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Jovian Vortex Hunter: A Citizen Science Project to Study Jupiter’s Vortices 木星旋涡猎手研究木星旋涡的公民科学项目
Q2 ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS Pub Date : 2024-09-18 DOI: 10.3847/psj/ad6e75
Ramanakumar Sankar, Shawn Brueshaber, Lucy Fortson, Candice Hansen-Koharcheck, Chris Lintott, Kameswara Mantha, Cooper Nesmith and Glenn S. Orton
The Jovian atmosphere contains a wide diversity of vortices, which have a large range of sizes, colors, and forms in different dynamical regimes. The formation processes for these vortices are poorly understood, and aside from a few known, long-lived ovals, such as the Great Red Spot and Oval BA, vortex stability and their temporal evolution are currently largely unknown. In this study, we use JunoCam data and a citizen science project on Zooniverse to derive a catalog of vortices, some with repeated observations, from 2018 May to 2021 September, and we analyze their associated properties, such as size, location, and color. We find that different-colored vortices (binned as white, red, brown, and dark) follow vastly different distributions in terms of their sizes and where they are found on the planet. We employ a simplified stability criterion using these vortices as a proxy, to derive a minimum Rossby deformation length for the planet of ∼1800 km. We find that this value of Ld is largely constant throughout the atmosphere and does not have an appreciable meridional gradient.
彗星大气层中存在着各种各样的漩涡,它们的大小、颜色和形态在不同的动力学状态下有很大的差异。人们对这些漩涡的形成过程知之甚少,除了几个已知的长寿命椭圆形漩涡(如大红斑和椭圆形 BA)之外,漩涡的稳定性及其时间演变目前在很大程度上还不为人所知。在这项研究中,我们利用 JunoCam 数据和 Zooniverse 上的一个公民科学项目,得出了从 2018 年 5 月到 2021 年 9 月的涡旋目录,其中一些涡旋是重复观测的,我们还分析了它们的相关特性,如大小、位置和颜色。我们发现,不同颜色的涡旋(分为白色、红色、棕色和深色)在大小和在地球上的位置分布上大相径庭。我们采用简化的稳定性标准,以这些旋涡为代表,推导出这颗行星的最小罗斯比形变长度为 ∼1800 公里。我们发现这个 Ld 值在整个大气层中基本恒定,没有明显的子午线梯度。
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引用次数: 0
Experimental Method for Measuring Cohesion of Regolith via Electrostatic Lofting 通过静电悬浮测量岩石凝聚力的实验方法
Q2 ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS Pub Date : 2024-09-17 DOI: 10.3847/psj/ad6c36
Charles T. Pett and Christine M. Hartzell
The hypothesized electrostatic lofting of individual regolith grains on the Moon and asteroids has been investigated extensively in laboratory studies. Cohesion may dominate how regolith behaves on these small, airless bodies, yet the magnitude of this force remains uncertain. We induce the electrostatic detachment of dust as a mechanism to break cohesive bonds between individual zirconia-silica microspheres in order to measure the interparticle cohesive force between them, likely dominated by capillary bridges. A high-speed camera imaged centroid positions of the lofted microspheres over time. Using the centroids from the initial detachment, we numerically calculated initial accelerations to solve for the cohesion that had been restraining the microspheres. Unexpectedly, the electrostatic lofting of clumps of particles was observed and experimental results showed that clumps were a nonnegligible portion of the lofted object population.
