Plastination as a preservation technique, demonstration aid and research tool is well established. The aim of this study was to develop a technique of making solid viscera after latex injection and plastination, transparent. Thirty-five pairs of morphologically normal post-mortem human adult kidneys were harvested en-bloc. These specimens were subjected to various techniques after latex injection and included two types of plastination (P40 and E12), varying combinations of KOH and proteolytic enzyme immersion. Superficial transparency was achieved for only 1-2 mm in the en-bloc samples. Acceptable transparency was achieved only in coronally sectioned samples. The technique of latex injection, immersion in 10% KOH (6 days), slicing, dehydrating and subjecting to the E12 plastination technique produced the best results thus far with acceptable transparency of the solid visceral tissue. In the total series of 35 pairs of kidneys the quest for transparency still remains elusive.
{"title":"Quest for transparency in plastination","authors":"G. Mathura, K. Satyapal","doi":"10.56507/fqme4545","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56507/fqme4545","url":null,"abstract":"Plastination as a preservation technique, demonstration aid and research tool is well established. The aim of this study was to develop a technique of making solid viscera after latex injection and plastination, transparent. Thirty-five pairs of morphologically normal post-mortem human adult kidneys were harvested en-bloc. These specimens were subjected to various techniques after latex injection and included two types of plastination (P40 and E12), varying combinations of KOH and proteolytic enzyme immersion. Superficial transparency was achieved for only 1-2 mm in the en-bloc samples. Acceptable transparency was achieved only in coronally sectioned samples. The technique of latex injection, immersion in 10% KOH (6 days), slicing, dehydrating and subjecting to the E12 plastination technique produced the best results thus far with acceptable transparency of the solid visceral tissue. In the total series of 35 pairs of kidneys the quest for transparency still remains elusive.","PeriodicalId":343741,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the International Society for Plastination","volume":"97 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114582112","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Plastination was introduced in the Chinese province of Jiang Su in 1997. This paper describes the modifications that had to be made to the standard plastination technique to make it accessible to Chinese education institutions and to fulfill the enormous needs for plastinated specimens that were identified in China. In order to reduce the cost, the standard protocol had to be modified. The equipment and polymers also had to be produced locally. This paper also demonstrates that plastination can be made possible for developing countries.
{"title":"The History of Plastination in China","authors":"Zheng Zhong, Xuegui You, C. Ling, Jingren Liu","doi":"10.56507/qsnk3285","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56507/qsnk3285","url":null,"abstract":"Plastination was introduced in the Chinese province of Jiang Su in 1997. This paper describes the modifications that had to be made to the standard plastination technique to make it accessible to Chinese education institutions and to fulfill the enormous needs for plastinated specimens that were identified in China. In order to reduce the cost, the standard protocol had to be modified. The equipment and polymers also had to be produced locally. This paper also demonstrates that plastination can be made possible for developing countries.","PeriodicalId":343741,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the International Society for Plastination","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131671703","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The aim of this project was to provide students with plastinated specimens showing the three-dimensional features and contents of the human brain ventricular cavities. To fill the cavities, six cannulas were introduced through the cerebral cortex into the horns of both lateral ventricles, and a seventh one between the pons and the cerebellum into the fourth ventricle. Ventricles were filled either with 10% gelatin mixed with acrylic stain, or with a mixture of S10/S3/S6/S2 dyed with Biodur color paste. The brains were dissected to expose all ventricles and their communications (interventricular foramina, cerebral aqueduct), before being plastinated according to the standard S10 procedure. Gelatin and silicone casts were compared to each other.
