The article examines the concepts of information literacy and media literacy as a corrective for safe media use. Attention is drawn to the resilience of fake news and fact-checking. Emphasis is placed on the relationship between media literacy and education. The issue of the digital media skills of Bulgarian students has been examined, as well as the inclusion of topics related to the media environment in civic education classes. The research hypothesis defines the idea that media literacy as part of 21st-century education is a corrective for the development of civil society.
{"title":"Медийна грамотност и образование на 21. век","authors":"Marina Marinova","doi":"10.54664/wstj7155","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54664/wstj7155","url":null,"abstract":"The article examines the concepts of information literacy and media literacy as a corrective for safe media use. Attention is drawn to the resilience of fake news and fact-checking. Emphasis is placed on the relationship between media literacy and education. The issue of the digital media skills of Bulgarian students has been examined, as well as the inclusion of topics related to the media environment in civic education classes. The research hypothesis defines the idea that media literacy as part of 21st-century education is a corrective for the development of civil society.","PeriodicalId":346008,"journal":{"name":"21st Century Media and Communications","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125807095","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
New technologies have already changed the educational sphere, and the influence of the podcast has become the subject of in-depth analysis because of the possibility of being quickly and flexibly applied as an educational resource. Educators can easily create engaging and useful audio content that enables learners to consume it at any time and place. In this article, we demonstrate how podcasting and visual content in education can increase accessibility and encourage engagement.
{"title":"Podcast and Virtual Learning Content as Part of Changing Educational Platforms","authors":"G. Ignatov","doi":"10.54664/utgg6125","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54664/utgg6125","url":null,"abstract":"New technologies have already changed the educational sphere, and the influence of the podcast has become the subject of in-depth analysis because of the possibility of being quickly and flexibly applied as an educational resource. Educators can easily create engaging and useful audio content that enables learners to consume it at any time and place. In this article, we demonstrate how podcasting and visual content in education can increase accessibility and encourage engagement.","PeriodicalId":346008,"journal":{"name":"21st Century Media and Communications","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132873375","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The article examines the media coverage of two books intended for children and teenagers that concern taboo themes, such as sexual education and same-sex partnership. A similarity in the coverage is demonstrated where limited conservative stances become overrepresented through a large number of publications in a short period of time. The results are presented with regard to media effects and the formation of attitudes in a wide range of recipients of mediatized messages.
{"title":"Tendencies in the Media Coverage of Two Educational Books Concerning Taboo Themes","authors":"A. Georgiev","doi":"10.54664/pogx4340","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54664/pogx4340","url":null,"abstract":"The article examines the media coverage of two books intended for children and teenagers that concern taboo themes, such as sexual education and same-sex partnership. A similarity in the coverage is demonstrated where limited conservative stances become overrepresented through a large number of publications in a short period of time. The results are presented with regard to media effects and the formation of attitudes in a wide range of recipients of mediatized messages.","PeriodicalId":346008,"journal":{"name":"21st Century Media and Communications","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125904575","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The article examines the role of the Grazhdanin (Citizen) magazine in the protection of civil liberties in the first decade of the 20th century. It has been singled out as the first independent scientific and educational conceptual project, ambitious to form the modern citizen. The magazine is dedicated to the mission of educating and enlightening civil society through a printed edition in the field of the fundamental knowledge for any democracy – constitutional rights, freedoms, and obligations. For this purpose, articles published in the democratic press and in the specialized press with legal themes from the first decade of the century have been studied, which outline the context in which the programmatic texts by Stefan Kirov, published in Grazhdanin, are examined. In this article, for the first time, pages from Stefan Kirov’s unpublished memoirs related to the publication of Grazhdanin are published.
