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Probing the Rock Mass Fraction and Transport Efficiency inside Uranus Using 40Ar Measurements 利用 40Ar 测量探测天王星内部岩石质量比例和传输效率
Q2 ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS Pub Date : 2024-05-06 DOI: 10.3847/psj/ad3b93
Francis Nimmo, Jonathan Lunine, Kevin Zahnle and Lars Stixrude
The bulk of Uranus consists of a rock–ice core, but the relative proportions of rock and ice are unknown. Radioactive decay of potassium in the silicates produces 40Ar. If transport of argon from the core to the gaseous envelope is efficient, a measurement of 40Ar in the envelope will provide a direct constraint on the rock mass present (assuming a chondritic rock composition). The expected 40Ar concentrations in this case would be readily detectable by a mass spectrometer carried by a future atmospheric probe. For a given envelope concentration there is a trade-off between the rock mass present and the transport efficiency; this degeneracy could be overcome by making independent determinations of the rock mass (e.g., by gravity and seismology). Primordial 40Ar is a potential confounding factor, especially if Ar/H2 is significantly enhanced above solar or if degassing of radiogenic 40Ar were inefficient. Unfortunately, the primordial 40Ar/36Ar ratio is very uncertain; better constraints on this ratio through measurement or theory would be very helpful. Pollution of the envelope by silicates is another confounding factor but can be overcome by a measurement of the alkali metals in the envelope.
天王星的大部分由岩冰核心组成,但岩石和冰的相对比例尚不清楚。硅酸盐中钾的放射性衰变产生 40Ar。如果氩从内核到气态包层的传输是有效的,那么对包层中 40Ar 的测量将对存在的岩石质量提供直接的约束(假设岩石成分为软玉体)。在这种情况下,未来大气探测器携带的质谱仪将很容易检测到预期的 40Ar 浓度。对于给定的包络线浓度,存在的岩石质量和传输效率之间存在权衡;通过对岩石质量进行独立测定(例如,通过重力和地震学),可以克服这种退化。原始 40Ar 是一个潜在的干扰因素,尤其是当 Ar/H2 显著高于太阳时,或者放射性 40Ar 的脱气效率很低时。遗憾的是,原始 40Ar/36Ar 的比率非常不确定;通过测量或理论对这一比率进行更好的约束将非常有帮助。硅酸盐对包层的污染是另一个干扰因素,但可以通过测量包层中的碱金属来克服。
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引用次数: 0
Comparative Mid-infrared Spectroscopy of Dark, Primitive Asteroids: Does Shared Taxonomic Class Indicate Shared Silicate Composition? 暗色原始小行星的中红外光谱比较:共同的分类学类别是否意味着共同的硅酸盐成分?
Q2 ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS Pub Date : 2024-05-05 DOI: 10.3847/psj/ad3a69
Oriel A. Humes, Audrey C. Martin, Cristina A. Thomas and Joshua P. Emery
Primitive asteroids with low albedos and red slopes in the visible and near-infrared (VNIR) are found in both the main belt and the Jupiter Trojan clouds. In order to determine whether the VNIR spectral similarities of primitive main-belt asteroids and Jupiter Trojans are reflective of a true compositional similarity, we compare the mid-infrared silicate emission features of main-belt and Jupiter Trojan asteroids. Using archival data from the Spitzer Space Telescope’s Infrared Spectrograph and observations from the Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy’s FORCAST instrument, we analyze the 5–40 μm spectra of 13 primitive main-belt asteroids and compare them to those of Jupiter Trojans in the literature. We find that while many primitive asteroids in the main belt resemble their Trojan counterparts with strong spectral signatures of olivine-rich high-porosity silicate regoliths, we identify (368) Haidea as a spectrally distinctive asteroid that lacks strong evidence of olivine in its mid-IR spectrum. Differences in silicate compositions among D-type asteroids imply a diversity of origins for primitive asteroids.
