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Problems of New and Interim Financing in Restructuring Proceedings 重组程序中的新融资和中期融资问题
Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.25143/socr.20.2021.2.127-135
Audronė Balsiukienė, Remigijus Jokubauskas
This article focuses on problems of new and interim financing in restructuring proceedings. It discusses the needs for additional financing in restructuring proceedings and how it should be granted. Also, the authors analyse the regulation and protection of interim and new financing in the European Union law. The authors argue that though Directive on restructuring and insolvency aims to increase effectiveness of restructuring proceedings, the regulation of interim and new financing triggers questions whether it is compatible with the goals of restructuring proceedings.
本文主要讨论重组程序中的新融资和中期融资问题。它讨论了在重组程序中需要额外的资金以及如何提供资金。此外,作者还分析了欧盟法律对临时融资和新融资的监管和保护。作者认为,尽管《重组和破产指令》旨在提高重组程序的有效性,但对临时融资和新融资的监管引发了是否与重组程序目标相容的问题。
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引用次数: 0
Role of Foreseeability in Imposition of Civil Liability 可预见性在民事责任征收中的作用
Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.25143/socr.20.2021.2.268-286
E. Brants
The purpose of this article is to offer an insight into the role of foreseeability in imposition of civil liability. The article contains analysis of the principle of foresee­ability from various points of view, for example, by analysing it from the perspective of the general (fault-based) model of liability as well of the strict liability. Likewise, the article analysis the role of foreseeability during determination of preconditions to civil liability, for example, by introducing it into the concepts of “fault” and “causation”. The aspects referred to in this article are predominantly analysed from the theoretical perspective. The article references various legal sources from different countries, which allows other legal scholars to use the conclusions offered herein.
本文的目的是对可预见性在民事责任的征收中所起的作用提供一种见解。文章从多个角度对可预见性原则进行了分析,例如从一般责任模式(过错为基础)和严格责任模式的角度对其进行了分析。同样,本文通过将可预见性引入“过错”和“因果关系”等概念,分析了可预见性在确定民事责任前提条件中的作用。本文所涉及的几个方面主要从理论角度进行分析。文章引用了不同国家的各种法律资料,这使得其他法律学者可以使用本文提供的结论。
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引用次数: 1
Current Issues of Construction Law 建筑法的当前问题
Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.25143/socr.21.2021.3.169-180
Jānis Bramanis, Jānis Načisčionis
Theoretically, the construction right affects all persons and the humanity in general since a situation is impossible that would prove the lack of this process, and as the area of economics, also different economic, political and legal thought development processes regulate consolidation of this legal discipline in the legal science. Construction right has consolidated over time as a legal discipline with its regulating subject – construction works and designing, including also the development of construction plan – designing, construction of the object, reconstruction or dismantling. Keywords: construction, construction rights, permission, responsibility, construction control.
从理论上讲,建设权影响到所有的人乃至整个人类,不可能有一种情况证明建设权的缺失,而作为经济学领域,不同的经济、政治和法律思想发展过程也规范着这一法学学科在法学上的巩固。随着时间的推移,建设权作为一门法律学科得到了巩固,它的规范主体是建筑工程和设计,也包括建筑方案的制定——设计、建造、重建或拆除。关键词:施工,施工权,许可,责任,施工控制。
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引用次数: 0
Term ‘Household’ in the Latvian Legal Framework 拉脱维亚法律框架中的“家庭”一词
Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.25143/socr.21.2021.3.227-233
Lidija Rozentāle
Originality / value – the content of this article – is based on the author’s own original research. The study presents empirically tested arguments, interpretation of the term ‘household’ in the Latvian regulatory enactments. At a time when a state of emergency has been declared in the country, in such circumstances there is neither precise normative terminology, nor criteria for defining household. Those applying legislation have no uniform understanding as to whether a relationship established in a partnership can be viewed as household. This issue requires further research and discussion. The aim of the publication is to reveal some legal issues that directly affect couples living in a household. Keywords: partnership, relationship, common household.
