This paper describes the preparation of six plastinated chicken dissections for Veterinary Anatomy teaching at the University of Pretoria, South Africa. Specimens were fixed in 10% formalin for seven to ten days, depending on the size of the specimen. Room temperature acetone baths were used for dehydration over a period of six weeks. Impregnation in S10 took place over a period of three weeks at -16 °C. The specimens were cured with S6. A peristaltic pump was used during preparation to ensure the intestines were rinsed properly, and the chemicals penetrated the whole specimen. In the curing phase, a compressor was used to inflate the duodenum and small intestines to show the digestive and reproductive tracts. The plastinated specimens were then labelled. Three chicken hearts in different stages of dissection (one intact, one from the ventrum/cranial, one from the dorsum/caudal aspect) were prepared. A muscle dissection was carried out on a whole chicken with its intestines intact. It was found to be preferable to carry out the dissection while the specimen was stored in the acetone bath. When the dissection was complete, the body wall of the chicken was cut through with an oscillating saw before impregnation in S10. Another adult chicken was used for the skeleton. All the muscle was removed, and the skeleton placed in formalin for fixation. After a week, the skeleton was placed in acetone for dehydration. The aim with this skeleton was to show how the ligaments maintain skeletal integrity. The ovary and reproductive tract were also dissected. The plastinated specimens are now available to the students in the anatomical museum. Now students, at their own pace, may study and learn the anatomy of the chicken more intensely.
{"title":"Chicken plastination: its role in teaching avian anatomy","authors":"","doi":"10.56507/gxlg9124","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56507/gxlg9124","url":null,"abstract":"This paper describes the preparation of six plastinated chicken dissections for Veterinary Anatomy teaching at the University of Pretoria, South Africa. Specimens were fixed in 10% formalin for seven to ten days, depending on the size of the specimen. Room temperature acetone baths were used for dehydration over a period of six weeks. Impregnation in S10 took place over a period of three weeks at -16 °C. The specimens were cured with S6. A peristaltic pump was used during preparation to ensure the intestines were rinsed properly, and the chemicals penetrated the whole specimen. In the curing phase, a compressor was used to inflate the duodenum and small intestines to show the digestive and reproductive tracts. The plastinated specimens were then labelled. Three chicken hearts in different stages of dissection (one intact, one from the ventrum/cranial, one from the dorsum/caudal aspect) were prepared. A muscle dissection was carried out on a whole chicken with its intestines intact. It was found to be preferable to carry out the dissection while the specimen was stored in the acetone bath. When the dissection was complete, the body wall of the chicken was cut through with an oscillating saw before impregnation in S10. Another adult chicken was used for the skeleton. All the muscle was removed, and the skeleton placed in formalin for fixation. After a week, the skeleton was placed in acetone for dehydration. The aim with this skeleton was to show how the ligaments maintain skeletal integrity. The ovary and reproductive tract were also dissected. The plastinated specimens are now available to the students in the anatomical museum. Now students, at their own pace, may study and learn the anatomy of the chicken more intensely.","PeriodicalId":343741,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the International Society for Plastination","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135804868","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this study, plastinated specimens were used for creating a learning model to assist students’ understanding of a common cardiac pathology of dogs. Dilated cardiomyopathy is a myocardial disease, causing a progressive dilatation of all four cardiac chambers, with concomitant changes in systolic function. Two plastinated sections of canine hearts were used, one from a healthy dog, and the other belonging to a dog affected by dilated cardiomyopathy. Plastinated sections were photographed and digitized, and then a static image animation program was used to simulate the heartbeat, in a reliable manner. The digital materials were used to create a video tutorial, in which the structures of the heart were simultaneously highlighted in both anatomical and ultrasound images. The video tutorial was accessed via QR code, which was given to a set of students of the Veterinary Degree Program with previous basic training in ultrasound diagnosis. A satisfaction survey was used to monitor each student's perception of the importance of clinical anatomy and the usage and learning experience with the video tutorial. The results reported that most students considered anatomy as a fundamental subject for their professional career, although their knowledge about it at the end of the degree was not too extensive. The overall score of the video tutorial was very high, as it apparently facilitated the understanding of ultrasound imaging related to dilated cardiomyopathy. It is concluded that the combined use of plastinated material with e-learning improved the subjective perception of learning and understanding of the dilated cardiomyopathy by the students.