{"title":"In Situ Ventricular Casts of S10 Plastinated Human Brains","authors":"G. Grondin, Atchara Sianothai, R. Olry","doi":"10.56507/apkg6089","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56507/apkg6089","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this project was to provide students with plastinated specimens showing the three-dimensional features and contents of the human brain ventricular cavities. To fill the cavities, six cannulas were introduced through the cerebral cortex into the horns of both lateral ventricles, and a seventh one between the pons and the cerebellum into the fourth ventricle. Ventricles were filled either with 10% gelatin mixed with acrylic stain, or with a mixture of S10/S3/S6/S2 dyed with Biodur color paste. The brains were dissected to expose all ventricles and their communications (interventricular foramina, cerebral aqueduct), before being plastinated according to the standard S10 procedure. Gelatin and silicone casts were compared to each other.","PeriodicalId":343741,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the International Society for Plastination","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134300163","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rafael Augusto, D. Prinz, J. A. P. Correia, Á. Moraes, Susanne Queiroz, L. Helena, A. Pezzi
Fungal contamination of plastinated specimens has not been previously reported in literature. However, during a tropical rainstorm period, last summer, we have been surprised by a massive fungal infestation of our plastinated specimens collection. The intent of this report is to discuss the probable causes, consequences and prevention of this misfortune, as well as to present an efficient, harmless and low-cost fungicide method that can be used in plastinated specimens.
{"title":"Fungal Contamination of Plastinated Specimens","authors":"Rafael Augusto, D. Prinz, J. A. P. Correia, Á. Moraes, Susanne Queiroz, L. Helena, A. Pezzi","doi":"10.56507/utit6662","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56507/utit6662","url":null,"abstract":"Fungal contamination of plastinated specimens has not been previously reported in literature. However, during a tropical rainstorm period, last summer, we have been surprised by a massive fungal infestation of our plastinated specimens collection. The intent of this report is to discuss the probable causes, consequences and prevention of this misfortune, as well as to present an efficient, harmless and low-cost fungicide method that can be used in plastinated specimens.","PeriodicalId":343741,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the International Society for Plastination","volume":"43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122966668","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
For our beginning plastination laboratory the attraction for us of COR-TECH PR-10 silicone was its easily availability for U.S.A. customers as it is locally formulated and supplied and, especially, that its claimed ability to impregnate objects could be done at room temperature, rather than at the -25°C required for standard S10 technique. We could find nothing in the published literature about this new silicone. In order to obtain some indication of its utility for a wide selection of tissues, we first plastinated with COR-TECH PR-10 portions of several organs (kidney, pancreas, gall bladder, brain cortex, muscle, and bone) following verbal instructions from the supplier. In a second trial with the same silicone we plastinated a brain stem and heart. With the cautious, slow plastination of our first specimens no detectable shrinkage had been found (linear, measured between two pins). In our second trial, in spite of fast impregnation at maximum vacuum throughout, the brain stem and heart appeared unchanged after plastination, and shrinkage for the brain stem was only on the order of 3%, compared with as high as 10% in the literature on standard technique. The heart demonstrated 1% shrinkage by the same method of measurement. All of the specimens were usable. Discussion compares and contrasts this silicone process with standard S10, and describes pertinent aspects of our procedures, errors and successes. Future plans are noted. Although the described examples are few, we conclude that this new polymer can easily be used at room temperature. It appears to be faster than standard technique, has minimal shrinkage-even for brain tissue, and is worthy of further exploration.
{"title":"COR-TECH PR-10 Silicone: Initial Trials in Plastinating Human Tissue.","authors":"J. Baker","doi":"10.56507/xvuk7879","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56507/xvuk7879","url":null,"abstract":"For our beginning plastination laboratory the attraction for us of COR-TECH PR-10 silicone was its easily availability for U.S.A. customers as it is locally formulated and supplied and, especially, that its claimed ability to impregnate objects could be done at room temperature, rather than at the -25°C required for standard S10 technique. We could find nothing in the published literature about this new silicone. In order to obtain some indication of its utility for a wide selection of tissues, we first plastinated with COR-TECH PR-10 portions of several organs (kidney, pancreas, gall bladder, brain cortex, muscle, and bone) following verbal instructions from the supplier. In a second trial with the same silicone we plastinated a brain stem and heart. With the cautious, slow plastination of our first specimens no detectable shrinkage had been found (linear, measured between two pins). In our second trial, in spite of fast impregnation at maximum vacuum throughout, the brain stem and heart appeared unchanged after plastination, and shrinkage for the brain stem was only on the order of 3%, compared with as high as 10% in the literature on standard technique. The heart demonstrated 1% shrinkage by the same method of measurement. All of the specimens were usable. Discussion compares and contrasts this silicone process with standard S10, and describes pertinent aspects of our procedures, errors and successes. Future plans are noted. Although the described examples are few, we conclude that this new polymer can easily be used at room temperature. It appears to be faster than standard technique, has minimal shrinkage-even for brain tissue, and is worthy of further exploration.","PeriodicalId":343741,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the International Society for Plastination","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132600797","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
From the seventeenth to the nineteenth centuries, anatomical knowledge expanded greatly for human dissections were more and more recognized as essential to medical and surgical training. The need for bodies, especially in private medical schools, increased so much that the bodies legally obtained could not meet the demand. This situation gave rise to underground organizations, known as body snatchers or resurrectionists, which supplied anatomists with bodies which were illegally exhumed from their graves. The lure of money even led some of them to murder people. These malefactors heaped opprobrium on the anatomists who enlisted their services. Notwithstanding their motives, they contributed to the progress of human anatomy.