在主带和木星特洛伊云中都发现了可见光和近红外(VNIR)红斜率低的原始小行星。为了确定原始主带小行星和木星特洛伊小行星的可见近红外光谱相似性是否反映了真正的成分相似性,我们比较了主带小行星和木星特洛伊小行星的中红外硅酸盐发射特征。利用斯皮策太空望远镜红外摄谱仪的档案数据和同温层红外天文观测台 FORCAST 仪器的观测数据,我们分析了 13 颗原始主带小行星的 5-40 μm 光谱,并将其与文献中的木星特洛伊木马的光谱进行了比较。我们发现,虽然主带中的许多原始小行星与特洛伊小行星类似,都具有富含橄榄石的高孔隙率硅酸盐再结晶的强烈光谱特征,但我们发现 (368) Haidea 是一颗光谱上与众不同的小行星,它的中红外光谱中缺乏橄榄石的强烈证据。D型小行星之间硅酸盐成分的差异意味着原始小行星起源的多样性。
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引用次数: 0
Pwyll and Manannán Craters as a Laboratory for Constraining Irradiation Timescales on Europa 将普韦尔环形山和马纳南环形山作为模拟欧罗巴辐照时间尺度的实验室
Q2 ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS Pub Date : 2024-05-02 DOI: 10.3847/psj/ad3944
M. Ryleigh Davis and Michael E. Brown
We examine high-spatial-resolution Galileo/Near-Infrared Mapping Spectrometer observations of the young (∼1 My–∼20 My) impact features, Pwyll and Manannán craters, on Europa’s trailing hemisphere in an effort to constrain irradiation timescales. We characterize their composition using a linear spectral modeling analysis, and find that both craters and their ejecta are depleted in hydrated sulfuric acid relative to nearby older terrain. This suggests that the radiolytic sulfur cycle has not yet had enough time to build up an equilibrium concentration of H2SO4, and places a strong lower limit of the age of the craters on the equilibrium timescale of the radiolytic sulfur cycle on Europa's trailing hemisphere. Additionally, we find that the dark and red material seen in the craters and proximal ejecta of Pwyll and Manannán show the spectroscopic signature of hydrated, presumably endogenic salts. This suggests that the irradiation-induced darkening and reddening of endogenic salts thought to occur on Europa’s trailing hemisphere has already happened at Pwyll and Manannán, thereby placing an upper limit on the timescale by which salts are irradiation reddened.
我们研究了伽利略/近红外绘图分光仪对欧罗巴后半球年轻(1 My-∼20 My)撞击特征--普韦尔环形山和马纳南环形山--的高空间分辨率观测,以努力确定辐照时间尺度。我们利用线性光谱建模分析确定了它们的成分特征,发现相对于附近较古老的地形,这两个陨石坑及其喷出物中的水合硫酸含量都很低。这表明放射性硫循环还没有足够的时间建立起 H2SO4 的平衡浓度,并将陨石坑的年龄下限强加在了欧罗巴后半球放射性硫循环的平衡时间尺度上。此外,我们还发现,在普韦尔和马纳南的陨石坑和近喷出物中看到的深色和红色物质显示了水合盐(可能是内生盐)的光谱特征。这表明,认为在欧罗巴后半球发生的辐照诱发的内生盐变黑和变红现象已经在普韦尔和马纳南发生,从而为盐类被辐照变红的时间尺度设定了上限。
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引用次数: 0
Possible Anthropogenic Contributions to the LAMP-observed Surficial Icy Regolith within Lunar Polar Craters: A Comparison of Apollo and Starship Landings 月球极地陨石坑内LAMP观测到的表层冰冻残积岩的可能人为贡献:阿波罗和星舰着陆的比较
Q2 ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS Pub Date : 2024-05-01 DOI: 10.3847/psj/ad37f5
William M. Farrell, P. Prem, D. M. Hurley, O. J. Tucker, R. M. Killen
This work assesses the potential of midsized and large human landing systems to deliver water from their exhaust plumes to cold traps within lunar polar craters. It has been estimated that a total of between 2 and 60 T of surficial water was sensed by the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Lyman Alpha Mapping Project on the floors of the larger permanently shadowed south polar craters. This intrinsic surficial water sensed in the far-ultraviolet is thought to be in the form of a 0.3%–2% icy regolith in the top few hundred nanometers of the surface. We find that the six past Apollo Lunar Module midlatitude landings could contribute no more than 0.36 T of water mass to this existing, intrinsic surficial water in permanently shadowed regions (PSRs). However, we find that the Starship landing plume has the potential, in some cases, to deliver over 10 T of water to the PSRs, which is a substantial fraction (possibly >20%) of the existing intrinsic surficial water mass. This anthropogenic contribution could possibly overlay and mix with the naturally occurring icy regolith at the uppermost surface. A possible consequence is that the origin of the intrinsic surficial icy regolith, which is still undetermined, could be lost as it mixes with the extrinsic anthropogenic contribution. We suggest that existing and future orbital and landed assets be used to examine the effect of polar landers on the cold traps within PSRs.
