Pub Date : 2025-12-01Epub Date: 2025-09-18DOI: 10.1016/j.endmts.2025.100275
Dinara S. Kulzhanova , Ainur Amanzholkyzy , Sholpan Kosmuratova , Arailym K. Altymova , Wassim Y. Almawi
Vitamin D has a significant influence on neuroendocrine regulation by modulating cortisol levels through hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis mechanisms. This review explores the biological mechanisms connecting vitamin D to cortisol regulation and its clinical implications beyond bone health. Vitamin D receptors are widely distributed in stress-responsive brain regions, and evidence suggests that vitamin D signaling regulates cortisol through both genomic and non-genomic pathways. Clinical findings are mixed; some studies suggest cortisol levels decrease after vitamin D supplementation in cases of obesity, depression, or inflammation, while others show minimal effects in healthy populations. This relationship varies with age and gender. Variability in study results stems from differences in research design, baseline vitamin D levels, cortisol measurement methods, and genetic polymorphisms that affect metabolism. Despite this, vitamin D acts as a modulator of the stress response, especially benefiting vulnerable groups. Future research should implement standardized protocols that consider circadian rhythms and population differences.
{"title":"Vitamin D regulation of cortisol through the HPA axis: A focused review","authors":"Dinara S. Kulzhanova , Ainur Amanzholkyzy , Sholpan Kosmuratova , Arailym K. Altymova , Wassim Y. Almawi","doi":"10.1016/j.endmts.2025.100275","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.endmts.2025.100275","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Vitamin D has a significant influence on neuroendocrine regulation by modulating cortisol levels through hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis mechanisms. This review explores the biological mechanisms connecting vitamin D to cortisol regulation and its clinical implications beyond bone health. Vitamin D receptors are widely distributed in stress-responsive brain regions, and evidence suggests that vitamin D signaling regulates cortisol through both genomic and non-genomic pathways. Clinical findings are mixed; some studies suggest cortisol levels decrease after vitamin D supplementation in cases of obesity, depression, or inflammation, while others show minimal effects in healthy populations. This relationship varies with age and gender. Variability in study results stems from differences in research design, baseline vitamin D levels, cortisol measurement methods, and genetic polymorphisms that affect metabolism. Despite this, vitamin D acts as a modulator of the stress response, especially benefiting vulnerable groups. Future research should implement standardized protocols that consider circadian rhythms and population differences.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34427,"journal":{"name":"Endocrine and Metabolic Science","volume":"19 ","pages":"Article 100275"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145095299","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Neurological disorders are associated with decreased blood supply to the brain, neuronal damage, oxidative stress, and inflammation. While treatments are limited, soluble epoxide hydrolase inhibitors can be useful in alleviating neurological disorders via increasing or maintaining the levels of epoxy fatty acids (EpFAs), which modulate multiple biological pathways to dilate blood vessels, protect neurones, alleviate inflammation, and reduce oxidative stress. Enzyme soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH), with dual function, is found in multiple tissues, including the brain. It is extensively expressed in neurones, astrocytes, and CNS vasculature in the cortex and hippocampus, suggesting its significant role in neurological functions. It is a key factor in the metabolism of EpFAs, namely epoxyeicodatrienoic acids (EETs), the byproducts of arachidonic acid mediated by the P450 pathway, which are transformed into their respective diols, known as dihydroxyeicosatrienoic acids (DHETs), which are proinflammatory agents and are less potent compared to EETs. EETs suppress the generation of pro-inflammatory signalling molecules and other inflammatory mediators, aiding in the resolution of inflammation. Inhibiting sEH elevates the concentration of EETs and other structurally similar EpFAs while reducing the release of nitric oxide metabolites and pro-inflammatory cytokines. EETs act as potential endothelial-derived hyperpolarizing factors (EDHFs), which promote vascular health through the hyperpolarization and relaxing of the vascular smooth muscle cells. The vasodilatory effect of EETs improves blood flow to the brain and other tissues, which support neuronal health and function. The elevated levels of EETs provide cytoprotection to brain cells, potentially slowing the progression of neurodegeneration. Modulating EETs by inhibiting sEH presents an emerging therapy for addressing neurological diseases. Ultimately, this review explores the influence of soluble epoxide hydrolase inhibitors in preventing the progression of neurodegenerative diseases.