{"title":"Body Snatchers: the Hidden Side of the History of Anatomy","authors":"R. Olry","doi":"10.56507/nxod1218","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56507/nxod1218","url":null,"abstract":"From the seventeenth to the nineteenth centuries, anatomical knowledge expanded greatly for human dissections were more and more recognized as essential to medical and surgical training. The need for bodies, especially in private medical schools, increased so much that the bodies legally obtained could not meet the demand. This situation gave rise to underground organizations, known as body snatchers or resurrectionists, which supplied anatomists with bodies which were illegally exhumed from their graves. The lure of money even led some of them to murder people. These malefactors heaped opprobrium on the anatomists who enlisted their services. Notwithstanding their motives, they contributed to the progress of human anatomy.","PeriodicalId":343741,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the International Society for Plastination","volume":"103 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116407542","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The subarachnoid space consists of a number of distinct compartments called subarachnoid cisterns. Knowledge of cisternal anatomy is very important not only for anatomists but also for clinicians, particularly neurosurgeons. This paper reports a technique which combines the traditional E12 sheet plastination method with several special treatments so that the subarachnoid space, transcisternal arteries and veins, cranial nerves and arachnoid trabeculae are preserved in a relatively natural state and shown with different colours. This technique should greatly facilitate cisternal anatomy studies and provide a new approach for examining structures in the subarachnoid space at both macroscopic and microscopic levels.
{"title":"A Technique for Preserving the Subarachnoid Space and its Contents in a Natural State with Different Colours","authors":"Po-Chung An, Ming Zhang","doi":"10.56507/cquw3856","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56507/cquw3856","url":null,"abstract":"The subarachnoid space consists of a number of distinct compartments called subarachnoid cisterns. Knowledge of cisternal anatomy is very important not only for anatomists but also for clinicians, particularly neurosurgeons. This paper reports a technique which combines the traditional E12 sheet plastination method with several special treatments so that the subarachnoid space, transcisternal arteries and veins, cranial nerves and arachnoid trabeculae are preserved in a relatively natural state and shown with different colours. This technique should greatly facilitate cisternal anatomy studies and provide a new approach for examining structures in the subarachnoid space at both macroscopic and microscopic levels.","PeriodicalId":343741,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the International Society for Plastination","volume":"108 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116081273","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper documents use of the plastination E12 techique to analyze myocardial fiber arrangement and compare its pattern of distribution to magnetic resonance (MR) images. Human hearts were embed in a "plastic block" consisting of gelatin and polyethylene glycol and scanned using a General Electric Superconducting Magnet (Signa). After scanning the hearts were sectioned and processed for plastination. The E12 plastinated heart sections allowed visualization of the 3-dimensional details of the heart, vessels and myocardial bundles for comparison with the MR images. The myocardial fibers seen in the MR images showed similar gradient directions and details to the anatomical heart sections.