这项工作评估了中型和大型人类着陆系统从其排出的羽流中向月球极地环形山内的冷阱输送水的潜力。据估计,月球勘测轨道器莱曼阿尔法测绘项目在较大的永久阴影南极陨石坑底部感应到的地表水总量在 2 到 60 T 之间。这种在远紫外线中感应到的固有地表水被认为是以 0.3%-2% 的冰质碎屑形式存在于地表顶部几百纳米的区域。我们发现,过去六次阿波罗登月舱中纬度着陆对永久阴影区(PSRs)现有的固有表层水的贡献不会超过 0.36 T。然而,我们发现星船着陆羽流在某些情况下有可能向永久阴影区提供超过 10 吨的水,这相当于现有固有表层水的很大一部分(可能是 20%)。这种人为的水可能会与最上层地表自然形成的冰壳岩相叠加和混合。一个可能的后果是,仍未确定的固有表层冰质碎屑岩的来源可能会因为与外来的人为成分混合而消失。我们建议利用现有和未来的轨道和着陆资产来研究极地着陆器对 PSR 内冷阱的影响。
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引用次数: 0
The History of Eruptions at Acala Fluctus, Io: Source of Multiple Outbursts 木卫二阿卡拉波动点的喷发史多次爆发的源头
Q2 ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS Pub Date : 2024-05-01 DOI: 10.3847/psj/ad38be
Julie A. Rathbun, Madeline Pettine, Moses Milazzo and Christian Tate
Recent ground-based Infrared Telescope Facility observations showed that a hot spot observed at the location of the surface feature Acala Fluctus was volcanically active for ∼18 months in 2019–2020 and exhibited two outbursts with a temperature of ∼1200 K. A high-temperature hot spot at Acala was also observed by Galileo SSI in the late 1990s over multiple flybys. Low-temperature hot spots in this area were detected in 2000 by the Galileo Photopolarimeter Radiometer and in 1979 by Voyager IRIS. However, neither the Galileo NIMS instrument nor any instrument on the New Horizons spacecraft, which flew by Io in 2007, saw any evidence of an Acala hot spot. It is also possible that earlier ground-based disk-integrated observations of hot spots are due to Acala, even though they were originally attributed to other volcanoes, such as Loki. These include outbursts in 1978 and 1990 and a persistent low-temperature source in the 1980 and 1990s. From these observations, we propose that Acala consists of highly variable high-temperature fire fountains and a large area of low-temperature, older flows. Due to these recent outbursts, we expect that any images of Acala obtained by JunoCam will show surface changes from Galileo images.
最近的地基红外望远镜设施观测表明,在地表特征 Acala Fluctus 位置观测到的一个热点在 2019-2020 年期间有 18 个月的火山活动,并有两次爆发,温度达 1200 K。2000 年伽利略光度计辐射计和 1979 年旅行者 IRIS 分别探测到了这一地区的低温热点。然而,无论是伽利略 NIMS 仪器还是 2007 年飞越木卫二的新视野号航天器上的任何仪器,都没有发现阿卡拉热点的任何证据。还有一种可能是,早期的地面圆盘综合观测到的热点是阿卡拉火山造成的,尽管这些热点最初被认为是洛基等其他火山造成的。其中包括 1978 年和 1990 年的爆发以及 1980 年和 1990 年的持续低温源。根据这些观测结果,我们认为阿卡拉火山由高度多变的高温火流喷泉和大面积的低温老火山流组成。由于最近的这些爆发,我们预计朱诺相机获得的任何阿卡拉图像都将显示出与伽利略图像相比的表面变化。
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引用次数: 0
Stellar Occultations in the Era of Data Mining and Modern Regression Models: Using Gaussian Processes to Analyze Light Curves and Improve Predictions 数据挖掘和现代回归模型时代的恒星掩星:利用高斯过程分析光变曲线并改进预测
Q2 ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS Pub Date : 2024-04-25 DOI: 10.3847/psj/ad3819
Bastian Knieling, Karsten Schindler, Amanda A. Sickafoose, Michael J. Person, Stephen E. Levine and Alfred Krabbe
Gaussian process (GP) regression is a nonparametric Bayesian approach that has been used successfully in various astronomical domains, especially in time-domain astronomy. The most common applications are the smoothing of data for interpolation and the detection of periodicities. The ability to create unbiased data-driven models without a predefined physical model can be a major advantage over conventional regression methods. Prior knowledge can be included by setting boundary conditions or constraining hyperparameter values, while unknown hyperparameters are optimized during the conditioning of the model. We have adapted and transformed previous approaches of GP regression and introduce three new applications for this regression method, especially in the context of stellar occultations: the modeling of occultation light curves, the correction of public JPL ephemerides of minor planets based on publicly available image data of the Zwicky Transient Facility, and the detection of natural satellites. We used data from observations of stellar occultations to validate the models and achieved promising results in all cases, and thus we confirmed the flexibility of GP regression models. Considering various existing use cases in addition to our novel applications, GP regression can be used to model diverse data sets addressing a wide range of problems. The accuracy of the model depends on the input data and on the set boundary conditions. Generally, high-quality data allow the usage of loose boundary conditions, while low-quality data require more restrictive boundary conditions to avoid overfitting.