{"title":"Insights into the potential role of sEH inhibition in the prevention and progression of neurological disorders","authors":"Mamatha Gavisiddaiah , Sumanta Kumar Goswami , Manali Somanna , Bruce D. Hammock , Kenganora Mruthunjaya , Abigail Fielding , Dithu Thekkekkara , Santhepete Nanjundaiah Manjula","doi":"10.1016/j.endmts.2025.100277","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.endmts.2025.100277","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Neurological disorders are associated with decreased blood supply to the brain, neuronal damage, oxidative stress, and inflammation. While treatments are limited, soluble epoxide hydrolase inhibitors can be useful in alleviating neurological disorders via increasing or maintaining the levels of epoxy fatty acids (EpFAs), which modulate multiple biological pathways to dilate blood vessels, protect neurones, alleviate inflammation, and reduce oxidative stress. Enzyme soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH), with dual function, is found in multiple tissues, including the brain. It is extensively expressed in neurones, astrocytes, and CNS vasculature in the cortex and hippocampus, suggesting its significant role in neurological functions. It is a key factor in the metabolism of EpFAs, namely epoxyeicodatrienoic acids (EETs), the byproducts of arachidonic acid mediated by the P450 pathway, which are transformed into their respective diols, known as dihydroxyeicosatrienoic acids (DHETs), which are proinflammatory agents and are less potent compared to EETs. EETs suppress the generation of pro-inflammatory signalling molecules and other inflammatory mediators, aiding in the resolution of inflammation. Inhibiting sEH elevates the concentration of EETs and other structurally similar EpFAs while reducing the release of nitric oxide metabolites and pro-inflammatory cytokines. EETs act as potential endothelial-derived hyperpolarizing factors (EDHFs), which promote vascular health through the hyperpolarization and relaxing of the vascular smooth muscle cells. The vasodilatory effect of EETs improves blood flow to the brain and other tissues, which support neuronal health and function. The elevated levels of EETs provide cytoprotection to brain cells, potentially slowing the progression of neurodegeneration. Modulating EETs by inhibiting sEH presents an emerging therapy for addressing neurological diseases. Ultimately, this review explores the influence of soluble epoxide hydrolase inhibitors in preventing the progression of neurodegenerative diseases.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34427,"journal":{"name":"Endocrine and Metabolic Science","volume":"19 ","pages":"Article 100277"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145519716","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-01Epub Date: 2025-07-09DOI: 10.1016/j.endmts.2025.100261
Sama Atta Gitti, Saman SarKo Baha Al-den
Background
Obesity has become a global epidemic. Several studies suggest that adipose tissue is not only an inert energy store but also an endocrine organ that communicates with the central nervous system.
Objective
To assess the association between erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and body mass index (BMI), age, presence of complications such as diabetes and fatty liver disease, and weight loss.
Methods
Fifty patients visited AL-Kindy specialized endocrinology outpatient clinic for obesity assessment. Patients were followed up for three months, and their baseline characteristics were analyzed using Student's t-test and chi-square test; p values <0.005 were considered significant.
Results
The highest ESR values were observed in the age group of 10–14 years (mean ESR: 56.4 mm/h), followed by the 15–19 year group (mean ESR: 51.7 mm/h). The mean ESR in male patients was significantly higher than that in female patients (53.09 mm/h vs. 25.71 mm/h). Approximately 80 % of the patients with fatty liver disease had a high ESR. The patients were prescribed a calorie-restricted diet for three months; the mean BMI at the end of the study was 31.25 ± 1.21 kg/m2, and the mean ESR was 20.32 ± 30.2 mm/h compared with the baseline ESR of 35.8 ± 42.5 mm/h.
Conclusion
The study findings indicate that a higher BMI is associated with higher ESR levels. The highest ESR values were observed in the age group of 10–14 years (mean 56.4 mm/h), suggesting that systemic inflammation may precede or accelerate the development of obesity during adolescence.