{"title":"The E12 Technique as an Accessory Tool for the Study of Myocardial Fiber Structure Analysis in MRI","authors":"E. Skalkos, G. Williams, C. Baptista","doi":"10.56507/zlpm3596","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56507/zlpm3596","url":null,"abstract":"This paper documents use of the plastination E12 techique to analyze myocardial fiber arrangement and compare its pattern of distribution to magnetic resonance (MR) images. Human hearts were embed in a \"plastic block\" consisting of gelatin and polyethylene glycol and scanned using a General Electric Superconducting Magnet (Signa). After scanning the hearts were sectioned and processed for plastination. The E12 plastinated heart sections allowed visualization of the 3-dimensional details of the heart, vessels and myocardial bundles for comparison with the MR images. The myocardial fibers seen in the MR images showed similar gradient directions and details to the anatomical heart sections.","PeriodicalId":343741,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the International Society for Plastination","volume":"70 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126210941","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
One human brain was used for this study. The brain was fixed in 5% formalin for two months, rinced and cut in two halves on the sagital plane. Both brain halves were sagitally sliced at a tickness of 4 mm. From each brain half we selected 8 slices and plastinated them with P40 using different immersion and impregnation conditions. Two points were marked on each slice and subsequently an imprint of the slices was drawn on transparency film. After dehydration in -25°C acetone, the slices of the left brain half were immersed at -25°C, for two days in P40 and then impregnated for 24 hours. The slices of the right brain half were immersed at +5°C for two days and impregnated at room temperature at+15°C for 24 hours. All impregnated slices were cured with UV light. The imprints of the fixed brain slices were scanned into a computer, as well as the plastinated slices. By using a Kontron KSA 400 v. 2.0 (ZEISS) software we calculated the area of the plastinated brain slices as well as the area of the scanned imprints. By comparing the obtained data we were able to determine the shrinkage rate of the slices. The slices processed at -25°C showed a shrinkage rate of 4.41%. In comparison the slices immersed at +5°C and impregnated at +15°C showed a shrinkage rate of 6.96%.
这项研究使用了一个人的大脑。大脑在5%的福尔马林中固定两个月，在矢状平面上冲洗并切成两半。两半脑矢状切片，厚度为4mm。每半脑各取8片，用P40在不同浸泡和浸渍条件下塑化。在每个切片上标记两个点，然后在透明薄膜上绘制切片的印记。左脑切片-25℃丙酮脱水后，-25℃P40浸泡2天，浸渍24小时。右脑切片+5℃浸泡2天，+15℃室温浸渍24小时。所有浸渍片都用紫外光固化。固定脑切片的印记和塑化脑切片一样被扫描到电脑中。通过使用Kontron KSA 400 v. 2.0(蔡司)软件，我们计算了塑化脑切片的面积以及扫描印迹的面积。通过比较得到的数据，我们能够确定薄片的收缩率。在-25℃下加工的薄片收缩率为4.41%。+5℃浸渍和+15℃浸渍试样的收缩率为6.96%。
{"title":"P40 Plastination of Human Brain Slices: Comparison between Different Immersion and Impregnation Conditions","authors":"M. Șora, P. Brugger, H. Traxler","doi":"10.56507/xlsj5724","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56507/xlsj5724","url":null,"abstract":"One human brain was used for this study. The brain was fixed in 5% formalin for two months, rinced and cut in two halves on the sagital plane. Both brain halves were sagitally sliced at a tickness of 4 mm. From each brain half we selected 8 slices and plastinated them with P40 using different immersion and impregnation conditions. Two points were marked on each slice and subsequently an imprint of the slices was drawn on transparency film. After dehydration in -25°C acetone, the slices of the left brain half were immersed at -25°C, for two days in P40 and then impregnated for 24 hours. The slices of the right brain half were immersed at +5°C for two days and impregnated at room temperature at+15°C for 24 hours. All impregnated slices were cured with UV light. The imprints of the fixed brain slices were scanned into a computer, as well as the plastinated slices. By using a Kontron KSA 400 v. 2.0 (ZEISS) software we calculated the area of the plastinated brain slices as well as the area of the scanned imprints. By comparing the obtained data we were able to determine the shrinkage rate of the slices. The slices processed at -25°C showed a shrinkage rate of 4.41%. In comparison the slices immersed at +5°C and impregnated at +15°C showed a shrinkage rate of 6.96%.","PeriodicalId":343741,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the International Society for Plastination","volume":"83 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125946737","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Journal of the International Society for Plastination: Assessment and Future Prospects","authors":"","doi":"10.56507/mapz1558","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56507/mapz1558","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":343741,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the International Society for Plastination","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130094239","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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