高斯过程(GP)回归是一种非参数贝叶斯方法,已成功应用于各种天文领域,尤其是时域天文学。最常见的应用是平滑数据以进行插值和检测周期性。与传统回归方法相比,该方法的一大优势是能够在没有预定义物理模型的情况下创建无偏的数据驱动模型。通过设置边界条件或限制超参数值,可以将先验知识纳入其中,而未知超参数则在模型调节过程中进行优化。我们对以前的 GP 回归方法进行了调整和改造,并为这种回归方法引入了三个新的应用领域,尤其是在恒星掩星方面:掩星光曲线建模、根据公开的兹威基瞬变设施图像数据修正 JPL 小行星星历表,以及探测天然卫星。我们使用恒星掩星观测数据来验证模型,在所有情况下都取得了令人满意的结果,从而证实了 GP 回归模型的灵活性。考虑到现有的各种应用案例以及我们的新应用,GP 回归可用于对各种数据集进行建模,以解决广泛的问题。模型的准确性取决于输入数据和设定的边界条件。一般来说,高质量数据允许使用宽松的边界条件,而低质量数据则需要更严格的边界条件以避免过拟合。
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引用次数: 0
Heat-flux-limited Cloud Activity and Vertical Mixing in Giant Planet Atmospheres with an Application to Uranus and Neptune 巨行星大气中的热通量限制云活动和垂直混合,以及天王星和海王星的应用
Q2 ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS Pub Date : 2024-04-22 DOI: 10.3847/psj/ad0ed3
Huazhi Ge, 华志 葛, Cheng Li, Xi Zhang and Chris Moeckel
Storms operated by moist convection and the condensation of CH4 or H2S have been observed on Uranus and Neptune. However, the mechanism of cloud formation, thermal structure, and mixing efficiency of ice giant weather layers remains unclear. In this paper, we show that moist convection is limited by heat transport on giant planets, especially on ice giants where planetary heat flux is weak. Latent heat associated with condensation and evaporation can efficiently bring heat across the weather layer through precipitations. This effect was usually neglected in previous studies without a complete hydrological cycle. We first derive analytical theories and show that the upper limit of cloud density is determined by the planetary heat flux and microphysics of clouds but is independent of the atmospheric composition. The eddy diffusivity of moisture depends on the planetary heat fluxes, atmospheric composition, and surface gravity but is not directly related to cloud microphysics. We then conduct convection- and cloud-resolving simulations with SNAP to validate our analytical theory. The simulated cloud density and eddy diffusivity are smaller than the results acquired from the equilibrium cloud condensation model and mixing length theory by several orders of magnitude but consistent with our analytical solutions. Meanwhile, the mass-loading effect of CH4 and H2S leads to superadiabatic and stable weather layers. Our simulations produced three cloud layers that are qualitatively similar to recent observations. This study has important implications for cloud formation and eddy mixing in giant planet atmospheres in general and observations for future space missions and ground-based telescopes.
