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Characterization in the Stories of Monteiro Lobato 蒙泰罗·洛巴托故事中的人物塑造
Pub Date : 2016-01-06 DOI: 10.1353/RMR.1970.0016
T. Brown
Jose Bento Monteiro Lobato was born in 1882 in Taubat6, in the Paralba valley in the state of Sao Paulo, Brazil, and died in 1948 in the city of Sao Paulo. His career was active and varied: law graduate, public prosecutor in small-town Areias, planter, writer, publisher, director of the Sao Paulo literary magazine Revista do Brasil, campaigner for public health, commercial attache in New York, and organizer and promoter of a campaign for the development of iron and oil industries in Brazil. He won fame as a writer of fiction with four books of short stories: Urupes (1918), Cidades mortas (1919), Negrinha (1920), and 0 macaco que se fgz homen (1923).' He wrote a few later stories and one novel,2 but the bulk of his serious fiction for adults (he became Brazil's outstanding writer of books for children) is contained in these volumes. The short story was Lobato's chosen vehicle and Kipling and Maupassant his models.3 He became known for the realistic-regionalistic depiction of scenes and characters from the small-town and rural Sao Paulo that he had known during his years in Areias, and on the plantation that he owned and operated before moving to the city of Sao Paulo in 1917. This study will give illustrations of Lobato's techniques of characterization in his short stories. He is not always primarily interested in depicting character; his personages may be subordinated to plot, setting, or theme. Principal and secondary characters alike may be types or caricatures as well as fully-drawn individuals. Lobato fixes their personalities in various ways: through direct description or description by a character-narrator or other characters, or by depiction in a significant act. Lobato combines exterior description with characterization by recording
何塞·本托·蒙泰罗·洛巴托于1882年出生于巴西圣保罗州帕拉巴山谷的陶巴,1948年在圣保罗市去世。他的职业生涯活跃而多样:法学院毕业生、小镇阿雷亚斯的检察官、种植园主、作家、出版商、圣保罗文学杂志《巴西复兴》(Revista do Brasil)的主编、公共卫生活动家、驻纽约商务参事、巴西铁和石油工业发展运动的组织者和推动者。他以四部短篇小说而闻名:《乌鲁普斯》(1918年)、《死亡之城》(1919年)、《内格里尼亚》(1920年)和《我的家乡》(1923年)。他后来写了一些故事和一部小说,但他的大部分成人严肃小说(他成为巴西杰出的儿童读物作家)都包含在这些书中。短篇小说是洛巴托选择的载体,吉卜林和莫泊桑是他的榜样他以现实主义的地方主义手法描绘圣保罗小镇和乡村的场景和人物而闻名,这些都是他在阿雷亚斯(Areias)的岁月里所熟悉的,也是他在1917年搬到圣保罗之前拥有和经营的种植园里所熟悉的。本研究将举例说明洛巴托在其短篇小说中的人物塑造技巧。他的主要兴趣并不总是刻画人物;他的人物可能服从于情节、背景或主题。主要角色和次要角色都可以是类型或漫画,也可以是完全绘制的个人。洛巴托以各种方式固定他们的个性:通过直接描述或由角色叙述者或其他角色描述,或通过重要行为的描绘。Lobato通过记录将外部描述与人物特征相结合
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引用次数: 0
Quincy Guy Burris, 1954-1955 昆西·盖伊·伯里斯,1954-1955
Pub Date : 2016-01-06 DOI: 10.1353/rmr.1968.0010
R. Newton
What words could more appropriately describe Dr. Quincy Guy Burns, accomplished teacher, Elizabethan scholar, and respected administrator, than this oft-quoted Shakespearean phrase? Dr. Burris, who retired in August 1966, after twenty-eight years of service at New Mexico Highlands University, left his mark on that small southwestern university. He joined the faculty at Highlands in 1938 as head of the English department. Prior to that, he had taught English at Millikin University, at the University of Illinois, at Charleston College, and at Purdue University. A native of Illinois, Burns received all his college degrees—B.A., M.A., and Ph.D.