{"title":"About the Role of the Grazhdanin Magazine in Protecting Civil Liberties in the First Decade of the 20th Century","authors":"M. Angelova","doi":"10.54664/fpsk6322","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54664/fpsk6322","url":null,"abstract":"The article examines the role of the Grazhdanin (Citizen) magazine in the protection of civil liberties in the first decade of the 20th century. It has been singled out as the first independent scientific and educational conceptual project, ambitious to form the modern citizen. The magazine is dedicated to the mission of educating and enlightening civil society through a printed edition in the field of the fundamental knowledge for any democracy – constitutional rights, freedoms, and obligations. For this purpose, articles published in the democratic press and in the specialized press with legal themes from the first decade of the century have been studied, which outline the context in which the programmatic texts by Stefan Kirov, published in Grazhdanin, are examined. In this article, for the first time, pages from Stefan Kirov’s unpublished memoirs related to the publication of Grazhdanin are published.","PeriodicalId":346008,"journal":{"name":"21st Century Media and Communications","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121109981","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The article investigates the concept of trust as a factor for success in public diplomacy initiatives. It explores the field through the theoretical frame of persuasive communication. First, the evolution and connotations of the term trust are examined through a broad theoretical review. Subsequently, the applications and the meaning of the phenomenon in the field of public diplomacy are analyzed. The article probes into an academic debate which has been mostly neglected by the Bulgarian scientific community. It relates to increasing the effectiveness of diplomatic actions in the public sphere by strengthening the trust in the legitimate communicator. The presented theoretical perspectives can be relevant to researchers and practitioners alike.
{"title":"Trust as a Determinant of Success in Public Diplomacy","authors":"K. Kalinov","doi":"10.54664/xvag2500","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54664/xvag2500","url":null,"abstract":"The article investigates the concept of trust as a factor for success in public diplomacy initiatives. It explores the field through the theoretical frame of persuasive communication. First, the evolution and connotations of the term trust are examined through a broad theoretical review. Subsequently, the applications and the meaning of the phenomenon in the field of public diplomacy are analyzed. The article probes into an academic debate which has been mostly neglected by the Bulgarian scientific community. It relates to increasing the effectiveness of diplomatic actions in the public sphere by strengthening the trust in the legitimate communicator. The presented theoretical perspectives can be relevant to researchers and practitioners alike.","PeriodicalId":346008,"journal":{"name":"21st Century Media and Communications","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122948003","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article deals with the discourse of popular culture during the state socialism in Bulgaria and especially with the media aimed at female audiences. The Zhenata dnes (The Woman of Today) magazine is a starting point for the topic of what are the concepts of gender within socialism and are they changing. During the Cold War, there was a widespread belief that media were a direct reflection of narrow ideological norms. However, the example of Zhenata dnes clearly outlines the permeability and flexibility of topics related to the emancipation of women. The magazine openly publishes letters from readers, as well as analyses criticizing the government for the unhappy fate of women. Dissent, feminism and Western themes. The magazine was disliked and warned in the period 1966‒1980 that it had gone beyond the ideologically acceptable limits, but nevertheless it still exists. How did popular media targeting women create their image in the society of that time? How did the government want to build their image and how is it achieved in the magazine, thanks to the progressive positions of its editors and authors?
本文论述保加利亚国家社会主义时期的流行文化话语，特别是针对女性受众的媒体。《今日女性》(The Woman of Today)杂志是探讨社会主义中的性别概念及其变化的起点。冷战期间，人们普遍认为媒体是狭隘意识形态规范的直接反映。但是，Zhenata dnes的例子清楚地概述了与妇女解放有关的主题的渗透性和灵活性。该杂志公开刊登读者来信，以及批评政府对女性不幸命运的分析。异见、女权主义和西方主题。这本杂志在1966年至1980年期间不受欢迎，并被警告说它已经超出了意识形态上可接受的限度，但尽管如此，它仍然存在。大众媒体是如何在当时的社会中塑造女性形象的?政府希望如何在杂志上建立自己的形象?由于其编辑和作者的进步立场，这是如何实现的?
