Decay is a vital process in nature but an impediment to morphological studies, teaching and research. It has always been a goal for anatomists to find suitable preservation techniques. Wet cadaveric specimens allow 'hands on' learning but students and teachers have to contend with noxious formalin fumes. This paper describes an alternative approach to the study and teaching of gross anatomy of human hearts to undergraduate and postgraduate students using Quickfix® impregnated dry cadaveric hearts. Formalin fixed hearts were utilized as the source of specimens to be plastinated. The reasons for this choice were a result of the decreased cadaveric availability and limited funds in our institution. The procedure is simple to perform, cost effective and carried out at room temperature (37°C-40°C). It precludes the use of expensive resins and equipment. The hearts were well preserved in the dry state without showing any change of color or fungal growth. We regard this process as an important factor in bridging the gap between anatomy and clinical practice.
{"title":"Dry Preservation of Cadaveric Hearts: An Innovative Trial","authors":"S. Mehra, R. Choudhary, A. Tuli","doi":"10.56507/hbyi4293","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56507/hbyi4293","url":null,"abstract":"Decay is a vital process in nature but an impediment to morphological studies, teaching and research. It has always been a goal for anatomists to find suitable preservation techniques. Wet cadaveric specimens allow 'hands on' learning but students and teachers have to contend with noxious formalin fumes. This paper describes an alternative approach to the study and teaching of gross anatomy of human hearts to undergraduate and postgraduate students using Quickfix® impregnated dry cadaveric hearts. Formalin fixed hearts were utilized as the source of specimens to be plastinated. The reasons for this choice were a result of the decreased cadaveric availability and limited funds in our institution. The procedure is simple to perform, cost effective and carried out at room temperature (37°C-40°C). It precludes the use of expensive resins and equipment. The hearts were well preserved in the dry state without showing any change of color or fungal growth. We regard this process as an important factor in bridging the gap between anatomy and clinical practice.","PeriodicalId":343741,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the International Society for Plastination","volume":"415 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115993831","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"P-40 and S10 Plastinated Slices: An Aid to Interpreting MR Images of the Equine Tarsus","authors":"","doi":"10.56507/kdjg6154","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56507/kdjg6154","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":343741,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the International Society for Plastination","volume":"168 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121503463","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
To determine the effects of reduced pressure on the reaction mixture used in epoxy plastination, the components of this process, both individually and in combination, were exposed to a reduced pressure within a vacuum chamber. Production of bubbles within the reaction mixture components occurred at three different points during the experiment. The first generation of bubbles appeared with a slight decrease in pressure and most likely came from air trapped in the mixtures. The second generation of bubbles appeared when the manometer reached 10.3cm of Hg. These bubbles were released from the epoxy polymer (El2). The third generation of bubbles appeared when the manometer reached 1.0cm of Hg. These bubbles were released from the epoxy hardener (El). Release of these components of the epoxy reaction mixture does not affect their ability to cure.
{"title":"Effects of Reduced Pressure on Components of Epoxy (E12) Reaction Mixture","authors":"B. R, Reed","doi":"10.56507/xkiz4979","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56507/xkiz4979","url":null,"abstract":"To determine the effects of reduced pressure on the reaction mixture used in epoxy plastination, the components of this process, both individually and in combination, were exposed to a reduced pressure within a vacuum chamber. Production of bubbles within the reaction mixture components occurred at three different points during the experiment. The first generation of bubbles appeared with a slight decrease in pressure and most likely came from air trapped in the mixtures. The second generation of bubbles appeared when the manometer reached 10.3cm of Hg. These bubbles were released from the epoxy polymer (El2). The third generation of bubbles appeared when the manometer reached 1.0cm of Hg. These bubbles were released from the epoxy hardener (El). Release of these components of the epoxy reaction mixture does not affect their ability to cure.","PeriodicalId":343741,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the International Society for Plastination","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134006363","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
To assess the efficacy of current popular plastination dehydration techniques, a variety of organs were dehydrated to: 1. Determine the minimal length of time necessary to thoroughly dehydrate specimens for impregnation and 2. Measure tissue shrinkage during dehydration. Dehydrating agents commonly used for plastination (both room and cold temperature acetone and room temperature methanol) were evaluated. Cold acetone dehydration produced the least amount of tissue shrinkage. Shrinkage was greatest in the graded methanol series. Minimal length of time necessary for acetone dehydration was five days for both cold and room-temperature acetone dehydration.
