Pub Date : 2023-10-01DOI: 10.25143/socr.26.2023.2.67-74
Ilze Bērziņa
The role of medical practitioners in preventing violence is evident; however, it is not as simple as it looks, as medicsconsider medical assistance and treatment as their primary work mission. At the same time, as any other citizen, theyare obliged to report violence, thereby helping to prevent it. The methodology employed in this study encompasseda review of legal frameworks and literature, open interviews with medical practitioners, and a meticulous analysis ofinternal documents and data systems. By synthesizing these methods, the research gained valuable insights into thechallenges faced by medical professionals in preventing violence and identified opportunities for enhancing coopera-tion within the healthcare system. This comprehensive approach facilitated a nuanced exploration of the integrationof legislative aspects into the daily routines of medical practitioners to advance the implementation of the Barnahusmodel in Latvia. The article gives insights into key existing documents and provides a detailed study of the availableinternal documents, data systems (patients’ electronic cards) and guidelines (recognition, recording and reporting ofviolence), with a view to understanding the importance of internal processes in order to identify and retain evidence.As regards the integration of legislative aspects into their daily routine, institutions need an effective internal processand guidelines which make it easy to record the fact of violence and evidence during the daily routine of professionals.Emphasis is also placed on increasing the cooperation and prevention role of medical practitioners, so that Latvia cansuccessfully implement the Barnahus model.
{"title":"Role of medical practitioners in prevention and investigation of violence against children, and need to strengthen interdisciplinary cooperation in Latvia","authors":"Ilze Bērziņa","doi":"10.25143/socr.26.2023.2.67-74","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25143/socr.26.2023.2.67-74","url":null,"abstract":"The role of medical practitioners in preventing violence is evident; however, it is not as simple as it looks, as medicsconsider medical assistance and treatment as their primary work mission. At the same time, as any other citizen, theyare obliged to report violence, thereby helping to prevent it. The methodology employed in this study encompasseda review of legal frameworks and literature, open interviews with medical practitioners, and a meticulous analysis ofinternal documents and data systems. By synthesizing these methods, the research gained valuable insights into thechallenges faced by medical professionals in preventing violence and identified opportunities for enhancing coopera-tion within the healthcare system. This comprehensive approach facilitated a nuanced exploration of the integrationof legislative aspects into the daily routines of medical practitioners to advance the implementation of the Barnahusmodel in Latvia. The article gives insights into key existing documents and provides a detailed study of the availableinternal documents, data systems (patients’ electronic cards) and guidelines (recognition, recording and reporting ofviolence), with a view to understanding the importance of internal processes in order to identify and retain evidence.As regards the integration of legislative aspects into their daily routine, institutions need an effective internal processand guidelines which make it easy to record the fact of violence and evidence during the daily routine of professionals.Emphasis is also placed on increasing the cooperation and prevention role of medical practitioners, so that Latvia cansuccessfully implement the Barnahus model.","PeriodicalId":34542,"journal":{"name":"Socrates","volume":"134 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136167856","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-01DOI: 10.25143/socr.26.2023.2.91-95
Ivans Jānis Mihailovs
Abstract This article explains the role of intercultural competence in the training and daily professional lives of police officers, and proposes ways to improve the acquisition of this competence. The goal is to describe intercultural competence, highlighting its importance and the possibilities for its acquisition in the training and professional everyday lives of police officers. The article uses general scientific methods – analysis of scientific literature and documents, as well as the induction–deduction method, drawing conclusions and making proposals, and (grammatical, historical, systemic, teleological) methods of interpretation of legal regulations, analysing applicable legislation and policy planning documents. The study concludes that the daily work of the police in today's environment requires good management and cultural awareness in dealing with residents, with the consequent development of intercultural competence among police officers as a prerequisite for successful performance and cooperation with different communities in a multicultural society. The acquisition and development of intercultural competence should be included in police training programmes, complementing professional standards as appropriate, and in professional development activities for police officers. At the same time, the structural changes in the State Police should be addressed, with responsible officers being identified to deal with culturally diverse populations, and professional models for police dealing with culturally diverse populations should be developed.
