Modern Lithuanian has two grammatical numbers: singular and plural, nevertheless literature sources note the existence of the dual number residue in Lithuanian. This phenomenon is prominent in Austronesian languages as stated by Schwartz (1989:237-238) and there are different types of duals. However, in European languages this phenomenon is not as widely spread. This paper overviews the constructions of such phenomenon and presents results of a small research which looked at the frequency of the usage of dual pronouns and demonstratives in the Lithuanian language. Data for the research was taken from the Corpus of Lithuanian Language compiled by Vytautas Magnus University, Kaunas, Lithuania which is accessible online. The main aim is to discuss the place of duals in Lithuanian language and to establish whether it is still frequently used by the Lithuanian language speakers.
{"title":"A Third Number: Discussing Duals in Lithuanian Language","authors":"Jone Bruno","doi":"10.21427/D7N440","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21427/D7N440","url":null,"abstract":"Modern Lithuanian has two grammatical numbers: singular and plural, nevertheless literature sources note the existence of the dual number residue in Lithuanian. This phenomenon is prominent in Austronesian languages as stated by Schwartz (1989:237-238) and there are different types of duals. However, in European languages this phenomenon is not as widely spread. This paper overviews the constructions of such phenomenon and presents results of a small research which looked at the frequency of the usage of dual pronouns and demonstratives in the Lithuanian language. Data for the research was taken from the Corpus of Lithuanian Language compiled by Vytautas Magnus University, Kaunas, Lithuania which is accessible online. The main aim is to discuss the place of duals in Lithuanian language and to establish whether it is still frequently used by the Lithuanian language speakers.","PeriodicalId":344899,"journal":{"name":"The ITB Journal","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125645454","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study looks at serial verb constructions in two dialects of the Western Desert language of Australia, Pitjantjatjara and Yankunytjatjara. With a Role and Reference Grammar analysis, the paradigm allows us to look at the constituents for logical structure, and marking of macroroles. We find that core and peripheral argument phrases are marked by case with ergative nominal marking and accusative pronoun marking. Dependent marking is on the phrase level and there is no verb agreement for number, gender or person marking on the verb. Simple verbs use endings for tense, aspect, mood and status. The operator projection shows the nature of linkage between the verbs involved in multi verb structures. There is a serial participle marked on the members of these constructions and a finite verb that is typically clause final. We look at whether these meet the criteria for serial verb constructions and find that in some nuclear cases there is evidence that they do, with sharing of arguments and a single action implied. Serial verbs can form nuclear or clausal cosubordinate nexus junctures.
{"title":"Serial Verb Constructions in Pitjantjatjara and Yankunytjatjara","authors":"Conor Pyle","doi":"10.21427/D7SM9Z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21427/D7SM9Z","url":null,"abstract":"This study looks at serial verb constructions in two dialects of the Western Desert language of Australia, Pitjantjatjara and Yankunytjatjara. With a Role and Reference Grammar analysis, the paradigm allows us to look at the constituents for logical structure, and marking of macroroles. We find that core and peripheral argument phrases are marked by case with ergative nominal marking and accusative pronoun marking. Dependent marking is on the phrase level and there is no verb agreement for number, gender or person marking on the verb. Simple verbs use endings for tense, aspect, mood and status. The operator projection shows the nature of linkage between the verbs involved in multi verb structures. There is a serial participle marked on the members of these constructions and a finite verb that is typically clause final. We look at whether these meet the criteria for serial verb constructions and find that in some nuclear cases there is evidence that they do, with sharing of arguments and a single action implied. Serial verbs can form nuclear or clausal cosubordinate nexus junctures.","PeriodicalId":344899,"journal":{"name":"The ITB Journal","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122738855","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
5 6 This paper aims to present an analysis of the precore slot [PrCS] in Icelandic within the theory of Role and Reference Grammar [RRG] (cf. Van Valin 2005). Based on the analysis of the PrCS in German by Diedrichsen (2008), an analysis of simple main declarative active voice sentences in Icelandic will be presented. The topological model of Danish sentence structure developed by Diderichsen (1945, 1964), which was adopted for Icelandic in Thráinsson (2007), will be used to analyze the layered structure of the clause [LSC] in Icelandic. It will be shown that the PrCS in V2-languages, such as Icelandic, has a special status and certain important aspects of the V2-phenomenon in Icelandic will be investigated. As will become clear during the course of this paper, the front position in these sentences can be equated with the RRG-notion of the PrCS. In Icelandic, different readings of modal verbs indicate the position before the finite verb should be regarded as core-external position due to the operator scope. It will therefore be assumed that an PrCS is obligatory in main declarative sentences in Icelandic.
