the case of biofilm inhibition, the three loaded nanoparticles, as well as the combination of macrolide with glucocorticoid and the triple combination, show the greatest effect. These strategies may be presented as alternatives for the prevention and treatment of this disease.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34317,"journal":{"name":"Open Respiratory Archives","volume":"8 ","pages":"Article 100565"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146161948","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"ASSESSMENT OF ILLUMINA AND OXFORD NANOPORE SEQUENCING APPROACHES FOR 16S RRNA-BASED CHARACTERIZATION OF RESPIRATORY MICROBIAL COMMUNITIES","authors":"Guillem Macip ,&nbsp;Alba Soler-Comas ,&nbsp;Andrea Palomeque ,&nbsp;Ana Motos ,&nbsp;Blanca Llonch ,&nbsp;Joan Canseco-Ribas ,&nbsp;Leticia Bueno-Freire ,&nbsp;Davide Calabretta ,&nbsp;Kasra Kiarostami ,&nbsp;Roberto Cabrera ,&nbsp;Miquel Ferrer ,&nbsp;Antoni Torres ,&nbsp;Laia Fernandez-Barat","doi":"10.1016/j.opresp.2026.100566","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.opresp.2026.100566","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>The respiratory microbiome is central to health and disease, requiring accurate sequencing for characterization. We compared Illumina NextSeq and Oxford Nanopore Technologies (ONT) for 16S rRNA profiling. Illumina produces short, highly accurate reads (∼300 bp) suited for genus-level classification but limited at species resolution. ONT generates full-length reads (∼1,500 bp), enabling higher resolution but with historically lower accuracy.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We sequenced 34 respiratory samples from ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) patients (n=20) and a swine model (n=14) using Illumina (V3–V4) and ONT (whole gene). Data were processed with nf-core/ampliseq or epi2me-labs/wf-16s using the Silva 138.1 database. Diversity metrics and taxonomic profiles were compared.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Alpha diversity showed greater species richness with Illumina, while evenness was comparable. Beta diversity differences were significant in pigs but not humans, suggesting stronger platform effects in complex microbiomes. Illumina detected a broader taxonomic range, while ONT resolved dominant species. ANCOM-BC2 revealed platform-specific biases: ONT overrepresented Enterococcus and Klebsiella but underrepresented Prevotella and Bacteroides.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Illumina is suited for broad surveys, while ONT excels in species-level resolution and real-time use. Hybrid approaches may best leverage both technologies in clinical and preclinical studies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34317,"journal":{"name":"Open Respiratory Archives","volume":"8 ","pages":"Article 100566"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146161949","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"DIFFERENTIAL CELLULAR IMMUNE RESPONSE IN BAL AFTER INHALATION OF PIGEON SERUM AND ASPERGILLUS EXTRACT IN ACUTE AND CHRONIC MURINE MODELS OF HYPERSENSITIVITY PNEUMONITIS","authors":"Massa-Gómez Marc ,&nbsp;Soler-Segovia David ,&nbsp;Espejo David ,&nbsp;Pilia María-Florencia ,&nbsp;Ojanguren Iñigo ,&nbsp;Muñoz-Montull Lidia ,&nbsp;Muñoz Xavier ,&nbsp;Cruz María Jesús","doi":"10.1016/j.opresp.2026.100570","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.opresp.2026.100570","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>Hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP) is an interstitial lung disease caused by inhalation of, mainly, avian and fungal antigens. However, the immunological mechanisms involved are not yet well understood. The objective of the study was to compare the cellular immune response after exposure to pigeon serum and Aspergillus sp. extract in acute and chronic murine models of hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP).</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>The animal models were conducted using C57BL/6J strain mice. The HP groups were sensitized with two injections (48 hours apart) of 100 µL of pigeon serum (200 µg/ml) for the avian-origin HP group (HPA) and Aspergillus extract (200 µg/ml) for the fungal-origin HP group (HPF). The control group was sensitized with saline serum. Antigen exposure was performed via intranasal instillations of 40 µL on three consecutive days per week for three weeks in acute model and sixteen weeks in chronic model. Leukocyte patterns were evaluated in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL).</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Both acute HP groups showed a higher number of total cells (p=0.0015 and p=0.0059), neutrophils (p=0.0002 and p&lt;0.0001), eosinophils (p&lt;0.0001 and p=0.0351), and lymphocytes (p=0.0070 and p&lt;0.0001) in the BAL compared to control group. The acute HPA group exhibited a greater presence of eosinophils (p=0.0047) compared to the HPF group, while the acute HPF group had a higher number of neutrophils (p=0.0002) and lymphocytes (p=0.0463) compared to the acute HPA group. Both chronic HP groups had a higher number of total cells (p=0.0088 and p&lt;0.0001), neutrophils (p=0.0037 and p&lt;0.0001), eosinophils (p&lt;0.0001 and p=0.0096) and lymphocytes (p=0.0016 and p&lt;0.0001) in BAL compared to control group. In addition, chronic FHP showed more total cells (p=0.0001) than chronic AHP, more macrophages (p=0.0002 and p=0.0011) than control and chronic AHP and more neutrophils (p=0.0476) and lymphocytes (p=0.0083) than chronic AHP.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>A different cellular response was observed in the BAL depending on the causative antigen. In avian-induced HP, eosinophils appear to play a more significant role, whereas in fungal-induced HP, neutrophils and lymphocytes were more prevalent. This suggests that during the inflammatory phase of HP, two distinct immune responses could develop depending on the causative agent.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34317,"journal":{"name":"Open Respiratory Archives","volume":"8 ","pages":"Article 100570"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146161957","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"ROLE OF MIRNAS SHUTTLED BY LPS-PRIMED MESENCHYMAL STEM CELL-DERIVED EXTRACELLULAR VESICLES IN MODULATING MACROPHAGE ACTIVATION","authors":"Aina Areny-Balagueró ,&nbsp;Navneet Purewal-Chohan ,&nbsp;Marta Camprubí-Rimblas ,&nbsp;Elena Campaña-Duel ,&nbsp;Antoni Berenguer-Llergo ,&nbsp;Adrián Ceccato ,&nbsp;Antonio Artigas ,&nbsp;Daniel Closa","doi":"10.1016/j.opresp.2026.100574","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.opresp.2026.100574","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have regenerative and immunomodulatory properties largely mediated by extracellular vesicles (EVs). Priming MSCs with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) enhances the therapeutic efficacy of their EVs, particularly in acute lung injury. This study investigates the role of differentially expressed miRNAs between EVs from naïve (C-EVs) and LPS-primed MSCs (LPS-EVs) and their immunomodulatory effects.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>miRNA profiling of C-EVs and LPS-EVs was performed using GeneChip miRNA 4.0 Array (n=2). Differentially expressed miRNAs (fold-change ≥ 1.5) were identified, and pathway enrichment was analyzed using GSEA with KEGG, GO, Biocarta, Broad Hallmarks, and PID databases. Selected overexpressed miRNAs were validated by RT-qPCR and tested for immunomodulatory effects in Pseudomonas aeruginosa-infected THP-1 cells, individually and in combination (MIMIX).</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Twenty-one miRNAs were differentially expressed between C-EVs and LPS-EVs (16 upregulated, 5 downregulated in LPS-EVs). Enriched pathways included inflammation, epithelial regeneration, and endothelial barrier integrity. RT-qPCR confirmed overexpression of miR-297, let-7b-5p, and miR-93-5p in LPS-EVs, which reduced IL1B, IL6, and IL8 expression in infected THP-1 cells. Notably, only the combined administration of these three miRNAs induced M2 polarization, increasing CD206, CD163, and TGFβ expression.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>LPS priming enhances the immunomodulatory potential of MSC-derived EVs, partly through overexpression of miR-297, miR-93-5p, and let-7b-5p, which synergistically promote M2 macrophage polarization.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34317,"journal":{"name":"Open Respiratory Archives","volume":"8 ","pages":"Article 100574"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146162088","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"SERUM BIOMARKERS IN INTERSTITIAL LUNG ABNORMALITIES AND FAMILIAL EARLY INTERSTITIAL LUNG DISEASE","authors":"Elsie Vera-Santiesteban ,&nbsp;Marta Gabasa ,&nbsp;Yasmina Gutiérrez-Rodríguez ,&nbsp;Jose Palma-Rodríguez ,&nbsp;Guadalupe Bermudo ,&nbsp;Mireya Fuentes ,&nbsp;Maria Molina-Molina ,&nbsp;Vanesa Vicens-Zygmunt","doi":"10.1016/j.opresp.2026.100558","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.opresp.2026.100558","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>Interstitial lung abnormalities (ILA) are incidental findings at thorax computed tomography in asymptomatic patients that could progress and could be sporadic (ILA) or with a genetic substrate (EARLY interstitial lung disease (ILD)).</div></div><div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>The aim of this study was to analyse serum biomarkers and clinical behaviour of subjects with ILA (incidental sporadic mild ILD) with healthy controls (Control-ILA) and subjects with mild ILD with a 1^st degree familial ILD (EARLY familial ILD) and without it (familial control-EARLY).