{"title":"The association of adolescent obesity with elevation of ESR: Which comes first?","authors":"Sama Atta Gitti, Saman SarKo Baha Al-den","doi":"10.1016/j.endmts.2025.100261","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.endmts.2025.100261","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Obesity has become a global epidemic. Several studies suggest that adipose tissue is not only an inert energy store but also an endocrine organ that communicates with the central nervous system.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>To assess the association between erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and body mass index (BMI), age, presence of complications such as diabetes and fatty liver disease, and weight loss.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Fifty patients visited AL-Kindy specialized endocrinology outpatient clinic for obesity assessment. Patients were followed up for three months, and their baseline characteristics were analyzed using Student's <em>t</em>-test and chi-square test; p values <0.005 were considered significant.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The highest ESR values were observed in the age group of 10–14 years (mean ESR: 56.4 mm/h), followed by the 15–19 year group (mean ESR: 51.7 mm/h). The mean ESR in male patients was significantly higher than that in female patients (53.09 mm/h vs. 25.71 mm/h). Approximately 80 % of the patients with fatty liver disease had a high ESR. The patients were prescribed a calorie-restricted diet for three months; the mean BMI at the end of the study was 31.25 ± 1.21 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, and the mean ESR was 20.32 ± 30.2 mm/h compared with the baseline ESR of 35.8 ± 42.5 mm/h.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The study findings indicate that a higher BMI is associated with higher ESR levels. The highest ESR values were observed in the age group of 10–14 years (mean 56.4 mm/h), suggesting that systemic inflammation may precede or accelerate the development of obesity during adolescence.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34427,"journal":{"name":"Endocrine and Metabolic Science","volume":"19 ","pages":"Article 100261"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144614005","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-06-01Epub Date: 2025-03-31DOI: 10.1016/j.endmts.2025.100235
Sherif A. Abdelmottaleb Moussa , Fatma A.A. Ibrahim , Marawan Abd Elbaset , Fatma A. Morsy , Samir W. Aziz , Noha A. Abd El-Latif , Sherif M. Afifi , Tuba Esatbeyoglu , Sayed A. El Toumy , Josline Y. Salib , Samir A.E. Bashandy
Thyme, belonging to the family Lamiaceae, stands out as a noteworthy herb with diverse applications. This study investigates the impact of Thymus vulgaris seed extract administration on hepatic oxidative burden, insulin sensitivity, and liver function in obese rats. The T. vulgaris-treated groups, particularly the high-dose (400 mg/kg) group, showed substantial reductions in waist size, body weight, and BMI compared to the obese group. While reducing inflammatory markers, T. vulgaris seed extract supplementation demonstrated significant improvements in lipid profiles, insulin resistance, liver function, and antioxidant status. Histopathological examination of hepatic tissues confirmed the curing effects of T. vulgaris seed extract, as shown by improvements in hepatic architecture and a reduction in the deleterious changes induced by obesity. LC-MS was used to identify 32 metabolites in the seed extract of T. vulgaris with methoxyflavonoids as the most prevalent class. In conclusion, T. vulgaris seed extract administration exhibited promising anti-obesity effects, influencing anthropometric measures, lipid profiles, insulin resistance, liver function, and inflammatory and hepatic oxidative stress markers in obese rats. The study culminated in the potential therapeutic role of T. vulgaris seed in managing obesity-related complications.
{"title":"Thymus vulgaris seed extract hampered hepatic oxidative burden and improved insulin sensitivity in obese male rats","authors":"Sherif A. Abdelmottaleb Moussa , Fatma A.A. Ibrahim , Marawan Abd Elbaset , Fatma A. Morsy , Samir W. Aziz , Noha A. Abd El-Latif , Sherif M. Afifi , Tuba Esatbeyoglu , Sayed A. El Toumy , Josline Y. Salib , Samir A.E. Bashandy","doi":"10.1016/j.endmts.2025.100235","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.endmts.2025.100235","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Thyme, belonging to the family Lamiaceae, stands out as a noteworthy herb with diverse applications. This study investigates the impact of <em>Thymus vulgaris</em> seed extract administration on hepatic oxidative burden, insulin sensitivity, and liver function in obese rats. The <em>T. vulgaris</em>-treated groups, particularly the high-dose (400 mg/kg) group, showed substantial reductions in waist size, body weight, and BMI compared to the obese group. While reducing inflammatory markers, <em>T. vulgaris</em> seed extract supplementation demonstrated significant improvements in lipid profiles, insulin resistance, liver function, and antioxidant status. Histopathological examination of hepatic tissues confirmed the curing effects of <em>T. vulgaris</em> seed extract, as shown by improvements in hepatic architecture and a reduction in the deleterious changes induced by obesity. LC-MS was used to identify 32 metabolites in the seed extract of <em>T. vulgaris</em> with methoxyflavonoids as the most prevalent class. In conclusion, <em>T. vulgaris</em> seed extract administration exhibited promising anti-obesity effects, influencing anthropometric measures, lipid profiles, insulin resistance, liver function, and inflammatory and hepatic oxidative stress markers in obese rats. The study culminated in the potential therapeutic role of <em>T. vulgaris</em> seed in managing obesity-related complications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34427,"journal":{"name":"Endocrine and Metabolic Science","volume":"18 ","pages":"Article 100235"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143791143","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-06-01Epub Date: 2025-05-20DOI: 10.1016/j.endmts.2025.100249
Wafa'a Alqabandi, Maira Alsaeid, Gursev Dhaunsi
Background and aims
Excessive amounts of bile acids (ΒΑ) exert hepatotoxic effects. We investigated the effects of glycochenodeoxycholic acid (GCDC) on mitochondrial function and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) activity in hepatocytes and also examined if l-carnitine (CRNT) has any protective role.