{"title":"The Precore Slot in Icelandic: a Topological Analysis of V2-Clause Structure within Role and Reference Grammar","authors":"Judith Gottschalk","doi":"10.21427/D7H74S","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21427/D7H74S","url":null,"abstract":"5 6 This paper aims to present an analysis of the precore slot [PrCS] in Icelandic within the theory of Role and Reference Grammar [RRG] (cf. Van Valin 2005). Based on the analysis of the PrCS in German by Diedrichsen (2008), an analysis of simple main declarative active voice sentences in Icelandic will be presented. The topological model of Danish sentence structure developed by Diderichsen (1945, 1964), which was adopted for Icelandic in Thráinsson (2007), will be used to analyze the layered structure of the clause [LSC] in Icelandic. It will be shown that the PrCS in V2-languages, such as Icelandic, has a special status and certain important aspects of the V2-phenomenon in Icelandic will be investigated. As will become clear during the course of this paper, the front position in these sentences can be equated with the RRG-notion of the PrCS. In Icelandic, different readings of modal verbs indicate the position before the finite verb should be regarded as core-external position due to the operator scope. It will therefore be assumed that an PrCS is obligatory in main declarative sentences in Icelandic.","PeriodicalId":344899,"journal":{"name":"The ITB Journal","volume":"115 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116021348","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The current study seeks to apply Construction Grammar to the phenomenon of modality. To facilitate a thorough application and analysis, examples of both epistemic and root modal verbs of English are considered. Specifically, those verbs of English chosen for the current study are CAN/MAY and MUST/SHOULD. Motivation for these choices is provided as well as a brief look at the other types of modal verbs existent in the language. In applying Construction Grammar to modality, the research poses the following hypotheses: 1) there are varying types of modality in English; 2) these modal variations are realized uniquely and; 3) an accurate and effective account of these unique modalities and corresponding marking systems can be provided within the Construction Grammar (CxG) framework. In order to ascertain these hypotheses, the current study asks the questions: 1) what are the modal variations of English; 2) how are these variations realized and; 3) what would a Construction Grammar analysis of modality in English look like? To answer these questions, various examples of modality are analysed and the differences and similarities between the expressions gauged. A schema similar to that of RRG is then applied while assuming the postulates of Construction Grammar. Bearing these goals in mind, the phenomenon of modality itself as well as an overview of the salient points of Construction Grammar are examined. Construction Grammar is then applied to the examples and visually represented in a Role and Reference Grammar-style schema. The successes of both the application of Construction Grammar as well as the proposed schema are examined. It is found that, in keeping with the hypotheses presented, expressions of modality in English offer as many ambiguous interpretations and unique realizations as there are conversational situations in which they could be uttered. The modality of English is shown to be heavily context and in some cases subject dependant. It is also found that, as hypothesised, Construction Grammar is a suitable framework within which to analyse modality in both languages. In addition, the proposed schema proves adequate in visually representing the relationship between the pragmatic, semantic, morphological and syntactic levels of the modal expression. These findings are significant in that they promote the increasing acceptance of Construction Grammar as an appropriate and sufficient grammar theory as well as advancing the understanding of linguistic modality.