在实验室研究中,对月球和小行星上单个碎石颗粒的静电悬浮假设进行了广泛调查。凝聚力可能主导着这些小型无空气天体上的碎石行为,但这种力量的大小仍不确定。我们诱导尘埃的静电脱离,以此作为打破单个氧化锆-二氧化硅微球之间内聚键的机制,从而测量它们之间可能由毛细管桥主导的粒子间内聚力。高速照相机对悬浮微球随时间变化的中心点位置进行成像。利用初始脱离时的中心点,我们通过数值计算初始加速度来求解束缚微球的内聚力。出乎意料的是,我们观察到了颗粒团块的静电悬浮现象,实验结果表明,颗粒团块在悬浮物体群中占有不可忽视的比例。
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引用次数: 0
Mid-infrared Measurements of Ion-irradiated Carbonaceous Meteorites: How to Better Detect Space Weathering Effects 离子辐照碳质陨石的中红外测量:如何更好地探测空间风化效应
Q2 ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS Pub Date : 2024-09-16 DOI: 10.3847/psj/ad5d6f
C. Lantz, T. Nakamura, D. Baklouti, R. Brunetto, E. Henault, S. Kobayashi, O. Mivumbi, Z. Djouadi, E. Quirico, M. Zolensky and T. Hiroi
Remote sensing study of asteroids will soon enter a new era with an increasing amount of data available thanks to the JWST, especially in the mid-infrared (MIR) range that allows identification of mineral species. It will then be possible to establish a taxonomy, as is currently available in the visible–near-infrared range, based on MIR spectral parameters. It had been previously shown that the MIR range is very sensitive to space weathering (SpWe) effects. Thus, it is crucial to determine which spectral changes are involved to disentangle initial composition from surface aging and provide tools to interpret future remote sensing data of asteroids. We present here MIR measurements of a wide variety of ion-irradiated carbonaceous chondrites as a simulation of the solar wind SpWe component. We evaluate several parameters (the Christiansen feature and Reststrahlen band positions, the width of the main Si–O band) and test different measurement conditions (ion energy and geometry of observation). We highlight a dependency of the spectral changes with the initial composition, as hydrated samples are more affected than anhydrous ones. We confirm the role of the geometry in the detection of SpWe effects as already shown in the near-infrared, with a competition effect between the depth probed by photons and the implantation depth of ions (function of the energy used). We will discuss the results in the framework of future observations and Ryugu’s and Bennu’s samples studied in the laboratory.
对小行星的遥感研究很快将进入一个新时代,由于 JWST 的出现,可获得的数据量不断增加,特别是在中红外(MIR)范围内,可以识别矿物种类。届时将有可能根据中红外光谱参数建立分类法,就像目前在可见光-近红外范围内的分类法一样。以前的研究表明,中红外光谱范围对空间风化(SpWe)效应非常敏感。因此,确定涉及哪些光谱变化至关重要,这样才能将初始成分与表面老化区分开来,并为解读未来的小行星遥感数据提供工具。我们在此介绍对各种离子辐照碳质软玉的近红外测量结果,作为太阳风 SpWe 部分的模拟。我们评估了几个参数(Christiansen 特征和 Reststrahlen 波段位置、Si-O 主波段宽度),并测试了不同的测量条件(离子能量和观测几何形状)。我们强调了光谱变化与初始成分的关系,因为水合样品比无水样品受到的影响更大。我们证实了几何形状在检测 SpWe 效应中的作用,正如在近红外光谱中已经显示的那样,光子探测的深度与离子植入深度之间存在竞争效应(所用能量的函数)。我们将在未来的观测框架内讨论这些结果,以及在实验室中研究的龙宫和贝努样本。
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引用次数: 0
Triton’s Captured Youth: Tidal Heating Kept Triton Warm and Active for Billions of Years 海卫一俘获的青春潮汐加热让海卫一温暖活跃数十亿年
Q2 ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS Pub Date : 2024-09-16 DOI: 10.3847/psj/ad6744
N. P. Hammond and G. C. Collins
Neptune’s moon Triton has two remarkable attributes: its retrograde orbit suggests that it was captured from the Kuiper Belt, and Triton has one of the youngest surfaces of all the icy satellites in the solar system. Soon after capture, Triton experienced strong diurnal tides raised by Neptune, which caused intense deformation, heating, and melting of its ice shell as its highly eccentric initial orbit was circularized. While previous studies have suggested that Triton’s orbit would have circularized early in solar system history, we show that internal feedbacks between tidal heating and ice shell melting significantly reduce the orbital evolution rate, causing strong tidal heating to persist for billions of years. We simulate Triton’s post-capture evolution over a range of initial semimajor axes and ice shell properties. We find that Triton’s ice shell would have been extremely thin (1–10 km) for a period of 1–4 billion years, with tidal stresses strong enough to fracture the entire ice shell down to the subsurface ocean. A final phase of intense geologic activity may have occurred after tidal dissipation waned, in which late-stage ice shell thickening caused ocean pressurization potentially sufficient to refracture the ice shell and push water to the surface. Such overpressurization could have caused recent massive cryovolcanic resurfacing, perhaps explaining Triton’s geologically young surface. It is therefore possible that Triton’s youthful surface and its origin as a captured satellite may in fact be related. A long-lived subsurface ocean and extended thin ice shell period also greatly increase Triton’s astrobiological potential.