{"title":"Popular Culture, Gender and State Socialism: Zhenata dnes Magazine","authors":"J. Vladimirova","doi":"10.54664/sdyd2347","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54664/sdyd2347","url":null,"abstract":"This article deals with the discourse of popular culture during the state socialism in Bulgaria and especially with the media aimed at female audiences. The Zhenata dnes (The Woman of Today) magazine is a starting point for the topic of what are the concepts of gender within socialism and are they changing. During the Cold War, there was a widespread belief that media were a direct reflection of narrow ideological norms. However, the example of Zhenata dnes clearly outlines the permeability and flexibility of topics related to the emancipation of women. The magazine openly publishes letters from readers, as well as analyses criticizing the government for the unhappy fate of women. Dissent, feminism and Western themes. The magazine was disliked and warned in the period 1966‒1980 that it had gone beyond the ideologically acceptable limits, but nevertheless it still exists. How did popular media targeting women create their image in the society of that time? How did the government want to build their image and how is it achieved in the magazine, thanks to the progressive positions of its editors and authors?","PeriodicalId":346008,"journal":{"name":"21st Century Media and Communications","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128847395","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The study examines the applicability of the comparative framework of Hallin and Mancini (2004) with their three models of media‒politics relations (Mediterranean or Polarized Pluralist Model, North/ Central European or Democratic Corporatist Model, and North Atlantic or Liberal Model) to a post-communist country like Bulgaria. The answer to this question is sought through a study of the role of the state in relation to the media system, particularly the state funding of media in its various forms. The analysis leads to the conclusion that the Bulgarian media system is most similar to the Mediterranean Model due to the power of еtatism (the state finances public media, and the government buys media love through state and municipal advertising). At the same time, ineffective media regulation favors media concentration and the instrumentalization of large government media groups. The processes of rapid liberalization, privatization and deregulation in the media sector after 1989 brought Bulgaria closer to the countries included in the Liberal Model. Therefore, its media system is hybrid to some extent, but the similarities with the Mediterranean Model remain in the lead. The clientelism through which they are tamed, resp. corrupt the media, brings Bulgaria closer to the Latin American countries where it is much stronger than in the Mediterranean region (Hallin, Papathanassopoulos 2002). The concluding part predicts that, in the future, the analysis of the Bulgarian media system can be enhanced with a study of the applicability of the concepts of the “captured liberal model” of the media (in Latin America) and the “captured media” in the post-communist world.
{"title":"The State and Media Financing: Bulgaria and the Mediterranean Media Model","authors":"Ivo Indjov","doi":"10.54664/zkql5823","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54664/zkql5823","url":null,"abstract":"The study examines the applicability of the comparative framework of Hallin and Mancini (2004) with their three models of media‒politics relations (Mediterranean or Polarized Pluralist Model, North/ Central European or Democratic Corporatist Model, and North Atlantic or Liberal Model) to a post-communist country like Bulgaria. The answer to this question is sought through a study of the role of the state in relation to the media system, particularly the state funding of media in its various forms. The analysis leads to the conclusion that the Bulgarian media system is most similar to the Mediterranean Model due to the power of еtatism (the state finances public media, and the government buys media love through state and municipal advertising). At the same time, ineffective media regulation favors media concentration and the instrumentalization of large government media groups. The processes of rapid liberalization, privatization and deregulation in the media sector after 1989 brought Bulgaria closer to the countries included in the Liberal Model. Therefore, its media system is hybrid to some extent, but the similarities with the Mediterranean Model remain in the lead. The clientelism through which they are tamed, resp. corrupt the media, brings Bulgaria closer to the Latin American countries where it is much stronger than in the Mediterranean region (Hallin, Papathanassopoulos 2002). The concluding part predicts that, in the future, the analysis of the Bulgarian media system can be enhanced with a study of the applicability of the concepts of the “captured liberal model” of the media (in Latin America) and the “captured media” in the post-communist world.","PeriodicalId":346008,"journal":{"name":"21st Century Media and Communications","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122580957","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The paper presents results of media monitoring during the election campaigns held in Bulgaria between 2014 and 2019 – after the adoption of the new Electoral Code in 2014 until the last local elections in 2019. The main research question is to what extent the media as mediators in the election campaigns know, respect and comply with the legal regulations concerning their activities during such campaigns. The results outline the models of legal socialization of the Fourth Estate in the election campaigns. They also show patterns of compliance and violation of the legal framework. In addition, they reflect the way in which the media work to change the regulations in question. The research sample included between 117 and 180 media service providers in various election campaigns. There were representatives of all media subfields – traditional media, new media, yellow media, brown media, Prokopiev’s media, Peevski’s media, as well as Russian and American “propaganda media”. The period of research includes almost two full election cycles ‒ two parliamentary elections, two European elections, two local elections, and one presidential election which was held after the clear definition of the legal framework for media in the 2014 Electoral Code. No changes were made to this framework during the study and prior to the publication of this paper. This leads to conclusions regarding the electoral legislation and the regulation of the media system in the electoral process.