Methods
Primary hepatocyte cultures were treated with 0–100 μM GCDC with or without 5 mM l-carnitine (CRNT). DNA synthesis was measured by bromodeoxyuridine incorporation assay. Enzymic activities of carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1 (CPT-1), cytochrome c oxidase (CcO) and medium chain-acylCoA dehydrogenase (MCAD), were measured in hepatocyte homogenates. Expression of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-α (PGC-1α) and IGF-1 receptor (IGF-1R) was detected by RT- PCR and Western blot analysis, respectively.
Results
Treatment with GCDC significantly decreased the enzymatic activity of MCAD, CPT-1 and CcO (P < 0.01), and mitochondrial ATP content. Additionally, GCDC significantly increased malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in mitochondria and downregulated PGC-1α (p < 0.01). Furthermore, the IGF-1-induced DNA synthesis and IGF-1R gene expression were also notably reduced in GCDC-treated hepatocytes. However, co-treatment with 5 mM CRNT markedly abrogated the GCDC-induced impairment of CcO activity and PGC-1α downregulation, while it had no effect on MCAD activity. In addition, CRNT treatment also restored the enzymatic activity of CPT-1 and the gene expression levels of IGF-1 in GCDC-treated hepatocytes (p < 0.05).
Conclusions
GCDC-induced hepatotoxic effects could be triggered by mitochondrial dysfunction and impairment of IGF-1 activity. CRNT has potential beneficial effects against ΒΑ-induced cytotoxicity via enhancing the CPT-1 and CcO enzyme activities, and ATP production in addition to upregulation of PGC-1α and IGF-1R.
{"title":"l-carnitine protects against bile acid-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and IGF-1 impairment in hepatocyte cultures","authors":"Wafa'a Alqabandi, Maira Alsaeid, Gursev Dhaunsi","doi":"10.1016/j.endmts.2025.100249","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.endmts.2025.100249","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background and aims</h3><div>Excessive amounts of bile acids (ΒΑ) exert hepatotoxic effects. We investigated the effects of glycochenodeoxycholic acid (GCDC) on mitochondrial function and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) activity in hepatocytes and also examined if <span>l</span>-carnitine (CRNT) has any protective role.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Primary hepatocyte cultures were treated with 0–100 μM GCDC with or without 5 mM <span>l</span>-carnitine (CRNT). DNA synthesis was measured by bromodeoxyuridine incorporation assay. Enzymic activities of carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1 (CPT-1), cytochrome <em>c</em> oxidase (CcO) and medium chain-acylCoA dehydrogenase (MCAD), were measured in hepatocyte homogenates. Expression of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-α (PGC-1α) and IGF-1 receptor (IGF-1R) was detected by RT- PCR and Western blot analysis, respectively<em>.</em></div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Treatment with GCDC significantly decreased the enzymatic activity of MCAD, CPT-1 and CcO (<em>P</em> < 0.01), and mitochondrial ATP content. Additionally, GCDC significantly increased malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in mitochondria and downregulated PGC-1α (<em>p</em> < 0.01). Furthermore, the IGF-1-induced DNA synthesis and IGF-1R gene expression were also notably reduced in GCDC-treated hepatocytes. However, co-treatment with 5 mM CRNT markedly abrogated the GCDC-induced impairment of CcO activity and PGC-1α downregulation, while it had no effect on MCAD activity. In addition, CRNT treatment also restored the enzymatic activity of CPT-1 and the gene expression levels of IGF-1 in GCDC-treated hepatocytes (<em>p</em> < 0.05).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>GCDC-induced hepatotoxic effects could be triggered by mitochondrial dysfunction and impairment of IGF-1 activity. CRNT has potential beneficial effects against ΒΑ-induced cytotoxicity via enhancing the CPT-1 and CcO enzyme activities, and ATP production in addition to upregulation of PGC-1α and IGF-1R.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34427,"journal":{"name":"Endocrine and Metabolic Science","volume":"18 ","pages":"Article 100249"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144117051","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Gestational diabetes (GDM) is a type of diabetes that can develop during pregnancy in women who don't have diabetes. We studied the concentration of homocysteine in the blood in two study groups - 36 healthy pregnant women and 68 pregnant women with GDM. The study included biochemical (homocysteine, glucose, creatinine, glycated hemoglobin), hormonal (leptin, C-peptide, 25 (OH) D, and methods of correlation and statistical research. According to the analysis of blood in the case histories of patients in groups, anemia was observed in an average of 61.45 % of patients. Homocysteine is a biomarker that controls the action of folic acid in the body in pregnant women, the reference values of which are in the range of 5.6–16.42 μmol/l, while in healthy women this diagnostic indicator averages 12.98 ± 0.31. The mean homocysteine value in pregnant women with GDM was 42.87 ± 2.26 μmol/l (P ≤ 0.001). Another specific marker in pregnant women with GDM is the study of cholecalciferol, vitamin 25(OH) D. It was found that the level of significance of the difference between the indicators in the group of pregnant women with GDM and in the control group was almost 2 times less. Based on this finding, in future studies, the predictive value of each of these indices in the occurrence of GDM can be examined. It was also found that such indices differ significantly in patients with GDM compared to the control group, although further studies in the broader population are needed to confirm this.