原创性/价值-这篇文章的内容-是基于作者自己的原创研究。该研究提出了经验检验的论点,解释拉脱维亚监管法规中的“家庭”一词。当国家宣布进入紧急状态时,在这种情况下既没有精确的规范性术语,也没有定义家庭的标准。适用法律的人对合伙关系中建立的关系是否可以视为家庭关系没有统一的理解。这个问题需要进一步的研究和讨论。该出版物的目的是揭示一些直接影响夫妻生活在一个家庭的法律问题。关键词:合伙,关系,共同家庭。
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引用次数: 0
May the Patient’s Will, Expressed by Means of Assistive Communication Technologies, be Admissible as Evidence in Court Proceedings? 通过辅助通信技术表达的病人遗嘱是否可以作为法庭诉讼的证据?
Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.25143/socr.21.2021.3.181-190
Anatoliy A. Lytvynenko
The article is dedicated to hallmark the problem of accepting evidence of a patient’s will by a court in diverse proceedings, and it being communicated by non-classical means. Modern technologies allow patients to communicate utilizing various electrified appliances, in case the disabled person suffers from an ailment, or a health disorder affecting speech and mental abilities. Such appliances may truly enhance the patient’s quality of life; however, it is uncertain whether such patient may be found to be a competent witness, or the information reflecting their will obtained in a non-classical method may be found to be as convincing evidence by the court. Currently, there is very little judicial precedent dealing with obtaining evidence of the patient’s will by means of assistive communication technologies, though recent Italian legacy has shown such evidence may be accepted by the court, in case forensic-psychiatric examination approves adequacy of the cognitive abilities of the patient, rendering their will competent. Diverse legal systems render the question of patient’s competence differently, and the issue of accepting information as evidence obtained by means of assistive communication technologies will surely become more frequent in disputes relating to testament validity or determining the patient’s will to undergo or forego medical treatment. Such cases may be of high relevance in civil proceedings on withdrawal of life-supporting treatment, which will ultimately result in the patient’s demise. Keywords: patient’s autonomy, patient’s legal capacity, withdrawal of life-supporting treatment, assistive communication technologies, theory of evidence, critically-ill patients.
这篇文章致力于在不同的诉讼中,法院接受病人遗嘱证据的问题,并通过非经典的方式进行沟通。如果残疾人患有疾病或患有影响语言和精神能力的健康障碍,现代技术使患者能够利用各种电器进行交流。这样的器具可以真正提高病人的生活质量;然而,这类患者是否可以被认定为称职的证人,或者通过非经典方法获得的反映其意愿的信息是否可以被法院认定为具有说服力的证据,这是不确定的。目前,很少有司法先例涉及通过辅助通信技术获取病人遗嘱的证据,尽管意大利最近的遗产表明,如果法医-精神病学检查批准病人的认知能力充足,使其遗嘱合格,法院可以接受这种证据。不同的法律制度使得病人的能力问题不同,接受信息作为通过辅助通信技术获得的证据的问题肯定会在有关遗嘱有效性或确定病人接受或放弃医疗意愿的纠纷中变得更加频繁。这类案件在撤销维持生命治疗的民事诉讼中可能具有高度相关性,因为这种治疗最终将导致患者死亡。关键词:患者自主,患者法律行为能力,退出生命支持治疗,辅助沟通技术,证据理论,危重患者。
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引用次数: 0
Ārstniecības personas tiesības paust savu reliģisko pārliecību darba tiesiskajās attiecībās 医生在工作法律关系中表达宗教信仰的权利
Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.25143/socr.20.2021.2.188-211
Laura Šāberte, D. Tarasova, Karina Palkova
The rights of medical practitioners are broadly defined in both national and international legislation. The scope of the rights of medical practitioners is evolving along with the development of certain sub-sectors of the field of law. One of the topical issues in the context of the exercise of the rights of medical practitioners is the right of medical practitioners to express their religious beliefs from the Labor law perspective. The right of medical practitioners to freedom of religion is to be seen as part of human rights as well. Member States that have acceded to human rights instruments that protect the right to freedom of religion do not have the right to intervene and take coercive measures to change these views. The right to freedom of religion at the level of human rights applies to a medical practitioner as an individual living in a democratic society and as a person with a medical education who is engaged in medical treatment or prevention, diagnosis and treatment, medical rehabilitation and patient care has rights and obligations within the framework of the activity. The aim of the article is to study the right of medical practitioners to express their religious beliefs in employment relations, as well as to identify problematic issues researching the case law of the CJEU and the ECtHR.