海王星的卫星海卫一有两个显著特征:它的逆行轨道表明它是从柯伊伯带捕获的,而且海卫一的表面是太阳系所有冰卫星中最年轻的。被捕获后不久,海卫一就经历了海王星掀起的强烈昼夜潮汐,这导致其冰壳强烈变形、加热和融化,因为它的高度偏心初始轨道被圆化了。虽然之前的研究表明海卫一的轨道在太阳系历史的早期就会环形化,但我们的研究表明,潮汐加热和冰壳融化之间的内部反馈大大降低了轨道演化的速度,导致强烈的潮汐加热持续了数十亿年。我们模拟了海卫一在一系列初始半主轴和冰壳特性下的捕获后演化。我们发现,海卫一的冰壳在10-40亿年的时间里会非常薄(1-10千米),潮汐应力足以使整个冰壳断裂,直至地表下的海洋。潮汐消散减弱后,可能会出现最后一个阶段的强烈地质活动,在这一阶段,晚期冰壳增厚造成的海洋增压可能足以使冰壳重新断裂,并将水推向地表。这种超压可能会导致最近大规模的低温火山重新浮出海面,这或许可以解释海卫一在地质学上年轻的表面。因此,海卫一年轻的表面和它作为一颗被俘获卫星的起源实际上可能是相关的。长寿命的地表下海洋和延长的薄冰壳期也大大增加了海卫一的天体生物学潜力。
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引用次数: 0
The Global Distribution of Water and Hydroxyl on the Moon as Seen by the Moon Mineralogy Mapper (M3) 月球矿物学成像仪(M3)观测到的水和羟基在月球上的全球分布情况
Q2 ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS Pub Date : 2024-09-15 DOI: 10.3847/psj/ad5837
Roger N. Clark, Neil C. Pearson, Thomas B. McCord, Deborah L. Domingue, Keith Eric Livo, Joseph W. Boardman, Daniel P. Moriarty, Amanda R. Hendrix, Georgiana Kramer and Maria E. Banks
The Moon Mineralogy Mapper (M3) on the Chandrayaan-1 spacecraft provided nearly global 0.5–3 μm imaging-spectroscopy data at 140 m pixel–1 in 85 spectral bands. Targeted locations were imaged at 70 m pixel–1 and higher spectral resolution. These data enable a detailed look at the mineralogy, hydroxyl, and water signatures exposed on the lunar surface. We find evidence for multiple processes, including probable solar wind implantation, excavation of hydroxyl-poor and water-poor material in cratering events, excavation of hydroxyl and water-rich materials from depth and global trends with rock type and latitude. Some water-rich areas display sharp boundaries with water-poor rocks but have a diffuse halo of hydroxyl surrounding the water-rich rocks indicating a weathering process of destruction of water, probably due to a regolith gardening process. Mapping for specific mineralogy shows evidence for absorptions near 2.2 μm, probably associated with smectites, and near 1.9 μm due to water. Lunar swirls are confirmed to be OH-poor, but we also find evidence that swirls are water-poor based on a weak 1.9 μm water band. Some swirls show enhanced pyroxene absorption. “Diurnal” signatures are found with stable minerals. Pyroxene is shown to exhibit strong band depth changes with the diurnal cycle, which directly tracks the solar incidence angle and is consistent with changing composition and/or grain size with depth. Mapping of M3 data for the presence of iron oxides (e.g., hematite and goethite) is found to be a false signature in the M3 data due to scattered light in the instrument.