{"title":"Effects of Dehydration Mediums and Temperature on Total Dehydration Time and Tissue Shrinkage","authors":"Ma Brown, R. Reed, R. Henry","doi":"10.56507/xnqm4606","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56507/xnqm4606","url":null,"abstract":"To assess the efficacy of current popular plastination dehydration techniques, a variety of organs were dehydrated to: 1. Determine the minimal length of time necessary to thoroughly dehydrate specimens for impregnation and 2. Measure tissue shrinkage during dehydration. Dehydrating agents commonly used for plastination (both room and cold temperature acetone and room temperature methanol) were evaluated. Cold acetone dehydration produced the least amount of tissue shrinkage. Shrinkage was greatest in the graded methanol series. Minimal length of time necessary for acetone dehydration was five days for both cold and room-temperature acetone dehydration.","PeriodicalId":343741,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the International Society for Plastination","volume":"75 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114838418","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
E12 sheet plastination has been used as a teaching aid for several years. More recently, El2 sheet plastinated tissues have been used as a research tool in a variety of areas. This paper describes a new procedure of viewing E12 sheet plastinated material. Skin and subcutaneous tissue from four formalin-fixed cadavers was used in this investigation. The blood vessels of the tissues were perfusion stained with diluted Gill's hematoxylin #1. The tissues were then processed for E12 sheet plastination. Light microscopy and confocal laser scanning microscopy were used to view the E12 plastinated specimens. It was found that autofluorescence was dominant within this tissue at 488nm excitation. Due to the emission spectrum and the spatial distribution of the autofluorescence, this autofluorescence is likely to be due to the connective tissue - in particular, the collagen. The results of this study indicate that, using serial optical sections, the confocal laser scanning microscope provides a much higher resolution image, and reveals structures that are virtually invisible by light microscopy.
{"title":"The Use of Confocal Microscopy for the Examination of E12 Sheet Plastinated Human Tissue","authors":"R. Barnett, H. Nicholson, Ming Zhang","doi":"10.56507/lpfj4438","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56507/lpfj4438","url":null,"abstract":"E12 sheet plastination has been used as a teaching aid for several years. More recently, El2 sheet plastinated tissues have been used as a research tool in a variety of areas. This paper describes a new procedure of viewing E12 sheet plastinated material. Skin and subcutaneous tissue from four formalin-fixed cadavers was used in this investigation. The blood vessels of the tissues were perfusion stained with diluted Gill's hematoxylin #1. The tissues were then processed for E12 sheet plastination. Light microscopy and confocal laser scanning microscopy were used to view the E12 plastinated specimens. It was found that autofluorescence was dominant within this tissue at 488nm excitation. Due to the emission spectrum and the spatial distribution of the autofluorescence, this autofluorescence is likely to be due to the connective tissue - in particular, the collagen. The results of this study indicate that, using serial optical sections, the confocal laser scanning microscope provides a much higher resolution image, and reveals structures that are virtually invisible by light microscopy.","PeriodicalId":343741,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the International Society for Plastination","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121214525","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Plastinators in Paradise","authors":"","doi":"10.56507/afbd6630","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56507/afbd6630","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":343741,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the International Society for Plastination","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132066208","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The goal of this project was to determine the amount of shrinkage that occurs during E12 plastination. A human pelvis was transversely sliced into 3.5mm sections and processed using the standard El2 plastination process. After initial slicing and after three of the processing steps (both acetone baths and curing), the area of each slice was traced and recorded using IMAGE TOOL v.2.0 software. The total shrinkage percentage was calculated for the entire process, as was percent shrinkage between each recorded measurement. Total shrinkage (decrease in area) was 6.65%. The greatest shrinkage (4.52%) occurred between the final acetone bath and curing.
{"title":"Shrinkage During E12 Plastination","authors":"M. Șora, B. Strobl","doi":"10.56507/diuh4490","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56507/diuh4490","url":null,"abstract":"The goal of this project was to determine the amount of shrinkage that occurs during E12 plastination. A human pelvis was transversely sliced into 3.5mm sections and processed using the standard El2 plastination process. After initial slicing and after three of the processing steps (both acetone baths and curing), the area of each slice was traced and recorded using IMAGE TOOL v.2.0 software. The total shrinkage percentage was calculated for the entire process, as was percent shrinkage between each recorded measurement. Total shrinkage (decrease in area) was 6.65%. The greatest shrinkage (4.52%) occurred between the final acetone bath and curing.","PeriodicalId":343741,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the International Society for Plastination","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114429905","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. Latorre, R. Reed, F. Gil, O. López-Albors, Ayala, F. Martínez-Gomariz, R. Henry
Epoxy slices often yellow shortly after casting and the few hours following impregnation can be overwhelming as all slices need to be cast in a short period of time. A modified technique for producing epoxy slices was developed as a measure to address these problems. Tissue slices were impregnated using only epoxy polymer; no hardener was used during impregnation. The impregnated tissue slices were cast using modified casting-mixtures of epoxy polymer, hardener and glass separator. This modification of the classic E12 method (Biodur™) was done to determine: 1. If it is possible to indefinitely extend the casting time after impregnation of epoxy slices and produce quality slices; 2. If the impregnation bath could be reused for casting; 3. If transparency, bubble removal and aesthetics of the final sheet could be enhanced; and 4. If yellowing of the cast could be reduced. The unreacted epoxy impregnated slices were stored in the impregnation mixture for up to one year prior to casting. Hardener was painted on random slices prior to casting. All slices were cast with a polymer reaction-mixture containing 20 to 27% El (hardener) and 1 or 4% AE30 (glass separator). All cast manufactured slices cured. Tissue slices, which rested on the glass, had small areas that did not cure properly. These blemishes were corrected by recasting using a thicker gasket, placing polymer reaction-mixture on the blemished surface and covering with a glass, or placing polymer reaction-mixture on the blemished surface with no glass cover. All recast slices cured and were useful. After a few days, over 50% of the slices turned yellow. However, the intensity of the yellow was much less than that of slices produced by the classic E12 method.