—at the University of Illinois. In 1924, he was elected to Phi Beta Kappa, one of his many academic honors. While at Highlands, Professor Burris served ably in many capacities. He guided the English department until 1952, when he was named academic dean. Under his direction, the curriculum throughout the entire undergraduate school evolved into what was truly a liberal arts program. In 1961, he was confirmed as vice-president of the university, a position which he held concurrently with his deanship until his retirement. Despite his heavy administrative and academic load, Professor Burris found time to serve the community. He served on the Las Vegas City School Board, as chairman of the Las Vegas Library Board, on the board of both the Community Concert Association and the Las Vegas Fine Arts Committee, and worked actively within his church. His many efforts, both academic and civic, brought him considerable recognition, including being named to Who's Who in America. Even with these duties, Dr. Burris found time to continue his scholarly pursuits. For example, one of his short stories, a study of a New Mexico village, won a "Best Short Story" award in 1952. He also translated several
还有什么词能比这句经常被引用的莎士比亚名言更贴切地描述昆西·盖伊·伯恩斯博士——一位有成就的教师、伊丽莎白时代的学者和受人尊敬的行政官员呢?伯里斯博士在新墨西哥高地大学(New Mexico Highlands University)工作了28年后,于1966年8月退休,他在这所西南小大学留下了自己的印记。他于1938年加入海兰德学院,担任英语系主任。在此之前,他曾在米利金大学、伊利诺伊大学、查尔斯顿学院和普渡大学教过英语。伯恩斯是伊利诺伊州人,他获得了所有的大学学位——学士学位。他在伊利诺伊大学获得硕士和博士学位。1924年,他被选为Phi Beta Kappa会员,这是他众多学术荣誉之一。在高地大学期间,伯里斯教授在许多方面都表现出色。1952年,他担任英语系主任,并被任命为教务长。在他的指导下,整个本科学院的课程发展成为真正的文科课程。1961年,他被任命为大学副校长,并兼任校长一职,直至退休。尽管他的行政和学术负担沉重,伯里斯教授抽出时间为社会服务。他曾在拉斯维加斯城市学校董事会任职,担任拉斯维加斯图书馆董事会主席,社区音乐会协会和拉斯维加斯美术委员会的董事会成员,并在他的教堂积极工作。他在学术和公民方面的许多努力为他带来了相当大的认可,包括被提名为美国名人录。即使有了这些职责,伯里斯博士仍有时间继续他的学术追求。例如,他的一个短篇小说,关于新墨西哥村庄的研究,在1952年获得了“最佳短篇小说”奖。他还翻译了
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引用次数: 0
Blindfolded and Backwards: Promethean and Bemushroomed Heroism in One Flew Over the Cuckoo'S Nest and Catch-22 蒙住眼睛和向后:《飞越疯人院》和《第二十二条军规》中的普罗米修斯和蘑菇般的英雄主义
Pub Date : 2016-01-06 DOI: 10.1353/RMR.1972.0009
William Schopf
Joseph Heller's Catch-22 and Ken Kesey's One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest have been heralded as prominent political-literary statements of the American New Left. Subversive and irreverent, these novels boldly confront the shape and aims of the authority-structure. As New Left literature they challenge the divine right of American Authority by ridiculiug all jingoism underlain by the arrogant assumption that a hotline wires the Structure to Divinity. Colonel Cathcart, for example, speaking for the commanding officers in Heller's novel, asks unbelievingly, "What are you talking about? You mean they [the enlisted men] pray to the same God we do?" (p. 199).1 The two novels have been revered by the young if only because they attest to the Basic Conflict-enlisted men vs. officers, idealism and change vs. rigidity. Politically powerless, America's young can envision themselves as Yossarians combatting their personal Cathcarts. The themes of the novels are, of course, representative of the Sixties: man in alienation from himself, society, God and the past; man rootless and unstable in a world spinning away madly and irretrievably. As Paul Goodman has written, "History is out of control. It is no longer something that we make but something that happens to us ... What is the psychology of feeling that one is powerless to alter basic conditions? What is it as a way of being in the world?"2 The New Left conceives of Authority as intrinsically wicked and selfseeking, so that its primary concerns become self-perpetuation and omnipotence. In Catch-22 the diabolical General P.P. Peckem informs an incredulous subordinate that he can do anything not forbidden by law and there is no law against lying. General Dreedle indignantly asks, "You mean I can't shoot anyone I want to?" (p. 228). The essence of the best catch of all, catch-22, is that "they [Authority] have a right to do anything we can't stop them from doing" (p. 416). Likewise, in Kesey's novel the hospital wards compete for prizes given to the group which cooperates most with Big Nurse Ratched, the self-proclaimed divinity of a mental institution. The body of criticism of Catch-22 and Cuckoos Nest, in suggesting the inevitability of permanent warfare with the Structure, has largely ignored