{"title":"Biochemical, laboratory and instrumental diagnostic indicators of early diagnosis of women with gestational diabetes","authors":"Gulchekhra Ikhtiyarova Akmalovna , Gulrukh Karimova Komilovna , Guljamal Arstanalievna Subanova , Nilufar Navruzova Orzijonovna , Nargiza Narzulloeva Sayfilloevna , Feruza Oripova Shopulatovna , Salimova Toxtajan Baxtiyarovna , Aiganysh Zhoomartovna Rysbaeva , Fakher Rahim","doi":"10.1016/j.endmts.2025.100252","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.endmts.2025.100252","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Gestational diabetes (GDM) is a type of diabetes that can develop during pregnancy in women who don't have diabetes. We studied the concentration of homocysteine in the blood in two study groups - 36 healthy pregnant women and 68 pregnant women with GDM. The study included biochemical (homocysteine, glucose, creatinine, glycated hemoglobin), hormonal (leptin, C-peptide, 25 (OH) D, and methods of correlation and statistical research. According to the analysis of blood in the case histories of patients in groups, anemia was observed in an average of 61.45 % of patients. Homocysteine is a biomarker that controls the action of folic acid in the body in pregnant women, the reference values of which are in the range of 5.6–16.42 μmol/l, while in healthy women this diagnostic indicator averages 12.98 ± 0.31. The mean homocysteine value in pregnant women with GDM was 42.87 ± 2.26 μmol/l (<em>P</em> ≤ 0.001). Another specific marker in pregnant women with GDM is the study of cholecalciferol, vitamin 25(OH) D. It was found that the level of significance of the difference between the indicators in the group of pregnant women with GDM and in the control group was almost 2 times less. Based on this finding, in future studies, the predictive value of each of these indices in the occurrence of GDM can be examined. It was also found that such indices differ significantly in patients with GDM compared to the control group, although further studies in the broader population are needed to confirm this.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34427,"journal":{"name":"Endocrine and Metabolic Science","volume":"18 ","pages":"Article 100252"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144169614","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-06-01Epub Date: 2025-03-31DOI: 10.1016/j.endmts.2025.100238
Mitchell Munnings , Shaun Koh , Christopher Gilfillan
Background
Increasing utilization and sensitivity of radiological imaging has led to an increase in the detection of adrenal incidentalomas (AIs). Most AIs are non-functional benign lesions, though, exclusion of functional and/or malignant AIs is mandatory. International guidelines describe the recommended evaluation of these lesions. However, data on local adherence to such recommendations is unknown.
Aims
To investigate the prevalence and evaluation of AIs discovered in a metropolitan health network and compare the data with established guidelines.
Methods
The study involves a retrospective identification of patients over 18 years old using keyword search criteria within radiology reports from computed tomography (CT) studies performed during 2019 and 2020. Clinical notes and the electronic medical record were interrogated to gather pathology results, co-morbidities, and follow-up. Patients with a known history of active malignancy, suspected adrenal pathology, or an established history of an adrenal adenoma were excluded.
Results
Adrenal incidentalomas were identified in 274 patients, with a prevalence of 0.7 %. Biochemical evaluation occurred in 15.3 % of AIs, and the recommended evaluation of cortisol and catecholamine excess occurred in 8.0 % of cases. Dedicated adrenal imaging occurred in 14.6 % of cases, and 10.2 % of AIs referred to endocrinology. Benign non-functional adenoma was the most common diagnosis; however, most AIs (82.1 %) did not have a final diagnosis.
Conclusions
Our study demonstrates a significant gap between guideline-recommended investigation of AIs and clinical practice. A similar suboptimal investigation rate has been reported internationally, leading to a hypothesis that is not an isolated finding. These data suggest an essential area for education to improve patient care.