{"title":"Construction Grammar as Applied to Core English Modality","authors":"Kelli Slimp","doi":"10.21427/D7QQ9C","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21427/D7QQ9C","url":null,"abstract":"The current study seeks to apply Construction Grammar to the phenomenon of modality. To facilitate a thorough application and analysis, examples of both epistemic and root modal verbs of English are considered. Specifically, those verbs of English chosen for the current study are CAN/MAY and MUST/SHOULD. Motivation for these choices is provided as well as a brief look at the other types of modal verbs existent in the language. In applying Construction Grammar to modality, the research poses the following hypotheses: 1) there are varying types of modality in English; 2) these modal variations are realized uniquely and; 3) an accurate and effective account of these unique modalities and corresponding marking systems can be provided within the Construction Grammar (CxG) framework. In order to ascertain these hypotheses, the current study asks the questions: 1) what are the modal variations of English; 2) how are these variations realized and; 3) what would a Construction Grammar analysis of modality in English look like? To answer these questions, various examples of modality are analysed and the differences and similarities between the expressions gauged. A schema similar to that of RRG is then applied while assuming the postulates of Construction Grammar. Bearing these goals in mind, the phenomenon of modality itself as well as an overview of the salient points of Construction Grammar are examined. Construction Grammar is then applied to the examples and visually represented in a Role and Reference Grammar-style schema. The successes of both the application of Construction Grammar as well as the proposed schema are examined. It is found that, in keeping with the hypotheses presented, expressions of modality in English offer as many ambiguous interpretations and unique realizations as there are conversational situations in which they could be uttered. The modality of English is shown to be heavily context and in some cases subject dependant. It is also found that, as hypothesised, Construction Grammar is a suitable framework within which to analyse modality in both languages. In addition, the proposed schema proves adequate in visually representing the relationship between the pragmatic, semantic, morphological and syntactic levels of the modal expression. These findings are significant in that they promote the increasing acceptance of Construction Grammar as an appropriate and sufficient grammar theory as well as advancing the understanding of linguistic modality.","PeriodicalId":344899,"journal":{"name":"The ITB Journal","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125581576","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In the present research study an attempt has been made to analyze one group of complex predicates or nuclear junctures (NJs) in Persian (as an Indo-European language) in terms of its event attribute within the framework of Role and Reference Grammar (Van Valin & Lapolla 1997, Van Valin 2005). These complex predicates fuse with the prepositional phrases and the impoverished forms of the verb referred to as ‘light verb’ (Cattell 1984). In this study a distinction is made between predicative and non-predicative prepositions providing some examples along with schematizing their layered structure of the clause. To determine the verb class of the prepositional (P) light verb constructions (LVCs) the main five diagnostic tests are applied to a wide range of examples from our collected Persian data. It has emerged from the findings of this study that all the prepositional phrases in Persian prepositional nuclear junctures are of locative type and the light verbs in these constructions belong to the phase class of verbs i.e. the continuative, terminative, and resultative event phases. 1. Types of Preposition In Modern Persian or Farsi, there are generally two types of prepositions: simple/bare as in (1a-b) and compound as in (1c) below. Simple or bare prepositions include such prepositions as: (1) a. ændær 'in', æz 'from', ba 'with', bær 'on', bæraye 'for', bæhr 'for', be 'to', beyn 'between', bi 'without', joz 'except', næzd 'with, by', miyan 'among', piš 'front', pey 'after', ta 'up to', and dær 'in'. Some of the simple prepositions in Persian, as Mahootian (1997) also notes, take ezafe (the suffix –e or sometimes -ye is called ezafe in Persian and is the same as 'of' in English), which include: b. bedun-e 'without', birun-e 'outside', jelow-ye 'in front of', næzdik-e 'near', miyan-e or as pronounced in spoken Persian miyun-e 'between', pæhlu-ye 'by', pošt-e 'behind', ru-ye 'on', tu-ye 'in', and zir-e 'under'. As noted by Shamisa (2000: 214), compound prepositions may be formed by combining prepositions, for example: c. æz bæraye 'because of' (Lit.: 'from for'), æz bæhre 'for' (Lit.: 'from for' bæhre is more formal than bæraye) , æz ruye 'out of' (Lit.: 'from on'), dær bareye 'about' (Lit.: 'in about'), and dær næzde 'front, with' (Lit.: 'in with/by'). Prepositions can also refer to: a) the place or location (e.g., dær xiyaban 'in street'); b) the direction (e.g., betæraf-e mædrese 'towards school'); and c) the time (e.g., qæbl æz mædrese 'before school' (Lit.: before from school). In Persian prepositional phrases