约瑟夫·海勒的《第二十二条军规》和肯·凯西的《飞越疯人区》被誉为美国新左派杰出的政治文学宣言。这些小说具有颠覆性和不敬性,大胆地面对权威结构的形态和目的。作为新左派文学,他们通过荒谬的沙文主义挑战美国权威的神圣权利,这种傲慢的假设是,有一条热线将结构与神性联系起来。例如,卡思卡特上校在海勒的小说中代表指挥官们问道:“你们在说什么?你是说他们(应征入伍的士兵)和我们一样向上帝祈祷?”(199页)。1这两部小说受到年轻人的推崇,仅仅是因为它们证明了基本的冲突——士兵与军官、理想主义、变革与僵化。在政治上无能为力的美国年轻人,可以把自己想象成与自己的卡特斗争的优胜派。这些小说的主题当然是60年代的代表:人与自己、社会、上帝和过去的异化;在一个疯狂地、不可挽回地旋转着的世界里,人是无根的、不稳定的。正如保罗·古德曼(Paul Goodman)所写,“历史已经失控。它不再是我们制造的东西,而是发生在我们身上的东西……感觉自己无力改变基本条件的心理是什么?它是一种怎样的存在方式?新左派认为权威本质上是邪恶和自私的,因此它的主要关注点变成了自我延续和无所不能。在《第二十二条军规》中,邪恶的将军P.P. Peckem告诉一个不相信他的下属,他可以做任何法律不禁止的事情,而且没有法律禁止说谎。德利德尔将军愤怒地问:“你是说我不能随便开枪?”(p。228)。第22条军规的本质是“他们(当局)有权做任何我们无法阻止他们做的事情”(第416页)。同样地,在凯西的小说中,医院病房会竞争奖品,奖励给与大护士拉契特合作最多的小组,拉契特自称是精神病院的神。对《第二十二条军规》和《杜鹃巢》的大量批评,在暗示与该组织进行永久战争的必然性时,基本上被忽视了
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引用次数: 2
Ethnic Studies: Benefit or Boondoggle? 民族研究:有益还是无用?
Pub Date : 2016-01-06 DOI: 10.1353/RMR.1972.0014
Leslie A. Field
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引用次数: 1
Marino and Italian Baroque 马里诺和意大利巴洛克风格
Pub Date : 2016-01-06 DOI: 10.1353/rmr.1971.0004
H. Priest
Together with a phenomenal revival of enthusiasm for Baroque art in recent decades has come a rediscovery of literary movements and writers of that age who for several centuries were scarcely noticed, or if noticed, were held up to ridicule. One of the most atrociously maligned of those authors was the Italian poet Marino. In his own time he was regarded by many as the poet laureate of Europe; and many of the poets of his and the succeeding generation form the school of "Marinismo." In Italian literature Marinismo is synonymous with Baroque; consequently, I shall focus my discussion on the chief exemplar, Marino, and his place in the movement. Marino's major work, the Adone (Adonis in English), was published in Paris in 1623, the same year as the First Folio of Shakespeare; and the appearance of Adone was heralded throughout Europe as an occasion of major importance. The poem was generally received with great enthusiasm and for half a century was esteemed one of the most brilliant achievements of the era. Such enthusiasm on the part of contemporaries, even if it does not now seem entirely justified, compels us, as students of the period, to take serious cognizance of the work. One point is immediately evident: Marino's poem was of and for the aristocracy, an aspect which reveals a kinship with the architecture and much of the painting, sculpture, and music of the movement. Marino spent his adult years in court circles in Naples, Rome, Turin, and Paris; he admired the external brillance that those courts had attained; and his poem reflects their visible image and their values to a considerable degree, as we shall see. The body of Marino's poetry includes, in addition to Adone, several hundred lyrics, amorous, religious, and eulogistic; a large collection of poems on artists and works of art (La Galleria); a fine group of mythological tales (La Sampogna); and a short religious epic, La Strage degr Innocenti (The Slaughter of the Innocents). This last work brought Baroque intricacy and flair to the already popular epics on Biblical themes. Crashaw's translation of the first canto, entitled Sospetto d' Herode, is, incidentally, more Marinistic than the original. The first aspect of Marinismo to be examined should be its style, which was its trademark. The writers and critics of the age characterized their writing with the terms ingegno and acutezza, signifying "wit," "ingenuity," or "the genius of creativity." Remember that the writers and artists of the early seventeenth century were awed by the masters of the Renaissance and