{"title":"Adrenal incidentaloma: Prevalence and evaluation. Experiences from a single health network","authors":"Mitchell Munnings , Shaun Koh , Christopher Gilfillan","doi":"10.1016/j.endmts.2025.100238","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.endmts.2025.100238","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Increasing utilization and sensitivity of radiological imaging has led to an increase in the detection of adrenal incidentalomas (AIs). Most AIs are non-functional benign lesions, though, exclusion of functional and/or malignant AIs is mandatory. International guidelines describe the recommended evaluation of these lesions. However, data on local adherence to such recommendations is unknown.</div></div><div><h3>Aims</h3><div>To investigate the prevalence and evaluation of AIs discovered in a metropolitan health network and compare the data with established guidelines.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>The study involves a retrospective identification of patients over 18 years old using keyword search criteria within radiology reports from computed tomography (CT) studies performed during 2019 and 2020. Clinical notes and the electronic medical record were interrogated to gather pathology results, co-morbidities, and follow-up. Patients with a known history of active malignancy, suspected adrenal pathology, or an established history of an adrenal adenoma were excluded.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Adrenal incidentalomas were identified in 274 patients, with a prevalence of 0.7 %. Biochemical evaluation occurred in 15.3 % of AIs, and the recommended evaluation of cortisol and catecholamine excess occurred in 8.0 % of cases. Dedicated adrenal imaging occurred in 14.6 % of cases, and 10.2 % of AIs referred to endocrinology. Benign non-functional adenoma was the most common diagnosis; however, most AIs (82.1 %) did not have a final diagnosis.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Our study demonstrates a significant gap between guideline-recommended investigation of AIs and clinical practice. A similar suboptimal investigation rate has been reported internationally, leading to a hypothesis that is not an isolated finding. These data suggest an essential area for education to improve patient care.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34427,"journal":{"name":"Endocrine and Metabolic Science","volume":"18 ","pages":"Article 100238"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143747254","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-06-01Epub Date: 2025-03-17DOI: 10.1016/j.endmts.2025.100230
To Anh Tan Le , An Viet Tran , Son Kim Tran , Chau Minh Tran , Dang Khoa Dang Tran , Duy Huu Duong , Toan Hoang Ngo
Background
LDL-C and non-HDL-C are contributing risk factors in the development of cardiovascular disease and stroke, exacerbating hazardous cardiovascular events. Rosuvastatin is a widely used statin globally, and a thorough assessment of its efficacy in hypertensive patients with or without diabetes mellitus is essential.
Objectives
This study aims to compare the efficacy of Rosuvastatin 20 mg in controlling LDL-C and non-HDL-C in hypertensive patients with and without diabetes.
Methods
A cross-sectional descriptive study on 126 primary hypertensive patients (72 hypertensive patients with diabetes and 54 hypertensive patients without diabetes) treated with Rosuvastatin based on cardiovascular risk stratification according to SCORE to assess the efficiency of achieving treatment targets.
Results
In hypertensive patients without diabetes (n = 54; 42.9 %), the average age was higher (63.52 ± 8.68 years) and predominantly female (70.4 %) compared to those with diabetes (n = 72; 57.1 %). After 12 weeks of Rosuvastatin 20 mg treatment, non-diabetic patients exhibited more significant improvements in lipid profiles, notably marked decreases in LDL-C and non-HDL-C levels (p < 0.001). The treatment targets for LDL-C were achieved by 27.8 % of diabetic patients and 20.4 % of non-diabetic patients, while the targets for non-HDL-C were achieved by 40.3 % of diabetic patients and 41.5 % of non-diabetic patients. History of stroke and coronary artery disease was significantly associated with increased LDL-C and non-HDL-C in both pre-and post-treatment in both groups.
Conclusion
The utilization of Rosuvastatin 20 mg has shown efficacy in ameliorating elevated LDL-C and non-HDL-C levels in primary hypertensive patients. Specifically, in the hypertensive group without diabetes, Rosuvastatin 20 mg aids in better control of LDL-C and non-HDL-C compared to the hypertensive group with diabetes.