{"title":"Event Structure of Prepositional Nuclear Junctures in Persian: a Role & Reference Grammar Account","authors":"Z. Saeedi","doi":"10.21427/D7BJ16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21427/D7BJ16","url":null,"abstract":"In the present research study an attempt has been made to analyze one group of complex predicates or nuclear junctures (NJs) in Persian (as an Indo-European language) in terms of its event attribute within the framework of Role and Reference Grammar (Van Valin & Lapolla 1997, Van Valin 2005). These complex predicates fuse with the prepositional phrases and the impoverished forms of the verb referred to as ‘light verb’ (Cattell 1984). In this study a distinction is made between predicative and non-predicative prepositions providing some examples along with schematizing their layered structure of the clause. To determine the verb class of the prepositional (P) light verb constructions (LVCs) the main five diagnostic tests are applied to a wide range of examples from our collected Persian data. It has emerged from the findings of this study that all the prepositional phrases in Persian prepositional nuclear junctures are of locative type and the light verbs in these constructions belong to the phase class of verbs i.e. the continuative, terminative, and resultative event phases. 1. Types of Preposition In Modern Persian or Farsi, there are generally two types of prepositions: simple/bare as in (1a-b) and compound as in (1c) below. Simple or bare prepositions include such prepositions as: (1) a. ændær 'in', æz 'from', ba 'with', bær 'on', bæraye 'for', bæhr 'for', be 'to', beyn 'between', bi 'without', joz 'except', næzd 'with, by', miyan 'among', piš 'front', pey 'after', ta 'up to', and dær 'in'. Some of the simple prepositions in Persian, as Mahootian (1997) also notes, take ezafe (the suffix –e or sometimes -ye is called ezafe in Persian and is the same as 'of' in English), which include: b. bedun-e 'without', birun-e 'outside', jelow-ye 'in front of', næzdik-e 'near', miyan-e or as pronounced in spoken Persian miyun-e 'between', pæhlu-ye 'by', pošt-e 'behind', ru-ye 'on', tu-ye 'in', and zir-e 'under'. As noted by Shamisa (2000: 214), compound prepositions may be formed by combining prepositions, for example: c. æz bæraye 'because of' (Lit.: 'from for'), æz bæhre 'for' (Lit.: 'from for' bæhre is more formal than bæraye) , æz ruye 'out of' (Lit.: 'from on'), dær bareye 'about' (Lit.: 'in about'), and dær næzde 'front, with' (Lit.: 'in with/by'). Prepositions can also refer to: a) the place or location (e.g., dær xiyaban 'in street'); b) the direction (e.g., betæraf-e mædrese 'towards school'); and c) the time (e.g., qæbl æz mædrese 'before school' (Lit.: before from school). In Persian prepositional phrases","PeriodicalId":344899,"journal":{"name":"The ITB Journal","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114270247","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The ability to track objects in real time offers a wide range of beneficial applications that include safety, security and the supply chain. The problem with location based systems is that they can be inconvenient and time-consuming to locate an object. A user has to access a computer and log onto a location system to locate an object. There are several problems with current location determination interfaces. Firstly a user has to log on to a computer; this can be inconvenient and time consuming as the user may have to locate a computer (which may be in another area of a building) and then log onto the system. The user has to look at a map that is displayed on screen to see where the object is located; the problem with this is that the user could make a mistake by looking at the wrong object or the wrong area of the building. Incorporating a voice control function into the system can solve interaction problems with some location based systems. This paper provides an overview of integrating voiceXML with an indoor location positioning system to locate objects through voice commands.