{"title":"Intercultural competence in the training and daily professional lives of police officers","authors":"Ivans Jānis Mihailovs","doi":"10.25143/socr.26.2023.2.91-95","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25143/socr.26.2023.2.91-95","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This article explains the role of intercultural competence in the training and daily professional lives of police officers, and proposes ways to improve the acquisition of this competence. The goal is to describe intercultural competence, highlighting its importance and the possibilities for its acquisition in the training and professional everyday lives of police officers. The article uses general scientific methods – analysis of scientific literature and documents, as well as the induction–deduction method, drawing conclusions and making proposals, and (grammatical, historical, systemic, teleological) methods of interpretation of legal regulations, analysing applicable legislation and policy planning documents. The study concludes that the daily work of the police in today's environment requires good management and cultural awareness in dealing with residents, with the consequent development of intercultural competence among police officers as a prerequisite for successful performance and cooperation with different communities in a multicultural society. The acquisition and development of intercultural competence should be included in police training programmes, complementing professional standards as appropriate, and in professional development activities for police officers. At the same time, the structural changes in the State Police should be addressed, with responsible officers being identified to deal with culturally diverse populations, and professional models for police dealing with culturally diverse populations should be developed.","PeriodicalId":34542,"journal":{"name":"Socrates","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136168172","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-01DOI: 10.25143/socr.26.2023.2.01-09
Aldona Kipāne, Andrejs Vilks
The aim of the study is to describe the criminological framework of crime forecasting based on special literature, prac-tice materials and research. Analytical, synthesis, inductive, deductive and descriptive research methods are used inthe article. The authors conclude that the development of full, comprehensive and highly reliable crime forecasts is alaborious and complex process. Predictive measures should be designed in a more urgent manner – this might en-compass the reporting of anticipated crimes in advance, as well as the indication of changes in the overall structure ofcrime and dangerous trends of a specific type of crime. Consequently, there must be a warning effect in order to preventpossible adverse trends.
{"title":"Crime Forecasting in the Digital Age: A Theoretical Framework","authors":"Aldona Kipāne, Andrejs Vilks","doi":"10.25143/socr.26.2023.2.01-09","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25143/socr.26.2023.2.01-09","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of the study is to describe the criminological framework of crime forecasting based on special literature, prac-tice materials and research. Analytical, synthesis, inductive, deductive and descriptive research methods are used inthe article. The authors conclude that the development of full, comprehensive and highly reliable crime forecasts is alaborious and complex process. Predictive measures should be designed in a more urgent manner – this might en-compass the reporting of anticipated crimes in advance, as well as the indication of changes in the overall structure ofcrime and dangerous trends of a specific type of crime. Consequently, there must be a warning effect in order to preventpossible adverse trends.","PeriodicalId":34542,"journal":{"name":"Socrates","volume":"50 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136167858","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-01DOI: 10.25143/socr.26.2023.2.75-81
Artur Doržinkevič, Ivan Sukhorukov
The article is devoted to the study of the notion of provisional measures under Article 35 of the Brussels Ibis Regulation.The purpose of the study is to analyse the jurisdictional grounds for the application of provisional measures by courtsof the Member States of the European Union. The authors argue that the Brussels Ibis Regulation establishes a dual-track jurisdictional system for the application of provisional measures in cases where the court is seised of the meritsof the case and when the court is not seised of the merits of the case. The application of both bases for provisionalmeasures is consistent with the principle of lis pendens, and therefore if the court that was the first to hear the first ap-plication for interim relief has priority to apply such measures. The analysis was based on the scientific literature on the peculiarities of the application of provisional measures andcase law of the Court of Justice of the European Union. The following methods were used to write the article: analysis,systematic, and legal interpretation.