在天王星和海王星上观测到了由潮湿对流和 CH4 或 H2S 冷凝产生的风暴。然而,冰巨行星气象层的云形成机制、热结构和混合效率仍不清楚。本文表明,在巨行星上,尤其是在行星热通量较弱的冰巨星上,湿对流受到热传输的限制。与凝结和蒸发相关的潜热可以通过降水有效地将热量带过天气层。在没有完整水文循环的以往研究中,这种效应通常被忽视。我们首先推导出分析理论,并证明云密度的上限由行星热通量和云的微物理决定,但与大气成分无关。水汽的涡度扩散取决于行星热通量、大气成分和地表重力,但与云的微物理学没有直接关系。然后,我们利用 SNAP 进行对流和云解析模拟,以验证我们的分析理论。模拟的云密度和涡度扩散率比平衡云凝结模型和混合长度理论得出的结果小几个数量级,但与我们的分析解一致。同时,CH4 和 H2S 的质量负荷效应导致了超绝热和稳定的天气层。我们模拟产生的三个云层与最近的观测结果在性质上非常相似。这项研究对一般巨行星大气中云层的形成和涡流混合以及未来太空任务和地面望远镜的观测具有重要意义。
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引用次数: 0
Three-dimensional Atmospheric Dynamics of Jupiter from Ground-based Doppler Imaging Spectroscopy in the Visible 从可见光下的地基多普勒成像分光镜观察木星的三维大气动力学特征
Q2 ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS Pub Date : 2024-04-16 DOI: 10.3847/psj/ad3066
Francois-Xavier Schmider, Patrick Gaulme, Raúl Morales-Juberías, Jason Jackiewicz, Ivan Gonçalves, Tristan Guillot, Amy A. Simon, Michael H. Wong, Thomas Underwood, David Voelz, Cristo Sanchez, Riley DeColibus, Sarah A. Kovac, Sean Sellers, Doug Gilliam, Patrick Boumier, Thierry Appourchaux, Julien Dejonghe, Jean Pierre Rivet, Steve Markham, Saburo Howard, Lyu Abe, Djamel Mekarnia, Masahiro Ikoma, Hidekazu Hanayama, Bun’ei Sato, Masanobu Kunitomo, Hideyuki Izumiura
We present three-dimensional (3D) maps of Jupiter’s atmospheric circulation at cloud-top level from Doppler-imaging data obtained in the visible domain with JIVE, the second node of the JOVIAL network, which is mounted on the Dunn Solar Telescope at Sunspot, New Mexico. We report on 12 nights of observations between 2018 May 4 and May 30, representing a total of about 80 hr. First, the average zonal wind profile derived from our data is compatible with that derived from cloud-tracking measurements performed on Hubble Space Telescope images obtained in 2018 April from the Outer Planet Atmospheres Legacy program. Second, we present the first ever 2D maps of Jupiter’s atmospheric circulation from Doppler measurements. The zonal velocity map highlights well-known atmospheric features, such as the equatorial hot spots and the Great Red Spot (GRS). In addition to zonal winds, we derive meridional and vertical velocity fields from the Doppler data. The motions attributed to vertical flows are mainly located at the boundary between the equatorial belts and tropical zones, which could indicate active motion in theses regions. Qualitatively, these results compare well to recent Juno data that have unveiled the 3D structure of Jupiter’s wind field. To the contrary, the motions attributed to meridional circulation are very different from what is obtained by cloud tracking, except at the GRS. Because of limitations with data resolution and processing techniques, we acknowledge that our measurements of the vertical or meridional flows of Jupiter are still to be confirmed.
我们介绍了木星云顶大气环流的三维(3D)地图,这些地图是利用安装在新墨西哥州太阳黑子邓恩太阳望远镜上的 JOVIAL 网络第二个节点 JIVE 在可见光域获得的多普勒成像数据绘制的。我们报告了 2018 年 5 月 4 日至 5 月 30 日期间 12 个夜晚的观测数据,共计约 80 小时。首先,从我们的数据中得出的平均带状风剖面与2018年4月从外行星大气遗产计划中获得的哈勃太空望远镜图像上进行的云跟踪测量得出的剖面是一致的。其次,我们首次展示了通过多普勒测量得出的木星大气环流二维地图。带状速度图突出了众所周知的大气特征,如赤道热点和大红斑(GRS)。除了纵向风之外,我们还从多普勒数据中得出了经向和垂直速度场。归因于垂直流的运动主要位于赤道带和热带地区的边界,这可能表明这些地区的运动活跃。从质量上看,这些结果与最近揭示木星风场三维结构的 "朱诺 "号数据比较吻合。相反,归因于经向环流的运动与云跟踪得到的结果大相径庭,但 GRS 除外。由于数据分辨率和处理技术的限制,我们承认我们对木星垂直或经向流动的测量结果仍有待确认。
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引用次数: 0
History of Ceres’s Cold Traps Based on Refined Shape Models 基于改进形状模型的谷神星冷阱历史
Q2 ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS Pub Date : 2024-04-15 DOI: 10.3847/psj/ad3639
Norbert Schorghofer, Robert Gaskell, Erwan Mazarico, John Weirich
Permanently shadowed regions (PSRs) in the north polar region of Ceres have been previously mapped by the Dawn spacecraft. Putative ice deposits are found in some of these PSRs, whereas most PSRs host no bright deposits, which is thought to be due to oscillations of the axis tilt with a ∼25 ka period. We use stereophotoclinometry to construct refined topographic models of PSR-hosting craters. Ray-tracing calculations reveal that no PSRs remain at the maximum axis tilt, which implies that the ice deposits are remarkably young. The bright ice deposits do not extend beyond PSRs at an axis tilt of 10°, which last occurred about 6 ka ago. This suggests that water is delivered to the polar regions or exposed within the craters by frequent and short-lived events. Surface temperatures are calculated with a terrain irradiance model to delineate cold traps. Based on maximum equilibrium temperatures, Cerean PSRs are too warm to trap supervolatiles.