Chandrayaan-1 号航天器上的月球矿物学成像仪(M3)提供了 85 个光谱波段 140 米像素-1 的近乎全球 0.5-3 微米成像光谱数据。目标位置的成像分辨率为 70 m 像素-1,光谱分辨率更高。通过这些数据可以详细了解月球表面暴露的矿物学、羟基和水特征。我们发现了多种过程的证据,包括可能的太阳风植入、在陨石坑事件中挖掘贫羟基和贫水物质、从深处挖掘羟基和富水物质,以及随岩石类型和纬度变化的全球趋势。一些富水区域与贫水岩石的边界很明显,但在富水岩石周围有一个羟基弥漫的光环,这表明可能是由于碎屑园化过程造成的水的风化破坏过程。特定矿物学绘图显示了 2.2 μm 附近的吸收证据,这可能与软泥有关,而 1.9 μm 附近的吸收则与水有关。月球漩涡被证实是贫羟基的,但我们也根据微弱的 1.9 μm 水带发现了漩涡是贫水的证据。一些漩涡显示出增强的辉石吸收。在稳定矿物中发现了 "昼夜 "特征。研究表明,辉石的波段深度随昼夜周期而发生强烈变化,这与太阳入射角直接相关,也与成分和/或晶粒大小随深度变化而变化相一致。对 M3 数据中铁氧化物(如赤铁矿和鹅铁矿)的存在进行测绘发现,由于仪器中的散射光,M3 数据中存在错误特征。
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引用次数: 0
The Pale Blue Dot: Using the Planetary Spectrum Generator to Simulate Signals from Hyperrealistic Exo-Earths 苍白的蓝点使用行星频谱发生器模拟来自超现实外星的信号
Q2 ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS Pub Date : 2024-09-15 DOI: 10.3847/psj/ad6448
Vincent Kofman, Geronimo Luis Villanueva, Thomas J. Fauchez, Avi M. Mandell, Ted M. Johnson, Allison Payne, Natasha Latouf and Soumil Kelkar
The atmospheres and surfaces of planets show a tremendous amount of spatial variation, which has a direct effect on the spectrum of the object, even if this may not be spatially resolved. Here, we apply hyperrealistic radiative simulations of Earth as an exoplanet comprising thousands of simulations and study the unresolved spectrum. The GlobES module on the Planetary Spectrum Generator was used, and we parameterized the atmosphere as described in the modern-Earth retrospective analysis for research and applications (MERRA-2) database. The simulations were made into high spatial resolution images and compared to space-based observations from the DSCOVR/EPIC (L1) and Himawari-8 (geostationary) satellites, confirming spatial variations and the spectral intensities of the simulations. The DISCOVR/EPIC camera only functions in narrow wavelength bands, but strong agreement is demonstrated. It is shown that aerosols and small particles play an important role in defining Earth’s reflectance spectra, contributing significantly to its characteristic blue color. Subsequently, a comprehensive noise model is employed to constrain the exposure time required to detect O2, O3, and H2O as a function of varying ground and cloud cover for several concept observatories, including the Habitable Worlds Observatory (HWO). Cloud coverage enhances the detectability of planets in reflected light, with important consequences for the design of the future HWO. The HWO concept would require between 3 and 10 times longer to observe the studied features than LUVOIR A but performs better than the HabEx without a starshade. The codes, routines, and noise models are made publicly available.