{"title":"Effective Application of Provisional Measures under the Brussels Ibis Regulation","authors":"Artur Doržinkevič, Ivan Sukhorukov","doi":"10.25143/socr.26.2023.2.75-81","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25143/socr.26.2023.2.75-81","url":null,"abstract":"The article is devoted to the study of the notion of provisional measures under Article 35 of the Brussels Ibis Regulation.The purpose of the study is to analyse the jurisdictional grounds for the application of provisional measures by courtsof the Member States of the European Union. The authors argue that the Brussels Ibis Regulation establishes a dual-track jurisdictional system for the application of provisional measures in cases where the court is seised of the meritsof the case and when the court is not seised of the merits of the case. The application of both bases for provisionalmeasures is consistent with the principle of lis pendens, and therefore if the court that was the first to hear the first ap-plication for interim relief has priority to apply such measures. The analysis was based on the scientific literature on the peculiarities of the application of provisional measures andcase law of the Court of Justice of the European Union. The following methods were used to write the article: analysis,systematic, and legal interpretation.","PeriodicalId":34542,"journal":{"name":"Socrates","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136168170","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-01DOI: 10.25143/socr.26.2023.2.82-90
Līga Mazure
The role of patient duties depends on the model of the medical treatment relationship in which the patient is involved.Traditionally, there have been two models of the medical treatment relationship, variations of which have formed withsmall differences in the principles but the same core understanding. However, the tendency to search for a new modelof the medical treatment relationship is observed where actualisation of patient duties also has importance in themodern day. There are arguments and discussions about the legal effect of patient duties where completely oppositeopinions are expressed. The answer probably lies in the basic principles of modern civil rights, which mark the legalnature of patient duties in the legal relationship in medical treatment. Patient non-adherence or only partial adherenceto their duties brings about negative legal consequences, which have specific features that are different from the gen-eral civil rights principles. The research aim is to analyse the legal nature of patient duties by evaluating their role andlegal effect in the medical treatment relationship and specifying the directions of the legal consequences of inadequateadherence to these duties.
{"title":"The Legal Nature of Patient Duties","authors":"Līga Mazure","doi":"10.25143/socr.26.2023.2.82-90","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25143/socr.26.2023.2.82-90","url":null,"abstract":"The role of patient duties depends on the model of the medical treatment relationship in which the patient is involved.Traditionally, there have been two models of the medical treatment relationship, variations of which have formed withsmall differences in the principles but the same core understanding. However, the tendency to search for a new modelof the medical treatment relationship is observed where actualisation of patient duties also has importance in themodern day. There are arguments and discussions about the legal effect of patient duties where completely oppositeopinions are expressed. The answer probably lies in the basic principles of modern civil rights, which mark the legalnature of patient duties in the legal relationship in medical treatment. Patient non-adherence or only partial adherenceto their duties brings about negative legal consequences, which have specific features that are different from the gen-eral civil rights principles. The research aim is to analyse the legal nature of patient duties by evaluating their role andlegal effect in the medical treatment relationship and specifying the directions of the legal consequences of inadequateadherence to these duties.","PeriodicalId":34542,"journal":{"name":"Socrates","volume":"56 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136167867","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-01DOI: 10.25143/socr.26.2023.2.10-17
Jeļena Alfejeva
The aim of the article is to analyse the process of application of the Insurance Contract Law in Latvia in 2018 and topropose amendments to this law to eliminate the ambiguities and shortcomings therein. This article examines thedevelopment of insurance contract law in Latvia in the light of the entry into force of the renewed law regulating thesecontractual relations, the Insurance Contract Law, in 2018. The main methods used were analysis and synthesis, scien-tific induction and deduction, comparative method and observation. Analysing the problems in the practical applicationof the renewed law, the author concludes that prima facie the renewed law needs to be clarified in certain parts andproposes solutions.