黎明号宇宙飞船先前绘制了谷神星北极区域的永久阴影区(PSRs)。在其中一些永久阴影区发现了假定的冰沉积物,而大多数永久阴影区没有发现明亮的沉积物,这被认为是由于轴倾斜的振荡造成的,振荡周期为 25 ka。我们利用立体光度测量法构建了PSR环形山的精细地形模型。射线追踪计算显示,在最大轴倾角处没有PSR,这意味着冰沉积物非常年轻。在轴倾角为 10°时,明亮的冰沉积物没有延伸到 PSR 之外,而 PSR 最后一次出现是在大约 6 ka 年前。这表明,水是通过频繁而短暂的事件输送到极区或暴露在陨石坑内的。利用地形辐照度模型计算了地表温度,以划分冷阱。根据最高平衡温度,Cerean PSRs温度过高,无法捕获超巨星。
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引用次数: 0
Measurements of Titan’s Stratospheric Winds during the 2009 Equinox with the eSMA 在 2009 年春分期间利用 eSMA 测量土卫六的平流层风
Q2 ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS Pub Date : 2024-04-12 DOI: 10.3847/psj/ad3355
Siobhan Light, Mark Gurwell, Alexander Thelen, Nicholas A Lombardo, Conor Nixon
Saturn’s moon Titan possesses stratospheric zonal winds that places it among a sparse class of planetary bodies known to have superrotation in their atmospheres. Few measurements have been made of these speeds in the upper stratosphere, leaving their seasonal variations still not well understood. We examined observations made with the extended Submillimeter Array in 2009 March (Ls = 355°) and 2010 February (Ls = 5°), shortly before and after Titan's northern spring equinox. Cassini observations and atmospheric models find equinoctial periods to be especially dynamic. Zonal wind calculations, derived from the Doppler frequency shift of CH3CN near 349.4 GHz, yielded speeds of 128 ± 27 m s−1 in 2009 and 209 ± 48 m s−1 in 2010. We estimated the measured emission to originate from vertical altitudes of 33688+112 km, equivalent to pressures of 3.83.4+19.2 Pa, commensurate with Titan’s upper stratosphere/lower mesosphere. This suggests a possible increase in zonal speeds during this period. The results are then compared to those from previous Cassini-inferred and direct-interferometric observations of winds, as well as general circulation model simulations, to form a more complete picture of the seasonal cycle of stratospheric zonal winds.
土星的卫星土卫六拥有平流层带状风,这使它成为已知大气层中存在超旋流的行星天体中数量稀少的一类。对平流层上部的这些速度很少进行测量,因此对其季节性变化仍不甚了解。我们研究了 2009 年 3 月(Ls = 355°)和 2010 年 2 月(Ls = 5°),即土卫六北半球春分前后不久用扩展亚毫米波阵列进行的观测。卡西尼观测数据和大气模型发现春分时节特别活跃。根据 349.4 GHz 附近 CH3CN 的多普勒频移进行的带状风计算得出,2009 年的速度为 128 ± 27 m s-1,2010 年为 209 ± 48 m s-1。我们估计测量到的辐射来自 336-88+112 千米的垂直高度,相当于 3.8-3.4+19.2 帕的压力,与土卫六的上平流层/下中间层相称。这表明在此期间带状速度可能有所增加。然后将这些结果与以前的卡西尼干涉和直接干涉风观测结果以及大气环流模型模拟结果进行比较,以便更全面地了解平流层带风的季节周期。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
The Planetary Science Journal
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