{"title":"Voice Enabled Indoor Localisation","authors":"Kieran Harkin, K. Curran, Eoghan Furey","doi":"10.21427/D7PQ92","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21427/D7PQ92","url":null,"abstract":"The ability to track objects in real time offers a wide range of beneficial applications that include safety, security and the supply chain. The problem with location based systems is that they can be inconvenient and time-consuming to locate an object. A user has to access a computer and log onto a location system to locate an object. There are several problems with current location determination interfaces. Firstly a user has to log on to a computer; this can be inconvenient and time consuming as the user may have to locate a computer (which may be in another area of a building) and then log onto the system. The user has to look at a map that is displayed on screen to see where the object is located; the problem with this is that the user could make a mistake by looking at the wrong object or the wrong area of the building. Incorporating a voice control function into the system can solve interaction problems with some location based systems. This paper provides an overview of integrating voiceXML with an indoor location positioning system to locate objects through voice commands.","PeriodicalId":344899,"journal":{"name":"The ITB Journal","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122396104","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The issue of predication is the central theme of all linguistic theories i.e. all the languages of the world have predicating elements through which communication and related propositions form. What these languages differ in is the way different elements or classes of words are used to predicate a sentence or a clause. Verbs are the most frequent and widely known predicating elements and as a matter of fact, and as Napoli (1989) maintains, developments in modern linguistics have recently allowed questions regarding the deeper levels of the nature of predication. Issues such as the status of multiple and complex predicates (CP) or nuclear junctures (NJ) in a single clause are of much interest in linguistic theories dealing with predication since in these constructions nouns, adverbs, or adjectives can also play a predicating role in combination with the verbal elements which are sometimes referred to as ‘light verbs’. 1. Adjectival Light Verb Constructions in Persian In general, CPs or NJs have been analysed crosslinguistically from different perspectives and are of great theoretical importance because their analysis raises important points about inter-relationship of morphology, syntax, and lexicon. Cattell (1984) who is one of the first scholars that characterizes these constructions in English, discusses structures such as the complex predicate ‘make an offer’ compared with the full/heavy verb/predicate ‘offer’. In constructions like ‘make an offer’ the verbal element ‘make’ is not the only predicating element rather the combination of ‘make’ and ‘an offer’ forms a CP in which the verb ‘make’ is in fact a light verb i.e. it has a light predicating role. As referred before, these light verbal elements can also join adjectives to form NJs, which are called ‘adjectival light verbal constructions’ and are the main focus of the present study. Indeed, the aim here is to investigate these structures in Modern Persian as one of the Indo-European languages, with one of the oldest written traditions in this family, of more than 2500 years The theoretical framework adopted is Role and Reference Grammar which is believed to be capable of capturing the double nature of Persian complex predicates in general and light verb constructions in particular. According to Payne (1997), ‘if a language has a morphosyntactically distinct class of adjectives, this group of words is typically used to express the following properties’: 1 Khanlari, P. N. 1979. A History of the Persian Language. vol. 1. Translated by N. H. Ansari. Idarah-I Adabiyat-I Delli, 2009, Qasimjan st., Dehli.
谓词问题是所有语言学理论的中心主题，即世界上所有的语言都有谓词元素，通过这些谓词元素，交流和相关命题得以形成。这些语言的不同之处在于，不同的元素或单词类别被用来构成句子或分句的谓语。动词是最常见和最广为人知的谓词元素，事实上，正如Napoli(1989)所坚持的那样，现代语言学的发展最近允许对谓词本质的更深层次提出问题。在处理谓语的语言学理论中，诸如多个复杂谓语(CP)或核节点(NJ)在单个子句中的地位等问题引起了很大的兴趣，因为在这些结构中，名词、副词或形容词也可以与有时被称为“轻动词”的动词成分结合起来发挥谓语作用。1. 一般来说，人们从不同的角度对波斯语形容词轻动词结构进行了交叉语言学分析，因为它们的分析提出了关于词法、句法和词汇相互关系的重要观点，因此具有重要的理论意义。Cattell(1984)是最早描述英语中这些结构的学者之一，他讨论了复杂谓语“make an offer”与完整/重动词/谓语“offer”的比较结构。在像“make an offer”这样的结构中，动词成分“make”并不是唯一的谓语成分，而是“make”和“an offer”的组合形成了一个CP，在这个CP中，动词“make”实际上是一个轻动词，也就是说，它的谓语作用很轻。如前所述，这些轻动词素也可以连接形容词组成NJs，称为“形容词轻动词素结构”，是本研究的重点。事实上，本文的目的是研究现代波斯语作为印欧语言之一的这些结构，作为这个家族中最古老的书面传统之一，已有2500多年的历史。所采用的理论框架是角色和指称语法，它被认为能够捕捉到波斯语复杂谓语的双重性质，特别是轻动词结构。根据Payne(1997)的说法，“如果一种语言中有一组在形态句法上不同的形容词，那么这组词通常用于表达以下属性”:1 Khanlari, p.n. 1979。波斯语的历史。卷。1。N. H.安萨里翻译。Idarah-I adabiat - i Delli, 2009, Qasimjan st，德里。