{"title":"A digital resource based on plastinated specimens for learning dilated cardiomyopathy in dogs","authors":"","doi":"10.56507/opvs3701","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56507/opvs3701","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, plastinated specimens were used for creating a learning model to assist students’ understanding of a common cardiac pathology of dogs. Dilated cardiomyopathy is a myocardial disease, causing a progressive dilatation of all four cardiac chambers, with concomitant changes in systolic function. Two plastinated sections of canine hearts were used, one from a healthy dog, and the other belonging to a dog affected by dilated cardiomyopathy. Plastinated sections were photographed and digitized, and then a static image animation program was used to simulate the heartbeat, in a reliable manner. The digital materials were used to create a video tutorial, in which the structures of the heart were simultaneously highlighted in both anatomical and ultrasound images. The video tutorial was accessed via QR code, which was given to a set of students of the Veterinary Degree Program with previous basic training in ultrasound diagnosis. A satisfaction survey was used to monitor each student's perception of the importance of clinical anatomy and the usage and learning experience with the video tutorial. The results reported that most students considered anatomy as a fundamental subject for their professional career, although their knowledge about it at the end of the degree was not too extensive. The overall score of the video tutorial was very high, as it apparently facilitated the understanding of ultrasound imaging related to dilated cardiomyopathy. It is concluded that the combined use of plastinated material with e-learning improved the subjective perception of learning and understanding of the dilated cardiomyopathy by the students.","PeriodicalId":343741,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the International Society for Plastination","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135804865","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Biological collections are unique repositories of biodiversity. Ideally, institutions should have standardized protocols for preparation, storage, and conservation of materials, designed to minimize deterioration over time and to ensure that comparable results could be obtained from them. Eleven cleaning treatments, frequently used in scientific collections, were performed on Wistar rat femurs, consisting of burial (60 days), and enzymatic and chemical digestion. For the last two techniques, ten combinations of concentration of the agents (enzymes, potassium hydroxide [KOH]), temperature, and exposure time were tested. After treatment, bone integrity and percentage of surface covered by soft tissues were evaluated using images obtained by scanning electron microscopy. Good results, in terms of cleaning parameters (muscle and fat removal) were obtained with burial and with the KOH 10%/40 °C/2h and KOH 5%/40 °C/4h combinations; however, superficial desquamation, cracking, and porosity (parameters of bone surface damage) were observed in all cases. Other KOH combinations seemed to be less efficient to clean the surface, but the bones were better preserved. In enzymatic treatments, bone integrity was less affected but more residues persisted; the amount of tissue remaining appears to be related to temperature (treatments at 70 °C were more effective than at 25 °C). Damage caused by burial and KOH coincided with that observed by other authors, although enzymatic treatments left greater amounts of tissue than previously reported. The preliminary information gathered provides a starting point to implement conservative cleaning of skeletal material and will surely constitute an important advance for the establishment of protocols in biological collections.
{"title":"Effects of different traditional methods of cleaning skeletal material: Preliminary evaluation based on scanning electron microscopy","authors":"","doi":"10.56507/ffwh1619","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56507/ffwh1619","url":null,"abstract":"Biological collections are unique repositories of biodiversity. Ideally, institutions should have standardized protocols for preparation, storage, and conservation of materials, designed to minimize deterioration over time and to ensure that comparable results could be obtained from them. Eleven cleaning treatments, frequently used in scientific collections, were performed on Wistar rat femurs, consisting of burial (60 days), and enzymatic and chemical digestion. For the last two techniques, ten combinations of concentration of the agents (enzymes, potassium hydroxide [KOH]), temperature, and exposure time were tested. After treatment, bone integrity and percentage of surface covered by soft tissues were evaluated using images obtained by scanning electron microscopy. Good results, in terms of cleaning parameters (muscle and fat removal) were obtained with burial and with the KOH 10%/40 °C/2h and KOH 5%/40 °C/4h combinations; however, superficial desquamation, cracking, and porosity (parameters of bone surface damage) were observed in all cases. Other KOH combinations seemed to be less efficient to clean the surface, but the bones were better preserved. In enzymatic treatments, bone integrity was less affected but more residues persisted; the amount of tissue remaining appears to be related to temperature (treatments at 70 °C were more effective than at 25 °C). Damage caused by burial and KOH coincided with that observed by other authors, although enzymatic treatments left greater amounts of tissue than previously reported. The preliminary information gathered provides a starting point to implement conservative cleaning of skeletal material and will surely constitute an important advance for the establishment of protocols in biological collections.","PeriodicalId":343741,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the International Society for Plastination","volume":"234 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135804866","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Plastination is a process that is used to preserve biological tissue. In the plastination process, one of the major steps involves dehydrating the tissue with acetone. During this process, large amounts of acetone are used. In order to reduce lab costs, acetone is routinely recycled. This process uses a commercial acetone recycler to remove the majority of impurities that are present in acetone after the dehydration process. Once recycled, the acetone is exposed to molecular sieves in order to remove the water from the acetone. Molecular sieves work by binding to the smaller molecules (water) as the acetone molecules are exposed to them. When exposed to the sieves, the recycled acetone can reach a purity level approaching 100%. The use of molecular sieves in acetone recycling is thought to change the chemical makeup of acetone to acetaldehyde. Acetaldehyde is more reactive than acetone because it has less steric hindrance with the hydrogen compared to the methyl group. Acetaldehyde has a lower melting point (-120℃) and boiling point (20℃) than acetone (Mp -95℃ and Bp 56℃). Because of this phenomenon, it has been recommended that molecular sieves should not be used to recycle acetone. In order to observe the veracity of this assertion, we utilized NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) to analyze the recycled acetone for the presence of acetaldehyde. The samples used included pure (new) acetone, used acetone before recycling, used acetone after recycling, and used acetone after molecular sieves. From the preliminary and subsequent NMR spectra studies, there were no aldehyde groups present in any of the sample groups. Based on our NMR results, the use of molecular sieves does not appear to alter the chemical makeup of the acetone during the recycling and purification process. Since acetone is not affected by this process, we conclude that the use of molecular sieves is an effective and cost-saving method of acetone recycling for its use in the plastination process.