近几十年来,随着人们对巴洛克艺术的热情出现了惊人的复苏,人们重新发现了那个时代的文学运动和作家,他们在几个世纪里几乎不被注意到,或者即使被注意到,也被嘲笑。在这些作家中,受到最恶毒中伤的是意大利诗人马里诺。在他的时代,他被许多人认为是欧洲的桂冠诗人;他的许多诗人和后来的一代诗人组成了“马里主义”流派。在意大利文学中,Marinismo是巴洛克的同义词;因此,我将集中讨论主要的榜样马里诺,以及他在这场运动中的地位。马里诺的主要作品《阿多尼斯》于1623年在巴黎出版,同年,莎士比亚的《第一对开本》也出版了。阿多尼的出现在整个欧洲被视为一个重要的时刻。这首诗受到了普遍的热烈欢迎,半个世纪以来被认为是那个时代最辉煌的成就之一。同时代人的这种热情,即使现在看来并不完全合理,也迫使我们作为那个时代的学生,认真地认识这部作品。有一点是显而易见的:马里诺的诗是属于贵族的,也是为贵族写的,这方面揭示了与建筑、绘画、雕塑和音乐运动的密切关系。马里诺成年后在那不勒斯、罗马、都灵和巴黎的宫廷圈子里度过;他钦佩那些宫廷所取得的外在辉煌;他的诗在很大程度上反映了他们的形象和价值观,我们会看到。马里诺的诗歌除了《阿多内》之外,还包括几百首抒情诗、情诗、宗教诗和颂词;关于艺术家和艺术作品的大量诗集(La Galleria);一组精美的神话故事(La Sampogna);以及一部简短的宗教史诗《屠杀无辜者》。这最后的工作带来了巴洛克的复杂性和天赋,已经流行的史诗圣经主题。顺便说一句,克拉肖对第一章的翻译,标题为“索斯佩托·德·希罗德”,比原文更有海洋主义色彩。首先要考察的是Marinismo的风格,这是它的标志。那个时代的作家和评论家用ingegno和acutezza来描述他们的作品,意思是“机智”、“独创性”或“创造力的天才”。请记住,十七世纪早期的作家和艺术家都对文艺复兴时期的大师们肃然起敬
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引用次数: 1
Twenty-Second Annual Meeting of the Rocky Mountain Modern Language Association Colorado Springs at the Invitation of The United States Air Force Academy in association with Colorado College 应美国空军学院和科罗拉多学院的邀请,在科罗拉多斯普林斯举行了落基山现代语言协会第二十二届年会
Pub Date : 2016-01-06 DOI: 10.1353/rmr.1968.0022
N. Cross, Ray Newton, C. M. Segura, R. Armstrong
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引用次数: 0
Colorado State University 科罗拉多州立大学
Pub Date : 2016-01-06 DOI: 10.1353/rmr.1969.0024
J. C. Evans
Colorado State University was established at Fort Collins in 1870 as "The Agricultural College of Colorado" by the Council and House of Representatives of Colorado Territory. President Elmer E. Edwards and his two professors greeted 19 students for the school's first class in 1879. That same year CSU was designated as Colorado's land-grant college under the terms of the federal Morrill act. As a land-grant college die school was known as the "Colorado Agricultural and Mechanical College" until 1957 when the Colorado General Assembly re-designated it as "Colorado State University." The University is governed by the State Board of Agriculture, which is also die controlling body for die Colorado Experimental Station, the Cooperative Extension Service, the Colorado State Service and Fort Lewis College at Durango. The board consists of eight members appointed by the Governor and confirmed by the Senate. Board member terms are eight
科罗拉多州立大学于1870年由科罗拉多州议会和众议院在柯林斯堡建立,当时名为“科罗拉多农业学院”。1879年,校长埃尔默·e·爱德华兹和他的两位教授在学校的第一堂课上迎接了19名学生。同年,根据联邦莫里尔法案,科罗拉多州立大学被指定为科罗拉多州的赠地学院。作为一所赠地大学,直到1957年,科罗拉多大会将其重新命名为“科罗拉多州立大学”,这所学校才被称为“科罗拉多农业和机械学院”。该大学由国家农业委员会管理,该委员会也是科罗拉多州实验站、合作推广服务处、科罗拉多州服务处和杜兰戈刘易斯堡学院的控制机构。董事会由八名成员组成,由州长任命并经参议院批准。董事会成员任期为八届
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引用次数: 18
RMMLA Past Presidents: VI: Edward L. Hart, 1957-1958 前任主席:六任:爱德华·哈特(1957-1958)
Pub Date : 2016-01-06 DOI: 10.1353/RMR.1969.0020
D. Farnsworth
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引用次数: 0
Instant Publication 即时发布
Pub Date : 2016-01-06 DOI: 10.1353/rmr.1969.0005
W. Thompson
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引用次数: 0
RM-MLA Past Presidents: II Stuart Cuthbertson 1950-1951 RM-MLA前任主席:II Stuart Cuthbertson 1950-1951
Pub Date : 2016-01-06 DOI: 10.1353/RMR.1968.0032
B. Udick
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Bulletin of the Rocky Mountain Modern Language Association
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