{"title":"Adjectival Nuclear Junctures in Persian: A Role & Reference Grammar Analysis","authors":"Zari Saeedi Talab","doi":"10.21427/D7F73S","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21427/D7F73S","url":null,"abstract":"The issue of predication is the central theme of all linguistic theories i.e. all the languages of the world have predicating elements through which communication and related propositions form. What these languages differ in is the way different elements or classes of words are used to predicate a sentence or a clause. Verbs are the most frequent and widely known predicating elements and as a matter of fact, and as Napoli (1989) maintains, developments in modern linguistics have recently allowed questions regarding the deeper levels of the nature of predication. Issues such as the status of multiple and complex predicates (CP) or nuclear junctures (NJ) in a single clause are of much interest in linguistic theories dealing with predication since in these constructions nouns, adverbs, or adjectives can also play a predicating role in combination with the verbal elements which are sometimes referred to as ‘light verbs’. 1. Adjectival Light Verb Constructions in Persian In general, CPs or NJs have been analysed crosslinguistically from different perspectives and are of great theoretical importance because their analysis raises important points about inter-relationship of morphology, syntax, and lexicon. Cattell (1984) who is one of the first scholars that characterizes these constructions in English, discusses structures such as the complex predicate ‘make an offer’ compared with the full/heavy verb/predicate ‘offer’. In constructions like ‘make an offer’ the verbal element ‘make’ is not the only predicating element rather the combination of ‘make’ and ‘an offer’ forms a CP in which the verb ‘make’ is in fact a light verb i.e. it has a light predicating role. As referred before, these light verbal elements can also join adjectives to form NJs, which are called ‘adjectival light verbal constructions’ and are the main focus of the present study. Indeed, the aim here is to investigate these structures in Modern Persian as one of the Indo-European languages, with one of the oldest written traditions in this family, of more than 2500 years The theoretical framework adopted is Role and Reference Grammar which is believed to be capable of capturing the double nature of Persian complex predicates in general and light verb constructions in particular. According to Payne (1997), ‘if a language has a morphosyntactically distinct class of adjectives, this group of words is typically used to express the following properties’: 1 Khanlari, P. N. 1979. A History of the Persian Language. vol. 1. Translated by N. H. Ansari. Idarah-I Adabiyat-I Delli, 2009, Qasimjan st., Dehli.","PeriodicalId":344899,"journal":{"name":"The ITB Journal","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132997779","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The image schema model proposes that basic sensory-motor concepts are the prelinguistic building blocks upon which more abstract concepts are grown. Spatial particles such as prepositions encode basic information linked to embodied human experience and tend to be highly polysemous, existing in both basic and abstract domains of experience. They are therefore useful for studying the schematic properties of language across different conceptual domains, and for understanding how abstract concepts are grounded in basic experiential knowledge. In this paper we demonstrate the usefulness of an image schema approach to the analysis of Irish prepositions, illustrating how the radial structure organisation of polysemous meaning senses schematically links basic perceptual concepts with non-perceptual abstract concepts. We thus argue that the image schema model illustrates the fundamental grounding of language in sensory-motor concepts, and how our understanding of abstract concepts is possible only as a result of the embodied nature of the human mind. List of Abbreviations 1sg: 1 person singular, 1pl: 1 person plural, 3pl:, 3 person plural, acc: accusative, ADJ: adjective, ADV: adverb, CON: conjugator, COND: conditional, dat: dative, DEM: demonstrative particle, DET: determiner, em: emphatic suffix, gen: genitive, IMPS: impersonal passive, INT: interrogative pronoun, NEG: negative verb particle, nom: nominative, NP: noun phrase, pl: plural, PN: pronoun, POS: possessive adjective, PP: prepositional phrase, PPc: compound preposition, PR: present tense, PT: past tense, VN: verbal noun 1. Image Schemas and the Embodied Mind The image schema concept was introduced simultaneously by Mark Johnson (1987) and George Lakoff (1987) in order to explain how the embodied human mind is able to understand and reason abstractly. Now one of the central concepts in the field of Cognitive Linguistics, the image schema model proposes that basic concepts are organised schematically across languages because they are common to our basic embodied human experiences. It enables us to see how more abstract concepts are ‘grown’ from concepts that are common to our sensory-motor experiences, and how the basic and abstract concepts are schematically linked via metaphorical and polysemous radial structures, which underpin and organise the lexicon. Prepositions tend to be highly polysemous in nature and so are particularly suitable for examining the schematic nature of spatial concepts across basic and abstract domains. In this paper we draw on our image schema analysis of an Irish prepositional corpus (Manning, 2009) to illustrate how abstract concepts in Irish are grounded in experientially basic ones, and furthermore how the perceptual and metaphorical meaning senses of polysemous Irish prepositions, are connected radially from central basic senses to extended abstract senses. In section 2 we define image schemas for the purpose of our analysis, and specify two other types of schema, t