行星的大气层和表面显示出巨大的空间变化,这对天体的光谱有直接影响,即使这可能无法在空间上分辨。在这里,我们将地球作为系外行星进行超现实辐射模拟,包括数千次模拟,并研究未分辨的光谱。我们使用了行星光谱生成器上的 GlobES 模块,并按照现代地球研究和应用回顾分析(MERRA-2)数据库中的描述对大气层进行了参数设置。模拟结果被制作成高空间分辨率图像,并与 DSCOVR/EPIC(L1)和 Himawari-8(地球静止轨道)卫星的天基观测结果进行了比较,证实了模拟结果的空间变化和光谱强度。DISCOVR/EPIC 相机仅在窄波段发挥作用,但显示出很强的一致性。研究表明,气溶胶和小颗粒在确定地球反射光谱方面起着重要作用,对地球特有的蓝色有很大影响。随后,采用了一个综合噪声模型来限制探测 O2、O3 和 H2O 所需的曝光时间,该时间是包括宜居世界天文台(HWO)在内的几个概念天文台的不同地面和云层覆盖的函数。云层覆盖提高了反射光中行星的可探测性,这对未来 HWO 的设计具有重要影响。HWO 概念需要比 LUVOIR A 多 3 到 10 倍的时间来观测所研究的特征,但在没有星罩的情况下比 HabEx 性能更好。代码、程序和噪声模型均已公开。
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引用次数: 0
Enhancement of the Cerean Exosphere by Sublimation from Complex Craters 复杂陨石坑的升华增强了太阳系外大气层
Q2 ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS Pub Date : 2024-09-15 DOI: 10.3847/psj/ad60c9
Patrick O’Brien, Jennifer E. C. Scully, Margaret E. Landis, Norbert Schörghofer and Paul O. Hayne
On icy bodies like the dwarf planet Ceres, impacts excavate volatile-rich material from beneath a dessicated lag layer and deposit it in the near-surface environment where higher temperatures drive sublimation. Ice has been detected in the upper meter of the ejecta blanket and interior of Occator crater, suggesting that large craters could be a significant source of exospheric water vapor. We assess the present-day exospheric contribution of a complex crater by first estimating the extent of volatile-rich deposits associated with a crater of a given size. We use a vapor diffusion model to calculate sublimation rates from the deposits, taking into account constraints on the thermophysical parameters of icy regolith from the Dawn mission. Extrapolating this model to craters formed throughout Ceres’ history, we find that the cumulative present-day sublimation rate from all complex crater deposits is ∼0.01 kg s−1, a factor of a few times greater than the outgassing rate from the global ice table. The dominant source of sublimation is not the conspicuous faculae but rather the volatile-rich ejecta blankets, which cover a significantly larger area than deposits in the crater interior. Because large impacts can blanket a significant fraction of the surface with ice-rich ejecta, complex craters are crucial for understanding the background present-day exosphere and the history of sublimation on icy bodies.
在像矮行星谷神星这样的冰体上,撞击将富含挥发性的物质从干化滞留层下挖掘出来,并将其沉积在近表面环境中,在那里较高的温度促使其升华。在奥卡托陨石坑的喷出物毯上层和内部都检测到了冰,这表明大型陨石坑可能是大气层外水汽的重要来源。我们首先估算了与给定大小的陨石坑相关的富含挥发性沉积物的范围,从而评估了复杂陨石坑目前对大气层的贡献。我们利用一个水汽扩散模型来计算沉积物的升华率,同时考虑到黎明号任务中对冰质残积岩热物理参数的限制。将该模型推断到整个谷神星历史上形成的陨石坑,我们发现所有复杂陨石坑沉积物的累积升华速率为 0.01 千克/秒-1,比全球冰台的排气速率高出几倍。升华的主要来源不是明显的面,而是富含挥发性物质的喷出岩毯,其覆盖面积远远大于陨石坑内部的沉积物。由于大型撞击可以用富含冰的喷出物覆盖很大一部分表面,因此复杂的陨石坑对于了解当今背景外大气层和冰体升华的历史至关重要。
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引用次数: 0
The New Horizons Extended Mission Target: Arrokoth Search and Discovery 新视野号扩展任务目标:阿罗科斯搜索与发现
Q2 ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS Pub Date : 2024-09-10 DOI: 10.3847/psj/ad676d
Marc W. Buie, John R. Spencer, Simon B. Porter, Susan D. Benecchi, Alex H. Parker, S. Alan Stern, Michael Belton, Richard P. Binzel, David Borncamp, Francesca DeMeo, S. Fabbro, Cesar Fuentes, Hisanori Furusawa, Tetsuharu Fuse, Pamela L. Gay, Stephen Gwyn, Matthew J. Holman, H. Karoji, J. J. Kavelaars, Daisuke Kinoshita, Satoshi Miyazaki, Matt Mountain, Keith S. Noll, David J. Osip, Jean-Marc Petit, Neill I. Reid, Scott S. Sheppard, Mark Showalter, Andrew J. Steffl, Ray E. Sterner, Akito Tajitsu, David J. Tholen, David E. Trilling, Harold A. Weaver, Anne J. Verbiscer, Lawrence H. Wasserman, Takuji Yamashita, Toshifumi Yanagisawa, Fumi Yoshida and Amanda M. Zangari
Following the Pluto flyby of the New Horizons spacecraft, the mission provided a unique opportunity to explore the Kuiper Belt in situ. The possibility existed to fly by a Kuiper Belt object (KBO), as well as to observe additional objects at distances closer than are feasible from Earth-orbit facilities. However, at the time of launch no KBOs were known about that were accessible by the spacecraft. In this paper we present the results of 10 yr of observations and three uniquely dedicated efforts—two ground-based using the Subaru Suprime Camera, the Magellan MegaCam and IMACS Cameras, and one with the Hubble Space Telescope—to find such KBOs for study. In this paper we overview the search criteria and strategies employed in our work and detail the analysis efforts to locate and track faint objects in the Galactic plane. We also present a summary of all of the KBOs that were discovered as part of our efforts and how spacecraft targetability was assessed, including a detailed description of our astrometric analysis, which included development of an extensive secondary calibration network. Overall, these efforts resulted in the discovery of 85 KBOs, including 11 that became objects for distant observation by New Horizons and (486958) Arrokoth, which became the first post-Pluto flyby destination.