{"title":"The Commercial Fourth Estate in the 2014–2019 Election Campaigns","authors":"Katia Mihailova","doi":"10.54664/tohc7176","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54664/tohc7176","url":null,"abstract":"The paper presents results of media monitoring during the election campaigns held in Bulgaria between 2014 and 2019 – after the adoption of the new Electoral Code in 2014 until the last local elections in 2019. The main research question is to what extent the media as mediators in the election campaigns know, respect and comply with the legal regulations concerning their activities during such campaigns. The results outline the models of legal socialization of the Fourth Estate in the election campaigns. They also show patterns of compliance and violation of the legal framework. In addition, they reflect the way in which the media work to change the regulations in question. The research sample included between 117 and 180 media service providers in various election campaigns. There were representatives of all media subfields – traditional media, new media, yellow media, brown media, Prokopiev’s media, Peevski’s media, as well as Russian and American “propaganda media”. The period of research includes almost two full election cycles ‒ two parliamentary elections, two European elections, two local elections, and one presidential election which was held after the clear definition of the legal framework for media in the 2014 Electoral Code. No changes were made to this framework during the study and prior to the publication of this paper. This leads to conclusions regarding the electoral legislation and the regulation of the media system in the electoral process.","PeriodicalId":346008,"journal":{"name":"21st Century Media and Communications","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129076265","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The article presents the main results of a quantitative content analysis of Mir newspaper for the period 1919‒1944. A total of 151 articles were analyzed. The study aims to shed light on how the periodical, defined as the Bulgarian Times (a quality bourgeois newspaper), presents five main thematic areas in order to provide a clearer picture of the Bulgarian press and journalistic culture during the period under review.
{"title":"The Image of Journalism and the Press on the Pages of Mir Newspaper (1919–1944): Results of a Quantitative Content Analysis","authors":"Dilyana Toncheva","doi":"10.54664/xcwp3376","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54664/xcwp3376","url":null,"abstract":"The article presents the main results of a quantitative content analysis of Mir newspaper for the period 1919‒1944. A total of 151 articles were analyzed. The study aims to shed light on how the periodical, defined as the Bulgarian Times (a quality bourgeois newspaper), presents five main thematic areas in order to provide a clearer picture of the Bulgarian press and journalistic culture during the period under review.","PeriodicalId":346008,"journal":{"name":"21st Century Media and Communications","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128951189","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper presents and analyzes the results of a quantitative content analysis of the periodical called Bulgarian Journalist ‒ Journalism and Society. The main research topic is the role of journalism and media in Bulgaria. Based on publications on the topic, it aims to “bring to light”, as far as possible, journalistic, political and public reflections on the role and place of media and journalism in Bulgarian society during the communist regime and the first years of democratic transformation. The main focus is on five research questions, on the basis of which the periodical is monitored and analyzed. The conclusions drawn at the end have an important research significance.
{"title":"The Image of Media and Journalism on the Pages of the Bulgarian Journalist Periodical (1959–1996): Results of а Quantitative Content Analysis","authors":"Ivaylo Sapravliyski","doi":"10.54664/etbi8848","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54664/etbi8848","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents and analyzes the results of a quantitative content analysis of the periodical called Bulgarian Journalist ‒ Journalism and Society. The main research topic is the role of journalism and media in Bulgaria. Based on publications on the topic, it aims to “bring to light”, as far as possible, journalistic, political and public reflections on the role and place of media and journalism in Bulgarian society during the communist regime and the first years of democratic transformation. The main focus is on five research questions, on the basis of which the periodical is monitored and analyzed. The conclusions drawn at the end have an important research significance.","PeriodicalId":346008,"journal":{"name":"21st Century Media and Communications","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120964082","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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