{"title":"Development of Latvian Insurance Contract Law Under the Influence of European Union Law","authors":"Jeļena Alfejeva","doi":"10.25143/socr.26.2023.2.10-17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25143/socr.26.2023.2.10-17","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of the article is to analyse the process of application of the Insurance Contract Law in Latvia in 2018 and topropose amendments to this law to eliminate the ambiguities and shortcomings therein. This article examines thedevelopment of insurance contract law in Latvia in the light of the entry into force of the renewed law regulating thesecontractual relations, the Insurance Contract Law, in 2018. The main methods used were analysis and synthesis, scien-tific induction and deduction, comparative method and observation. Analysing the problems in the practical applicationof the renewed law, the author concludes that prima facie the renewed law needs to be clarified in certain parts andproposes solutions.","PeriodicalId":34542,"journal":{"name":"Socrates","volume":"168 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136168171","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-01DOI: 10.25143/socr.26.2023.2.35-42
Erik Hahn
This article discusses the importance of free movement and the coordinating social law of the European Union (EU) inensuring that people who move between EU Member States are not left without social security coverage. The articleexplains that the EU does not have a uniform or common social law and that the responsibility for social policy primar-ily lies with the Member States. The coordinating social law of the EU is limited to the coordination of the various socialsecurity systems of the Member States. The article further explains that the coordination of social security systems isessential for the success of European integration and emphasises that the EU Member States are bound by both thebasic Regulation (EC) No 883/2004 and the implementing Regulation (EC) No 987/2009. After a primary law derivationof the social law coordination, the article explains the scope of application and the key principles of Regulation (EC)883/2004. This is followed by a discussion of the Regulation’s conflict-of-law rules, which take precedence over nationalprovisions.
本文讨论了自由流动的重要性和欧盟(EU)的协调社会法律，以确保在欧盟成员国之间流动的人不会没有社会保障覆盖。该条款解释说，欧盟没有统一的或共同的社会法，社会政策的责任主要在于成员国。欧盟的协调社会法仅限于协调各成员国的各种社会保障制度。文章进一步解释了社会保障体系的协调对于欧洲一体化的成功至关重要，并强调欧盟成员国受到基本法规(EC) No 883/2004和实施法规(EC) No 987/2009的约束。在对社会法协调进行了初步的法律推导之后，本文解释了法规(EC)883/2004的适用范围和主要原则。接下来是对《条例》的法律冲突规则的讨论，这些规则优先于国家规定。
{"title":"Basic Principles of European Social Security Coordination based on Regulation (EC) 883/2004","authors":"Erik Hahn","doi":"10.25143/socr.26.2023.2.35-42","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25143/socr.26.2023.2.35-42","url":null,"abstract":"This article discusses the importance of free movement and the coordinating social law of the European Union (EU) inensuring that people who move between EU Member States are not left without social security coverage. The articleexplains that the EU does not have a uniform or common social law and that the responsibility for social policy primar-ily lies with the Member States. The coordinating social law of the EU is limited to the coordination of the various socialsecurity systems of the Member States. The article further explains that the coordination of social security systems isessential for the success of European integration and emphasises that the EU Member States are bound by both thebasic Regulation (EC) No 883/2004 and the implementing Regulation (EC) No 987/2009. After a primary law derivationof the social law coordination, the article explains the scope of application and the key principles of Regulation (EC)883/2004. This is followed by a discussion of the Regulation’s conflict-of-law rules, which take precedence over nationalprovisions.","PeriodicalId":34542,"journal":{"name":"Socrates","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136168176","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-01DOI: 10.25143/socr.26.2023.2.18-27
Inga Kudeikina, Marina Losevich, Aigars Laizans, Nataliya O. Gutorova
It would often be in the public interest for persons with special knowledge, including the so-called liberal profession-als, to exercise their skills voluntarily, as long as a need for their services arises: for example, a healthcare practitionerwould provide treatment to anyone in need of emergency care, architects would act as soon as there is a mention ofa crack in the load-bearing wall of an apartment building and judges would judge a court on holidays if need arises.But the legal duty to act can be demanded from those who are legally assigned this task only. For all the stakeholders,legal certainty in healthcare is an issue of major importance. To contribute to this aspect, this study aims to detect thelegal and ethical framework of the medical practitioner’s obligation to provide treatment outside of working hours. Thescientific literature, case-law, legal acts and court judgements were studied; the analytic, doctrinal, comparative andmodelling methods were applied; the general legal norm interpretation methods were used. The authors conclude thatoutside of working hours, medical practitioners are exempt from their legal responsibilities, are guided by moral normsand general citizens’ obligations only and have the right to refuse to provide professional healthcare services. Theinconsistency among legal scholars and legal and medical practitioners concerning the duties of healthcare profes-sionals during their rest time was detected. The recommendations are proposed to ensure legal certainty and achieveconsentaneity among the stakeholders.