在新视野号航天器飞越冥王星之后,这次飞行任务为实地探索柯伊伯带提供了一个独特的机会。有可能飞越柯伊伯带天体(KBO),并观测距离比地球轨道设施更近的其他天体。但是,在发射时,还没有发现航天器可以接近的柯伊伯天体。在本文中,我们介绍了 10 年的观测结果和三项独特的专门工作--两项是使用 Subaru Suprime 相机、麦哲伦 MegaCam 相机和 IMACS 相机进行的地面观测,还有一项是使用哈勃太空望远镜进行的观测--以寻找此类 KBO 进行研究。在本文中,我们概述了我们工作中采用的搜索标准和策略,并详细介绍了在银河面上定位和跟踪暗淡天体的分析工作。我们还概述了在我们的工作中发现的所有 KBO,以及如何评估航天器的可瞄准性,包括详细描述我们的天体测量分析,其中包括开发一个广泛的二次校准网络。总之,通过这些努力发现了 85 个 KBO,其中 11 个成为新视野号的远距离观测对象,(486958) Arrokoth 成为冥王星飞越后的第一个目的地。
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引用次数: 0
A Lab-scale Investigation of the Mars Kieffer Model 火星基弗模型的实验室规模研究
Q2 ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS Pub Date : 2024-09-10 DOI: 10.3847/psj/ad67c8
Lauren E. Mc Keown, Michael J. Poston, Serina Diniega, Ganna Portyankina, Candice J. Hansen, Klaus-Michael Aye, Elizabeth M. Carey, Jennifer E. C. Scully, Sylvain Piqueux, Lori R. Shiraishi and Sarah N. Cruz
The Kieffer model is a widely accepted explanation for seasonal modification of the Martian surface by CO2 ice sublimation and the formation of a “zoo” of intriguing surface features. However, the lack of in situ observations and empirical laboratory measurements of Martian winter conditions hampers model validation and refinement. We present the first experiments to investigate all three main stages of the Kieffer model within a single experiment: (i) CO2 condensation on a thick layer of Mars regolith simulant; (ii) sublimation of CO2 ice and plume, spot, and halo formation; and (iii) the resultant formation of surface features. We find that the full Kieffer model is supported on the laboratory scale as (i) CO2 diffuses into the regolith pore spaces and forms a thin overlying conformal layer of translucent ice. When a buried heater is activated, (ii) a plume and dark spot develop as dust is ejected with pressurized gas, and the falling dust creates a bright halo. During plume activity, (iii) thermal stress cracks form in a network similar in morphology to certain types of spiders, dendritic troughs, furrows, and patterned ground in the Martian high south polar latitudes. These cracks appear to form owing to sublimation of CO2within the substrate, instead of surface scouring. We discuss the potential for this process to be an alternative formation mechanism for “cracked” spider-like morphologies on Mars. Leveraging our laboratory observations, we also provide guidance for future laboratory or in situ investigations of the three stages of the Kieffer model.