{"title":"The Schematic Organisation of Irish Prepositions","authors":"M. Manning","doi":"10.21427/D7X74H","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21427/D7X74H","url":null,"abstract":"The image schema model proposes that basic sensory-motor concepts are the prelinguistic building blocks upon which more abstract concepts are grown. Spatial particles such as prepositions encode basic information linked to embodied human experience and tend to be highly polysemous, existing in both basic and abstract domains of experience. They are therefore useful for studying the schematic properties of language across different conceptual domains, and for understanding how abstract concepts are grounded in basic experiential knowledge. In this paper we demonstrate the usefulness of an image schema approach to the analysis of Irish prepositions, illustrating how the radial structure organisation of polysemous meaning senses schematically links basic perceptual concepts with non-perceptual abstract concepts. We thus argue that the image schema model illustrates the fundamental grounding of language in sensory-motor concepts, and how our understanding of abstract concepts is possible only as a result of the embodied nature of the human mind. List of Abbreviations 1sg: 1 person singular, 1pl: 1 person plural, 3pl:, 3 person plural, acc: accusative, ADJ: adjective, ADV: adverb, CON: conjugator, COND: conditional, dat: dative, DEM: demonstrative particle, DET: determiner, em: emphatic suffix, gen: genitive, IMPS: impersonal passive, INT: interrogative pronoun, NEG: negative verb particle, nom: nominative, NP: noun phrase, pl: plural, PN: pronoun, POS: possessive adjective, PP: prepositional phrase, PPc: compound preposition, PR: present tense, PT: past tense, VN: verbal noun 1. Image Schemas and the Embodied Mind The image schema concept was introduced simultaneously by Mark Johnson (1987) and George Lakoff (1987) in order to explain how the embodied human mind is able to understand and reason abstractly. Now one of the central concepts in the field of Cognitive Linguistics, the image schema model proposes that basic concepts are organised schematically across languages because they are common to our basic embodied human experiences. It enables us to see how more abstract concepts are ‘grown’ from concepts that are common to our sensory-motor experiences, and how the basic and abstract concepts are schematically linked via metaphorical and polysemous radial structures, which underpin and organise the lexicon. Prepositions tend to be highly polysemous in nature and so are particularly suitable for examining the schematic nature of spatial concepts across basic and abstract domains. In this paper we draw on our image schema analysis of an Irish prepositional corpus (Manning, 2009) to illustrate how abstract concepts in Irish are grounded in experientially basic ones, and furthermore how the perceptual and metaphorical meaning senses of polysemous Irish prepositions, are connected radially from central basic senses to extended abstract senses. In section 2 we define image schemas for the purpose of our analysis, and specify two other types of schema, t","PeriodicalId":344899,"journal":{"name":"The ITB Journal","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115562798","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper outlines current perspectives on the role of gender in second language acquisition (SLA) research. Neither a singular field of research relating specifically to gender and SLA nor a theory of gender and SLA exist as yet. However, the distinct and well-established fields of language and gender studies and the field of SLA strongly underpin this topic area and a gradual emergence of research relating specifically to the role of gender in SLA is evident.
{"title":"Current Perspectives on the Role of Gender in Second Language Acquisition (SLA) Research","authors":"Karen Feery","doi":"10.21427/D7DB3H","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21427/D7DB3H","url":null,"abstract":"This paper outlines current perspectives on the role of gender in second language acquisition (SLA) research. Neither a singular field of research relating specifically to gender and SLA nor a theory of gender and SLA exist as yet. However, the distinct and well-established fields of language and gender studies and the field of SLA strongly underpin this topic area and a gradual emergence of research relating specifically to the role of gender in SLA is evident.","PeriodicalId":344899,"journal":{"name":"The ITB Journal","volume":"47 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129546540","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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