{"title":"Acetone recycling: Do molecular sieves cause acetone breakdown to acetaldehyde?","authors":"","doi":"10.56507/qisd7419","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56507/qisd7419","url":null,"abstract":"Plastination is a process that is used to preserve biological tissue. In the plastination process, one of the major steps involves dehydrating the tissue with acetone. During this process, large amounts of acetone are used. In order to reduce lab costs, acetone is routinely recycled. This process uses a commercial acetone recycler to remove the majority of impurities that are present in acetone after the dehydration process. Once recycled, the acetone is exposed to molecular sieves in order to remove the water from the acetone. Molecular sieves work by binding to the smaller molecules (water) as the acetone molecules are exposed to them. When exposed to the sieves, the recycled acetone can reach a purity level approaching 100%. The use of molecular sieves in acetone recycling is thought to change the chemical makeup of acetone to acetaldehyde. Acetaldehyde is more reactive than acetone because it has less steric hindrance with the hydrogen compared to the methyl group. Acetaldehyde has a lower melting point (-120℃) and boiling point (20℃) than acetone (Mp -95℃ and Bp 56℃). Because of this phenomenon, it has been recommended that molecular sieves should not be used to recycle acetone. In order to observe the veracity of this assertion, we utilized NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) to analyze the recycled acetone for the presence of acetaldehyde. The samples used included pure (new) acetone, used acetone before recycling, used acetone after recycling, and used acetone after molecular sieves. From the preliminary and subsequent NMR spectra studies, there were no aldehyde groups present in any of the sample groups. Based on our NMR results, the use of molecular sieves does not appear to alter the chemical makeup of the acetone during the recycling and purification process. Since acetone is not affected by this process, we conclude that the use of molecular sieves is an effective and cost-saving method of acetone recycling for its use in the plastination process.","PeriodicalId":343741,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the International Society for Plastination","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135804867","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Glass casting chambers were filled with P40 resin and placed under different light sources to record curing rates and temperatures reached during the process. Results were used to assess the effects of different light sources and the method of application of that light on the curing of P40 resin. It was found that curing of P40 resin was achieved by exposure of the resin to sunlight, artificial UV-A light and mercury lighting. Fluorescent lighting had no effect on P40 resin. Curing rate was increased as was maximum temperature reached during the process when light sources were allowed unregulated interaction with the resin.
{"title":"Curing Times of P40 Exposed to Different Light Sources","authors":"R. Reed, L. Helms","doi":"10.56507/vgpg1291","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56507/vgpg1291","url":null,"abstract":"Glass casting chambers were filled with P40 resin and placed under different light sources to record curing rates and temperatures reached during the process. Results were used to assess the effects of different light sources and the method of application of that light on the curing of P40 resin. It was found that curing of P40 resin was achieved by exposure of the resin to sunlight, artificial UV-A light and mercury lighting. Fluorescent lighting had no effect on P40 resin. Curing rate was increased as was maximum temperature reached during the process when light sources were allowed unregulated interaction with the resin.","PeriodicalId":343741,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the International Society for Plastination","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132146530","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
L. Pendovski, V. Petkov, F. Popovska-Perčinić, V. Ilieski, Lazar Pop Trajkov
Kidneys from five month-old mixed-breed pigs were collected and 2-3mm thick longitudinal slices were prepared for viewing sub-gross anatomy as fresh tissue or as routinely plastinated tissue with and without degreasing. Standard cold silicone plastination procedures were used. Sliced fresh tissue and cured plastinated specimens were placed on a glass plate and back-lit to evaluate anatomical detail. All specimens yielded similar anatomical detail. However, degreased, plastinated specimens yielded the most anatomical detail. These thin silicone slices produce a durable permanent record similar to epoxy sections without the need for casting slices.