基弗模型是对火星表面因二氧化碳冰升华而发生季节性变化并形成 "动物园 "般奇妙表面特征的一种广为接受的解释。然而,由于缺乏对火星冬季条件的现场观测和实验室实证测量,该模型的验证和完善受到了阻碍。我们首次在一次实验中研究了基弗模型的所有三个主要阶段:(i) 在厚层火星碎屑模拟物上的二氧化碳冷凝;(ii) 二氧化碳冰的升华以及羽流、光斑和光环的形成;(iii) 由此形成的表面特征。我们发现,在实验室尺度上支持完整的基弗模型,因为(i) 二氧化碳扩散到碎屑岩孔隙中,形成一层薄薄的上覆保形半透明冰层。当埋藏在地下的加热器被激活时,(ii) 灰尘与加压气体一起喷出,形成羽流和暗斑,下落的灰尘形成明亮的光环。在羽流活动期间,(iii) 热应力裂缝形成一个网络,其形态类似于火星南极高纬度地区的某些类型的蜘蛛、树枝状槽、沟槽和花纹地面。这些裂缝的形成似乎是由于基质中二氧化碳的升华,而不是表面冲刷。我们讨论了这一过程成为火星上 "裂纹 "蜘蛛状形态的另一种形成机制的可能性。利用我们的实验室观测结果,我们还为未来对基弗模型的三个阶段进行实验室或现场研究提供了指导。
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引用次数: 0
The Trojan-like Colors of Low-perihelion Kuiper Belt Objects 低近日点柯伊伯带天体的特洛伊木马般的颜色
Q2 ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS Pub Date : 2024-09-03 DOI: 10.3847/psj/ad698a
Matthew Belyakov, Michael E. Brown, Alya Al-Kibbi
An important testable prediction of dynamical instability models for the early evolution of the solar system is that Jupiter Trojans share a source population with the Kuiper Belt. Concrete evidence of this prediction remains elusive, as Kuiper Belt objects (KBOs) and Jupiter Trojans appear to have different surface compositions. We address the long-standing question of Trojan origin by finding a dynamical subpopulation in the Kuiper Belt with Trojan-like colors. Combining existing photometric data with our own surveys on Keck I and Palomar P200, we find that the low-perihelion (q < 30 au, a > 30 au) component of the Kuiper Belt has colors that bifurcate similarly to the Jupiter Trojans, unlike Centaurs (a < 30 au), which have redder, Kuiper Belt-like colors. To connect the Jupiter Trojans to the Kuiper Belt, we test whether the distinct Trojan-like colors of low-perihelion KBOs result from surface processing or are sourced from a specific population in the Kuiper Belt. By simulating the evolution of the Canada–France Ecliptic Plane Survey synthetic population of KBOs for four billion years, we find that differences in heating timescales cannot result in a significant depletion of very red low-perihelion KBOs as compared to the Centaurs. We find that the neutrally colored scattered disk objects (e > 0.6 KBOs) contribute more to the low-perihelion KBO population than to Centaurs, resulting in their different colors.
太阳系早期演化的动力学不稳定性模型的一个重要的可检验预测是木星三剑星与柯伊伯带共享一个源群。由于柯伊伯带天体(KBOs)和木星特洛伊木星的表面成分似乎不同,这一预测的具体证据仍然难以捉摸。我们在柯伊伯带发现了一个具有类似特洛伊木马颜色的动态亚群,从而解决了特洛伊木马起源这一长期存在的问题。通过将现有的测光数据与我们自己在凯克 I 和帕洛玛 P200 上进行的巡天相结合,我们发现柯伊伯带的低近日点(q < 30 au, a > 30 au)部分具有与木星特洛伊木马类似的颜色分叉,而半人马(a < 30 au)则不同,它具有更红的类似柯伊伯带的颜色。为了将木星特洛伊木马与柯伊伯带联系起来,我们测试了低近日点KBOs独特的特洛伊木马般的颜色是表面加工的结果,还是来自柯伊伯带的一个特定种群。通过模拟加拿大-法国黄道平面巡天卫星合成KBOs群40亿年的演变过程,我们发现加热时间尺度的差异不会导致极红色低近日点KBOs比半人马显著减少。我们发现,中性色散射盘天体(e > 0.6 KBOs)对低近日点 KBO 群的贡献大于半人马天体,从而导致它们的颜色不同。
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The Planetary Science Journal
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