</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Serum levels of KL6, GAL3, CCL18, SPD and αKlotho were quantified by ELISA. Demographic, genetic and pulmonary function tests (PFT) including FVC, TLC, DLCO and 6-minute walking test were evaluated. Correlations were performed between serum biomarkers and functional parameters. Parametric and non-parametric statistical tests were used. p&lt;0.05 was considered statistically significant.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>ILA patients were older than EARLY ones with a higher proportion of males and less smokers than their controls in both groups. TLC was diminished in ILA compared with their controls (p&lt;0.05). DLCO was decreased in ILA and EARLY compared with their controls (p&lt;0.05). Regarding baseline serum biomarkers, ILA had increased KL6, SPD and α-Klotho compared to their controls, while EARLY had increased KL6 and decreased α-Klotho(p&lt;0.05). A negative correlation between SPD and FVC was observed in EARLY subjects.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>KL6 and αKlotho in both groups and SPD in ILA are the most altered biomarkers in our cohort. This different profile could impact on ILD progression.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34317,"journal":{"name":"Open Respiratory Archives","volume":"8 ","pages":"Article 100558"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146161788","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors and Interstitial Lung Disease: A Comprehensive Review of Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Management","authors":"María Florencia Pilia ,&nbsp;Enriqueta Felip ,&nbsp;David Espejo ,&nbsp;Nuria Pardo ,&nbsp;Marta Andreu Casas ,&nbsp;David Clofent ,&nbsp;Ana Villar ,&nbsp;Iñigo Ojanguren","doi":"10.1016/j.opresp.2026.100578","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.opresp.2026.100578","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Immune checkpoint inhibitors associated interstitial lung diseases (ICI-ILD) affect approximately 2–5% of patients receiving immunotherapy and represent one of the most serious and potentially life-threatening immune-related adverse events. The pathogenesis remains incompletely elucidated; however, current understanding suggests a multifactorial etiology involving immune dysregulation, genetic susceptibility, and pre-existing pulmonary vulnerability. ICI-ILD can occur at any time during immunotherapy, with a median onset typically occurring two to three months after the initiation of treatment. Nevertheless, cases have been reported as early as a few days and as late as one year after starting therapy. Clinical manifestations can vary considerably, ranging from asymptomatic radiographic abnormalities to severe respiratory distress. The findings of computed tomography are highly variable, and may include ground-glass opacities, consolidation, reticulation, centrilobular nodules, septal thickening, honeycombing, and traction bronchiectasis. Flexible bronchoscopy is an invasive procedure used to assess airway patency, identify endobronchial lesions, aspirate secretions, and perform bronchoalveolar lavage and transbronchial biopsy. Performing bronchoalveolar lavage is recommended to rule out infection, particularly in immunosuppressed patients, as well as to identify signs of alveolar hemorrhage. Management of ICI-ILD primarily involves systemic corticosteroids, with dosage and duration determined by the severity of the disease. Steroid-refractory immune checkpoint inhibitor pneumonitis is defined as the absence of clinical improvement after 48–72<!--> <!-->h of high-dose corticosteroid therapy. In such cases, immunosuppressive agents such as infliximab, mycophenolate mofetil, cyclophosphamide, tocilizumab, intravenous immunoglobulin, or plasmapheresis are recommended. Rechallenge with immune checkpoint inhibitors must be individualized, considering the high risk of recurrence, particularly following severe pneumonitis.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34317,"journal":{"name":"Open Respiratory Archives","volume":"8 2","pages":"Article 100578"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146190574","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nintedanib in a Dialysis Patient with Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis: A One-Year Follow-Up Without Major Adverse Events","authors":"Cristina Matesanz-López,&nbsp;María Asunción Nieto-Barbero","doi":"10.1016/j.opresp.2026.100579","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.opresp.2026.100579","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":34317,"journal":{"name":"Open Respiratory Archives","volume":"8 2","pages":"Article 100579"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146190604","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}