医生的权利在国家和国际立法中都有广泛的定义。医生权利的范围随着法律领域某些分部门的发展而不断演变。在执业医师权利行使的背景下,一个热门问题是从劳动法的角度来看,执业医师表达其宗教信仰的权利。医务人员的宗教自由权利也应被视为人权的一部分。已加入保护宗教自由权利的人权文书的会员国无权干预和采取强制措施来改变这些观点。在人权层面上的宗教自由权利适用于作为生活在民主社会中的个人的医生,以及作为从事医疗或预防、诊断和治疗、医疗康复和病人护理的受过医学教育的人,在该活动的框架内享有权利和义务。这篇文章的目的是研究医生在雇佣关系中表达其宗教信仰的权利,并通过研究欧洲法院和欧洲人权法院的判例法,找出问题所在。
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引用次数: 0
Bezpilota gaisa kuģu (dronu) izmantošanas tiesiskie aspekti 使用不平衡飞机(无人机)的法律问题
Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.25143/socr.20.2021.2.232-244
Māris Vitkovskis
In today’s technology world, development of unmanned aircrafts is happening very rapidly, and the laws and regulations governing this specific area are constantly supplemented at both – level of European Union and nation-wide. They are aimed at incorporating unmanned aircrafts in air traffic, to comply safety, security, and privacy requirements, and not to pose any risks to the environment. Opportunities of using this technical mean are versatile and it can be a good assistant in various areas. Unmanned aircrafts are widely used by the civil sector and the military sector and, in the recent years, these specific means have been used by rescue services and security institutions. Unfortunately, it should be admitted that unmanned aircrafts are also used in terrorist and other criminal activities, so it is essential to control the flight environment by preventing unauthorised flights for ensuring general safety. The responsible institutions also have been working in this direction. Until July 1st, 2021, in the current Cabinet Regulation No 368 “Regulations for Performing Flights of Unmanned Aircrafts and Other Types of Aircrafts”, there was found a term “state unmanned aircraft”, which regulated the areas in which state unmanned aircrafts can be used, for example, in investigation and detection of criminal offences, but there was no further explanation in more detail. The Cabinet Regulations, which came into force on July 1st, 2021, explain in more detail the rights and obligations of pilots of state unmanned aircrafts. However, these regulations do not provide specific information on the use of unmanned aircrafts in measures of operational activities. Therefore, this issue is controversial and should be raised for updating.
在当今的科技世界中,无人驾驶飞机的发展非常迅速,在欧盟和全国范围内,管理这一特定领域的法律法规不断得到补充。它们旨在将无人驾驶飞机纳入空中交通,以符合安全、安保和隐私要求,并且不会对环境构成任何风险。使用这种技术手段的机会是多方面的,它可以在各个领域成为一个很好的助手。无人驾驶飞机被民用和军事部门广泛使用,近年来,这些具体手段已被救援服务和安全机构使用。不幸的是,必须承认无人驾驶飞机也被用于恐怖主义和其他犯罪活动,因此必须控制飞行环境,防止未经授权的飞行,以确保总体安全。负责的机构也一直在朝这个方向努力。直到2021年7月1日,在现行的内阁条例第368号《无人驾驶航空器及其他类型航空器执行飞行规定》中,才出现了“国家无人驾驶航空器”一词,规定了国家无人驾驶航空器的使用范围,例如侦查和侦查刑事犯罪,但没有进一步详细的解释。2021年7月1日生效的《内阁条例》更详细地解释了国家无人驾驶飞机飞行员的权利和义务。但是,这些条例没有提供关于在业务活动措施中使用无人驾驶飞机的具体资料。因此,这个问题是有争议的,应该提出更新。
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引用次数: 0
Challenge of Advocate’s Profession in the Age of Money Laundering, Terrorism Financing and Proliferation Evasion “Not to slip with a fragile burden!" 洗钱、恐怖融资和扩散逃避时代对律师职业的挑战“不要带着脆弱的负担滑倒!”
Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.25143/socr.21.2021.3.139-148
Sandra Joksta
Ability to perform advocate’s duty is irrevocably linked to advocate’s immunity concept. The article provides an insight about the scope of advocate’s immunity concept in the age of money laundering. The purpose of it is to analyse the modern tendency to overstep the red lines guarding this concept, when applying legal enactments for money laundering evasion purposes. In the article, the judgment of 19 November 2020 in case “Klaus Mueller vs Germany” made by European Court of Human Rights, is analysed, where the issue of advocate’s immunity was considered in joint connection with the Clause 8 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms. The sometimes-exaggerated need for transparency at all costs conflicts with privacy protection aspects of individuals. Legislative enactments of money laundering and terrorism financing and proliferation evasion systemically contradicts Law of Advocacy and causes collision with other norms of higher legal rank such as fundamental rights enshrined in the European Convention on Human Rights to fair trial and justice and rights to choose an occupation and engage in work. Keywords: advocate’s immunity concept, advocate’s rights to professional secret and confidentiality, legal certainty, money laundering and terrorism financing and proliferation evasion, principle of sound legislation, uncertain privilege.
辩护人履行职责的能力与辩护人的豁免概念不可逆转地联系在一起。本文对洗钱时代辩护人豁免概念的适用范围进行了梳理。本文的目的是分析在适用洗钱逃避目的的法律法规时,超越保护这一概念的红线的现代趋势。该条分析了欧洲人权法院2020年11月19日对"克劳斯·穆勒诉德国"一案的判决,其中将辩护人豁免问题与《保护人权和基本自由公约》第8条结合起来审议。不惜一切代价追求透明度的需求有时被夸大了,这与个人隐私保护方面存在冲突。洗钱、资助恐怖主义和逃避扩散的立法行为系统性地与《倡导法》相矛盾,并与《欧洲人权公约》所载的公平审判和司法的基本权利以及选择职业和从事工作的权利等其他更高法律级别的规范发生冲突。关键词:辩护人豁免权概念、辩护人职业保密权、法律确定性、洗钱与恐怖主义融资与防扩散规避、健全立法原则、不确定特权
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引用次数: 0
Pētījumi tiesību zinātnē un starpdisciplinaritāte: īss ieskats pamatjautājumos 法学研究与跨学科性质:关键问题简述
Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.25143/socr.20.2021.2.014-023
Laura Ratniece
Even though interdisciplinarity in legal research is not a novelty anymore, it is not yet that widespread in Latvia. In order to initiate a discussion about using interdisciplinarity in legal research, the author suggests that it is necessary to start by looking at key issues related to interdisciplinarity in law; the main issue being what is interdisciplinary legal research.
尽管法律研究的跨学科性不再是新鲜事物,但它在拉脱维亚还没有那么普遍。为了开启在法律研究中运用跨学科的讨论,笔者建议首先审视与法律跨学科相关的关键问题;主要问题是什么是跨学科的法律研究。
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引用次数: 1
Comparative Study on Frequency of Various Papillary Pattern Types in Estonian Men and Women 爱沙尼亚男性和女性各种乳头状形态频率的比较研究
Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.25143/socr.20.2021.2.301-316
Silvia Kaugia, A. Lall, A. Zīle
The authors of the article conducted a comparative study to determine the incidence frequency of various papillary patterns in men and women. In the framework of this study, the authors collected and performed analysis on data published in the subject literature. Comparative analysis was performed to check for potential similarities and differences in papillary patterns, types, and groups in men and women, using data on the patterns in both hands. This article presents the results of the study.
这篇文章的作者进行了一项比较研究,以确定男性和女性各种乳头状形态的发病率。在本研究的框架内,作者收集并分析了主题文献中发表的数据。通过对比分析来检查男性和女性乳头形态、类型和群体的潜在相似性和差异性,使用的是双手乳头形态的数据。本文介绍了研究结果。
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引用次数: 0
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