{"title":"Providing healthcare outside working hours: moral and legal aspects","authors":"Inga Kudeikina, Marina Losevich, Aigars Laizans, Nataliya O. Gutorova","doi":"10.25143/socr.26.2023.2.18-27","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25143/socr.26.2023.2.18-27","url":null,"abstract":"It would often be in the public interest for persons with special knowledge, including the so-called liberal profession-als, to exercise their skills voluntarily, as long as a need for their services arises: for example, a healthcare practitionerwould provide treatment to anyone in need of emergency care, architects would act as soon as there is a mention ofa crack in the load-bearing wall of an apartment building and judges would judge a court on holidays if need arises.But the legal duty to act can be demanded from those who are legally assigned this task only. For all the stakeholders,legal certainty in healthcare is an issue of major importance. To contribute to this aspect, this study aims to detect thelegal and ethical framework of the medical practitioner’s obligation to provide treatment outside of working hours. Thescientific literature, case-law, legal acts and court judgements were studied; the analytic, doctrinal, comparative andmodelling methods were applied; the general legal norm interpretation methods were used. The authors conclude thatoutside of working hours, medical practitioners are exempt from their legal responsibilities, are guided by moral normsand general citizens’ obligations only and have the right to refuse to provide professional healthcare services. Theinconsistency among legal scholars and legal and medical practitioners concerning the duties of healthcare profes-sionals during their rest time was detected. The recommendations are proposed to ensure legal certainty and achieveconsentaneity among the stakeholders.","PeriodicalId":34542,"journal":{"name":"Socrates","volume":"56 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136168185","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-01DOI: 10.25143/socr.26.2023.2.58-66
Marika Lotko
The article analyses therapy dog welfare aspects based on theoretical literature review, researches and regulatoryenactments, providing a unique interpretation of these aspects arising from the consideration that therapy dogs havedual roles, being both therapy animals and household pets. The present research aims to analyse implemented wel-fare measures for therapy dogs, based on scientific literature and regulatory acts. Fifteen semi-structured interviewswere conducted to explore how therapy dog owners provide welfare requirements to their therapy dogs. The followingcategories of welfare were identified to describe therapy dogs involved in a canine therapy: meeting basic needs, vet-erinary care, training, work process and possibility to express species-specific behaviour. The research results indicatethat therapy dog handlers fulfil the minimum requirements of welfare and in some cases exceed these requirements;however, it is up to a handler to choose whether the minimum or an exceeded amount of welfare requirements will beperformed. Lack of regulation in some cases necessitates improvement in setting minimum demands, for instance, insuch cases as a therapy dog workload per day/week.