{"title":"The effectiveness of Rosuvastatin in controlling LDL-C and non-HDL-C levels in hypertensive patients with or without diabetes mellitus","authors":"To Anh Tan Le , An Viet Tran , Son Kim Tran , Chau Minh Tran , Dang Khoa Dang Tran , Duy Huu Duong , Toan Hoang Ngo","doi":"10.1016/j.endmts.2025.100230","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.endmts.2025.100230","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>LDL-C and non-HDL-C are contributing risk factors in the development of cardiovascular disease and stroke, exacerbating hazardous cardiovascular events. Rosuvastatin is a widely used statin globally, and a thorough assessment of its efficacy in hypertensive patients with or without diabetes mellitus is essential.</div></div><div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>This study aims to compare the efficacy of Rosuvastatin 20 mg in controlling LDL-C and non-HDL-C in hypertensive patients with and without diabetes.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A cross-sectional descriptive study on 126 primary hypertensive patients (72 hypertensive patients with diabetes and 54 hypertensive patients without diabetes) treated with Rosuvastatin based on cardiovascular risk stratification according to SCORE to assess the efficiency of achieving treatment targets.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>In hypertensive patients without diabetes (n = 54; 42.9 %), the average age was higher (63.52 ± 8.68 years) and predominantly female (70.4 %) compared to those with diabetes (n = 72; 57.1 %). After 12 weeks of Rosuvastatin 20 mg treatment, non-diabetic patients exhibited more significant improvements in lipid profiles, notably marked decreases in LDL-C and non-HDL-C levels (p < 0.001). The treatment targets for LDL-C were achieved by 27.8 % of diabetic patients and 20.4 % of non-diabetic patients, while the targets for non-HDL-C were achieved by 40.3 % of diabetic patients and 41.5 % of non-diabetic patients. History of stroke and coronary artery disease was significantly associated with increased LDL-C and non-HDL-C in both pre-and post-treatment in both groups.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The utilization of Rosuvastatin 20 mg has shown efficacy in ameliorating elevated LDL-C and non-HDL-C levels in primary hypertensive patients. Specifically, in the hypertensive group without diabetes, Rosuvastatin 20 mg aids in better control of LDL-C and non-HDL-C compared to the hypertensive group with diabetes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34427,"journal":{"name":"Endocrine and Metabolic Science","volume":"18 ","pages":"Article 100230"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143642726","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-06-01Epub Date: 2025-05-14DOI: 10.1016/j.endmts.2025.100246
Izabelle de Mello Gindri , Gabriel Almeida , Caio Saraiva , Gustavo Ferrari , Darlan Dallacosta , Carlos Rodrigo de Mello Roesler
Background
Oxandrolone is a synthetic chemical compound derived from testosterone with a 17-alpha-alkylated structure, showing high potential to enhance the hypermetabolic response and improve clinical outcomes.
Objectives
We aimed to synthesize evidence regarding the safety and effectiveness of Oxandrolone for recognized health problems.
Data sources
A systematic review was performed across six databases using Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) terms and keywords.
Study eligibility criteria, participants, and interventions
We included randomized controlled trials involving children, adolescents, adults, and older adults treated with oral Oxandrolone at doses ranging from 5 to 80 mg.
Study appraisal and synthesis methods
Two reviewers independently conducted the selection, extraction, and quality assessment processes. A protocol was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42024539483).
Results
A total of 24 studies with 1905 participants were included. In children with burns, Oxandrolone increased bone mineral content, preserved lean body mass, and reduced intensive care length of stay. In children with Klinefelter Syndrome, it improved lean body mass and measures of cardiometabolic health. Positive effects on weight and well-being were noted in adults with HIV, and improvements in lean mass and muscle strength were observed in older women. Most reported adverse events were elevated liver enzymes and musculoskeletal complaints.
Limitations
Studies showed heterogeneity in populations, interventions, and outcomes assessed.
Conclusions and implications of key findings
Oxandrolone administration appears to be associated with improvements in body mass, composition indices, and reduced hospitalization time, with a low incidence of side effects. Further investigations are necessary to confirm clinical benefits for specific diseases.
{"title":"The safety and effectiveness of oxandrolone on different clinical conditions: A systematic review","authors":"Izabelle de Mello Gindri , Gabriel Almeida , Caio Saraiva , Gustavo Ferrari , Darlan Dallacosta , Carlos Rodrigo de Mello Roesler","doi":"10.1016/j.endmts.2025.100246","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.endmts.2025.100246","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Oxandrolone is a synthetic chemical compound derived from testosterone with a 17-alpha-alkylated structure, showing high potential to enhance the hypermetabolic response and improve clinical outcomes.</div></div><div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>We aimed to synthesize evidence regarding the safety and effectiveness of Oxandrolone for recognized health problems.</div></div><div><h3>Data sources</h3><div>A systematic review was performed across six databases using Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) terms and keywords.</div></div><div><h3>Study eligibility criteria, participants, and interventions</h3><div>We included randomized controlled trials involving children, adolescents, adults, and older adults treated with oral Oxandrolone at doses ranging from 5 to 80 mg.</div></div><div><h3>Study appraisal and synthesis methods</h3><div>Two reviewers independently conducted the selection, extraction, and quality assessment processes. A protocol was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42024539483).</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>A total of 24 studies with 1905 participants were included. In children with burns, Oxandrolone increased bone mineral content, preserved lean body mass, and reduced intensive care length of stay. In children with Klinefelter Syndrome, it improved lean body mass and measures of cardiometabolic health. Positive effects on weight and well-being were noted in adults with HIV, and improvements in lean mass and muscle strength were observed in older women. Most reported adverse events were elevated liver enzymes and musculoskeletal complaints.</div></div><div><h3>Limitations</h3><div>Studies showed heterogeneity in populations, interventions, and outcomes assessed.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions and implications of key findings</h3><div>Oxandrolone administration appears to be associated with improvements in body mass, composition indices, and reduced hospitalization time, with a low incidence of side effects. Further investigations are necessary to confirm clinical benefits for specific diseases.</div></div><div><h3>Systematic review registration</h3><div>PROSPERO CRD42024539483.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34427,"journal":{"name":"Endocrine and Metabolic Science","volume":"18 ","pages":"Article 100246"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144139558","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-06-01Epub Date: 2025-05-26DOI: 10.1016/j.endmts.2025.100253
Vincent B. Liu , Laura Y. Sue , Oscar Madrid Padilla , Yingnian Wu
Introduction
The diabetes pandemic, including 828 million adults worldwide in 2022, would benefit from continued development of novel, effective and accurate blood glucose prediction systems. Using the DiaTrend dataset, this study used stacking machine learning optimized by Grey Wolf Optimizer to construct and assess prediction models for blood glucose levels in type 1 diabetes patients.