{"title":"Epoxy Impregnation without Hardener: To Decrease Yellowing, to Delay Casting, and to Aid Bubble Removal","authors":"R. Latorre, R. Reed, F. Gil, O. López-Albors, Ayala, F. Martínez-Gomariz, R. Henry","doi":"10.56507/lzky8224","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56507/lzky8224","url":null,"abstract":"Epoxy slices often yellow shortly after casting and the few hours following impregnation can be overwhelming as all slices need to be cast in a short period of time. A modified technique for producing epoxy slices was developed as a measure to address these problems. Tissue slices were impregnated using only epoxy polymer; no hardener was used during impregnation. The impregnated tissue slices were cast using modified casting-mixtures of epoxy polymer, hardener and glass separator. This modification of the classic E12 method (Biodur™) was done to determine: 1. If it is possible to indefinitely extend the casting time after impregnation of epoxy slices and produce quality slices; 2. If the impregnation bath could be reused for casting; 3. If transparency, bubble removal and aesthetics of the final sheet could be enhanced; and 4. If yellowing of the cast could be reduced. The unreacted epoxy impregnated slices were stored in the impregnation mixture for up to one year prior to casting. Hardener was painted on random slices prior to casting. All slices were cast with a polymer reaction-mixture containing 20 to 27% El (hardener) and 1 or 4% AE30 (glass separator). All cast manufactured slices cured. Tissue slices, which rested on the glass, had small areas that did not cure properly. These blemishes were corrected by recasting using a thicker gasket, placing polymer reaction-mixture on the blemished surface and covering with a glass, or placing polymer reaction-mixture on the blemished surface with no glass cover. All recast slices cured and were useful. After a few days, over 50% of the slices turned yellow. However, the intensity of the yellow was much less than that of slices produced by the classic E12 method.","PeriodicalId":343741,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the International Society for Plastination","volume":"300 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127414596","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Tribute to the Father of Plastination in the USA Dr. Harmon Bickley","authors":"","doi":"10.56507/vrvf5071","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56507/vrvf5071","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":343741,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the International Society for Plastination","volume":"121 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124172666","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper demonstrates preparation and plastination of local flaps, commonly used in fingertip injuries, for use as clinical models. Additionally, it reports on the introduction of plastination in Hungary and demonstrates an application of the plastination method in the clinical field. During the last two years, over 150 plastinated specimens were prepared and made available for student use in the Teaching Museum of Anatomy, Semmelweis University of Medicine. Our present goal is to prepare plastinated specimens that can be used in our clinics. Local flaps for fingertip injuries were prepared and plastinated. Four current techniques (Atasoy, Hueston, Venkataswami-Subramanian and O'Brien flaps) were carried out on an unfixed, right cadaver hand. After preparation, the hand was plastinated according to the S10 technique. Although shrinkage was significant enough to distort the natural appearance, the specimen maintained the shape of the prepared flap. Curing was not uniform. Non-dissected parts of the specimen covered by skin did not cure properly.
{"title":"Local Flaps for Fingertip Injuries: A Plastinated Model","authors":"A. Alpar, A. Gal, L. Patonay, M. Kalman","doi":"10.56507/xoks5488","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56507/xoks5488","url":null,"abstract":"This paper demonstrates preparation and plastination of local flaps, commonly used in fingertip injuries, for use as clinical models. Additionally, it reports on the introduction of plastination in Hungary and demonstrates an application of the plastination method in the clinical field. During the last two years, over 150 plastinated specimens were prepared and made available for student use in the Teaching Museum of Anatomy, Semmelweis University of Medicine. Our present goal is to prepare plastinated specimens that can be used in our clinics. Local flaps for fingertip injuries were prepared and plastinated. Four current techniques (Atasoy, Hueston, Venkataswami-Subramanian and O'Brien flaps) were carried out on an unfixed, right cadaver hand. After preparation, the hand was plastinated according to the S10 technique. Although shrinkage was significant enough to distort the natural appearance, the specimen maintained the shape of the prepared flap. Curing was not uniform. Non-dissected parts of the specimen covered by skin did not cure properly.","PeriodicalId":343741,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the International Society for Plastination","volume":"73 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134620769","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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