{"title":"Legal Regulation for Providing Welfare Measures for Therapy Dogs Involved in Canine Therapy in Latvia","authors":"Marika Lotko","doi":"10.25143/socr.26.2023.2.58-66","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25143/socr.26.2023.2.58-66","url":null,"abstract":"The article analyses therapy dog welfare aspects based on theoretical literature review, researches and regulatoryenactments, providing a unique interpretation of these aspects arising from the consideration that therapy dogs havedual roles, being both therapy animals and household pets. The present research aims to analyse implemented wel-fare measures for therapy dogs, based on scientific literature and regulatory acts. Fifteen semi-structured interviewswere conducted to explore how therapy dog owners provide welfare requirements to their therapy dogs. The followingcategories of welfare were identified to describe therapy dogs involved in a canine therapy: meeting basic needs, vet-erinary care, training, work process and possibility to express species-specific behaviour. The research results indicatethat therapy dog handlers fulfil the minimum requirements of welfare and in some cases exceed these requirements;however, it is up to a handler to choose whether the minimum or an exceeded amount of welfare requirements will beperformed. Lack of regulation in some cases necessitates improvement in setting minimum demands, for instance, insuch cases as a therapy dog workload per day/week.","PeriodicalId":34542,"journal":{"name":"Socrates","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136168183","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-01DOI: 10.25143/socr.26.2023.2.28-34
Jūlija Muraru-Kļučica
This article’s main aims are to explore, consider and analyse various sources of law to identify the essence and im-portance of the established judicial cooperation system in the European Union (EU) for effective countering of EUthreats and crime. During the research, various sources of European Union Law, case law, constitutional law, etc. wereexplored and considered, by using the analysis method as well as the comparative and synthesis methods. The articlereviews the development of the existing system of judicial cooperation in criminal matters in the EU demonstrating theimportance of the mutual trust involved in the combating of cross-border crime in the EU. Further, it assesses the ef-fectiveness of the existing institute of judicial cooperation in criminal matters in view of combating cross-border crime,in addition to demonstrating the current normative system in the field of judicial cooperation in criminal matters of theEU and its connective side with national criminal justice systems. The main research results highlight the necessity forsupplementing the legal framework of judicial cooperation in criminal matters with a clear definition of the followingterms: cross-border crime and offences with a foreign element, as well as the term foreign element in the context ofjudicial cooperation in criminal matters; the results also shed light on the fact that it is essential to adopt a new legalframework on the transfer of criminal proceedings. Finally, for more effective cooperation among Member States, it isnecessary to approach a common way of the interpretation of the legal acts facilitating correct application and imple-mentation of judicial cooperation in criminal matters instruments in the EU.
{"title":"The importance of judicial cooperation in criminal matters in the European Union with a special focus on countering EU threats and crime more effectively","authors":"Jūlija Muraru-Kļučica","doi":"10.25143/socr.26.2023.2.28-34","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25143/socr.26.2023.2.28-34","url":null,"abstract":"This article’s main aims are to explore, consider and analyse various sources of law to identify the essence and im-portance of the established judicial cooperation system in the European Union (EU) for effective countering of EUthreats and crime. During the research, various sources of European Union Law, case law, constitutional law, etc. wereexplored and considered, by using the analysis method as well as the comparative and synthesis methods. The articlereviews the development of the existing system of judicial cooperation in criminal matters in the EU demonstrating theimportance of the mutual trust involved in the combating of cross-border crime in the EU. Further, it assesses the ef-fectiveness of the existing institute of judicial cooperation in criminal matters in view of combating cross-border crime,in addition to demonstrating the current normative system in the field of judicial cooperation in criminal matters of theEU and its connective side with national criminal justice systems. The main research results highlight the necessity forsupplementing the legal framework of judicial cooperation in criminal matters with a clear definition of the followingterms: cross-border crime and offences with a foreign element, as well as the term foreign element in the context ofjudicial cooperation in criminal matters; the results also shed light on the fact that it is essential to adopt a new legalframework on the transfer of criminal proceedings. Finally, for more effective cooperation among Member States, it isnecessary to approach a common way of the interpretation of the legal acts facilitating correct application and imple-mentation of judicial cooperation in criminal matters instruments in the EU.","PeriodicalId":34542,"journal":{"name":"Socrates","volume":"71 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136167594","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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