Methods
The DiaTrend dataset includes 27,561 days of continuous glucose monitoring and 8220 days of insulin pump data for 54 patients with type 1 diabetes. Grey Wolf optimization was used to tune and evaluate three machine learning algorithms – Random Forest, LSTM, GRU – for blood glucose predictions, whose predictions were then combined into an XGBoost stacking ensemble meta-learner.
Results
This study looked at three baseline algorithms for predicting blood glucose levels. Machine learning models Random Forest, LSTM, and GRU served as baselines, with MAE, RMSE, and MARD values. GRU had the best predictive accuracy of the initial models. Grey Wolf optimization contributed to achieving optimal baseline model results. Stacking ensemble learning via XGBoost meta-learner (MAE = 10.65, RMSE = 14.59, MARD = 6.98) achieved higher performance than the baseline models.
Conclusion
The GRU method with Grey Wolf optimization outperformed the other models with the lowest MAE, RMSE, and MARD, but the Stacked XGBoost model fared best. These findings emphasize the need to improve parameter selection with approaches such as Grey Wolf or stacking ensemble methods to achieve accurate blood glucose predictions. These prediction models can aid in the continued development of monitoring devices, and algorithms for these devices, which contain alert systems for impending abnormal blood glucose levels, allowing for timely diabetes self-management.
{"title":"Optimizing blood glucose predictions in type 1 diabetes patients using a stacking ensemble approach","authors":"Vincent B. Liu , Laura Y. Sue , Oscar Madrid Padilla , Yingnian Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.endmts.2025.100253","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.endmts.2025.100253","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>The diabetes pandemic, including 828 million adults worldwide in 2022, would benefit from continued development of novel, effective and accurate blood glucose prediction systems. Using the DiaTrend dataset, this study used stacking machine learning optimized by Grey Wolf Optimizer to construct and assess prediction models for blood glucose levels in type 1 diabetes patients.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>The DiaTrend dataset includes 27,561 days of continuous glucose monitoring and 8220 days of insulin pump data for 54 patients with type 1 diabetes. Grey Wolf optimization was used to tune and evaluate three machine learning algorithms – Random Forest, LSTM, GRU – for blood glucose predictions, whose predictions were then combined into an XGBoost stacking ensemble meta-learner.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>This study looked at three baseline algorithms for predicting blood glucose levels. Machine learning models Random Forest, LSTM, and GRU served as baselines, with MAE, RMSE, and MARD values. GRU had the best predictive accuracy of the initial models. Grey Wolf optimization contributed to achieving optimal baseline model results. Stacking ensemble learning via XGBoost meta-learner (MAE = 10.65, RMSE = 14.59, MARD = 6.98) achieved higher performance than the baseline models.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The GRU method with Grey Wolf optimization outperformed the other models with the lowest MAE, RMSE, and MARD, but the Stacked XGBoost model fared best. These findings emphasize the need to improve parameter selection with approaches such as Grey Wolf or stacking ensemble methods to achieve accurate blood glucose predictions. These prediction models can aid in the continued development of monitoring devices, and algorithms for these devices, which contain alert systems for impending abnormal blood glucose levels, allowing for timely diabetes self-management.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34427,"journal":{"name":"Endocrine and Metabolic Science","volume":"18 ","pages":"Article 100253"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144169615","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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