{"title":"Silicone Plastination Procedure for Producing Thin, Semi- transparent Tissue Slices: A Study Using the Pig Kidney","authors":"L. Pendovski, V. Petkov, F. Popovska-Perčinić, V. Ilieski, Lazar Pop Trajkov","doi":"10.56507/jdqp3855","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56507/jdqp3855","url":null,"abstract":"Kidneys from five month-old mixed-breed pigs were collected and 2-3mm thick longitudinal slices were prepared for viewing sub-gross anatomy as fresh tissue or as routinely plastinated tissue with and without degreasing. Standard cold silicone plastination procedures were used. Sliced fresh tissue and cured plastinated specimens were placed on a glass plate and back-lit to evaluate anatomical detail. All specimens yielded similar anatomical detail. However, degreased, plastinated specimens yielded the most anatomical detail. These thin silicone slices produce a durable permanent record similar to epoxy sections without the need for casting slices.","PeriodicalId":343741,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the International Society for Plastination","volume":"102 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124730795","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
B. Méndez, R. Romero, F. Trigo, R. Henry, A. Candanosa
Formalin-fixed pathologic specimens were impregnated via two methods to evaluate color reactivation quality. 1. The classic S10 procedure and reaction-mixture or 2. The classic S10 procedure followed by a modified S10 process enhanced by adding one part imidazole to the classic reaction-mixture. To record specimen color and size, all specimens were photographed after fixation and again after plastination. Image ProPlus 4.2 software was used to analyze the images for color change and shrinkage. Lungs and kidneys treated with the imidazole additive in the reaction-mixture preserved the characteristics of lesions and the original color. However, statistically, neither group showed a significant difference for either parameter, color or shrinkage (p>0.05). The negligible difference of shrinkage was an important finding since shrinkage is often a byproduct of plastination. Plastination is an alternative method to preserve anatomopathologic specimens, particularly with the use of imidazole which yields little shrinkage and preserves original pathological color.
{"title":"Evaluation of Imidazole for Color Reactivation of Pathological Specimens of Domestic Animals","authors":"B. Méndez, R. Romero, F. Trigo, R. Henry, A. Candanosa","doi":"10.56507/hztr8339","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56507/hztr8339","url":null,"abstract":"Formalin-fixed pathologic specimens were impregnated via two methods to evaluate color reactivation quality. 1. The classic S10 procedure and reaction-mixture or 2. The classic S10 procedure followed by a modified S10 process enhanced by adding one part imidazole to the classic reaction-mixture. To record specimen color and size, all specimens were photographed after fixation and again after plastination. Image ProPlus 4.2 software was used to analyze the images for color change and shrinkage. Lungs and kidneys treated with the imidazole additive in the reaction-mixture preserved the characteristics of lesions and the original color. However, statistically, neither group showed a significant difference for either parameter, color or shrinkage (p>0.05). The negligible difference of shrinkage was an important finding since shrinkage is often a byproduct of plastination. Plastination is an alternative method to preserve anatomopathologic specimens, particularly with the use of imidazole which yields little shrinkage and preserves original pathological color.","PeriodicalId":343741,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the International Society for Plastination","volume":"171 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116004069","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
To determine the involvement of acetone in the discoloration of cured epoxy polymer, epoxy reaction-mixture was combined with different concentrations of acetone before being allowed to cure at either one atmosphere or full vacuum. Acetone was found to have a direct impact on the degree of discoloration of cured epoxy reaction-mixture. Curing the epoxy reaction- mixture under vacuum decreased discoloration caused by the acetone.
{"title":"Acetone Discoloration of Epoxy Reaction-Mixture","authors":"R. Reed, R. J. Whaley","doi":"10.56507/udsz2853","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56507/udsz2853","url":null,"abstract":"To determine the involvement of acetone in the discoloration of cured epoxy polymer, epoxy reaction-mixture was combined with different concentrations of acetone before being allowed to cure at either one atmosphere or full vacuum. Acetone was found to have a direct impact on the degree of discoloration of cured epoxy reaction-mixture. Curing the epoxy reaction- mixture under vacuum decreased discoloration caused by the acetone.","PeriodicalId":343741,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the International Society for Plastination","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127197876","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Polyester Plastination of Biological Tissue: P35 Technique","authors":"W. Weber, A. Weiglein, R. Latorre, R. Henry","doi":"10.56507/mfed4472","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56507/mfed4472","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":343741,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the International Society for Plastination","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131522908","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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