Pub Date : 2023-01-30DOI: 10.26420/austinjinfectdis.2023.1079
Z. A. Maskari, S. Panchatcharam, Amal AL Tai, Warda AL Habsi, Khadija AL Zadjali
Introduction: Several recent reports have described an increase in multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs) during the COVID- 19 pandemic, and multiple factors identified. Objectives: The primary objectives of the study are to determine the incidence of MDROs among hospitalized COVID-19 patients, the risk factors leading to infection or colonization with MDROs among these patients and the determinants of mortality among infected patients. The secondary objective is to study risk factors for mortality among the study cohort. Method: A retrospective case-control study included all patients screened for MDROs on admission or detected later to have a positive sample for MDROs during their hospital stay (April-September 2020). Associations were tested using chi-square and independent t-tests. For the adjusted analysis, Multivariate logistic regression applied. P<0.05 was considered as statistical significance. Result: The total number of patients included was 313. 33.2% (n=104) were MDRO-infected or colonized patients, and 66.8% (n=209) were controls. The incidence density during the study period of MDROs was 16.7 per 1000 patient days, and the incidence was 17. 9 per 100 admissions. The monthly incidence density of MDROs ranged from 7.0 per 1000 patient days to 30.6 per 1000 patient days and steadily increased. In univariate analysis, the length of ICU stays P <0.001, length of hospital stay P <0.001, receiving ventilation P0.001, having urinary catheter P0.004, tracheostomy P<0.001, NGT in situ P 0.001, receiving more than four antibiotics P<0.001 and having comorbidities P 0.001 were risk factors for acquiring MDROs. Comorbidities were independent factors for MDRO acquisition (OR 3.61, CI 1.37-9.61, P0.010). Mortality was higher among those with MDRO infection (50%, n=30) than those with colonization (31.8%, n=14). Only receiving a few antibiotics was related to worse outcomes (OR 3.09, CI; 1.13-8.44, P0.028). The independent risk factors for mortality among the study cohort were age (OR 1.087 CI 1.06 to 1.1, P <0.001), and acute dialysis (OR 4.392, CI 1.82-10.61, P 0.001). Conclusion: The acquisition of MDROs was not associated with worse outcomes among COVID-19 patients, although mortality was significantly higher among infected patients than colonized patients. Implementing strict infection prevention and control strategies is vital to prevent colonization and progression to infection among colonized patients.
导言:最近的几份报告描述了在COVID- 19大流行期间多重耐药生物(mdro)的增加，并确定了多种因素。目的:本研究的主要目的是确定住院COVID-19患者中MDROs的发生率，导致这些患者感染或定植MDROs的危险因素以及感染患者死亡的决定因素。次要目的是研究队列中死亡率的危险因素。方法:一项回顾性病例对照研究纳入了入院时进行MDROs筛查或随后在住院期间(2020年4月至9月)检测出MDROs阳性样本的所有患者。使用卡方检验和独立t检验检验相关性。校正分析采用多元逻辑回归。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。结果:共纳入313例患者。33.2% (n=104)为mdro感染或定植患者，66.8% (n=209)为对照组。研究期间mdro的发病密度为16.7例/ 1000患者日，发病率为17例。每100人中有9人。mdro的月发病率密度从7.0 / 1000患者日到30.6 / 1000患者日不等，并稳步增加。在单因素分析中，ICU住院时间P<0.001、住院时间P<0.001、接受通气P0.001、有导尿管P0.004、气管造口P<0.001、原位NGT P0.001、接受4种以上抗生素P<0.001、有合并症P0.001是发生MDROs的危险因素。合并症是MDRO获得的独立因素(OR 3.61, CI 1.37-9.61, P0.010)。MDRO感染组的死亡率(50%，n=30)高于定植组(31.8%，n=14)。仅使用少量抗生素与较差的结果相关(OR 3.09, CI;1.13 - -8.44, P0.028)。研究队列中死亡率的独立危险因素是年龄(OR 1.087 CI 1.06 ~ 1.1, P <0.001)和急性透析(OR 4.392, CI 1.82 ~ 10.61, P <0.001)。结论:获得MDROs与COVID-19患者预后较差无关，尽管感染患者的死亡率明显高于定植患者。实施严格的感染预防和控制策略对防止定植和感染在定植患者中发展至关重要。
{"title":"Outcome and Risk Factors for Acquisition of Multi-Drug Resistant Organisms among COVID-19 Patients, A Single Center Case Control Study","authors":"Z. A. Maskari, S. Panchatcharam, Amal AL Tai, Warda AL Habsi, Khadija AL Zadjali","doi":"10.26420/austinjinfectdis.2023.1079","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26420/austinjinfectdis.2023.1079","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Several recent reports have described an increase in multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs) during the COVID- 19 pandemic, and multiple factors identified. Objectives: The primary objectives of the study are to determine the incidence of MDROs among hospitalized COVID-19 patients, the risk factors leading to infection or colonization with MDROs among these patients and the determinants of mortality among infected patients. The secondary objective is to study risk factors for mortality among the study cohort. Method: A retrospective case-control study included all patients screened for MDROs on admission or detected later to have a positive sample for MDROs during their hospital stay (April-September 2020). Associations were tested using chi-square and independent t-tests. For the adjusted analysis, Multivariate logistic regression applied. P<0.05 was considered as statistical significance. Result: The total number of patients included was 313. 33.2% (n=104) were MDRO-infected or colonized patients, and 66.8% (n=209) were controls. The incidence density during the study period of MDROs was 16.7 per 1000 patient days, and the incidence was 17. 9 per 100 admissions. The monthly incidence density of MDROs ranged from 7.0 per 1000 patient days to 30.6 per 1000 patient days and steadily increased. In univariate analysis, the length of ICU stays P <0.001, length of hospital stay P <0.001, receiving ventilation P0.001, having urinary catheter P0.004, tracheostomy P<0.001, NGT in situ P 0.001, receiving more than four antibiotics P<0.001 and having comorbidities P 0.001 were risk factors for acquiring MDROs. Comorbidities were independent factors for MDRO acquisition (OR 3.61, CI 1.37-9.61, P0.010). Mortality was higher among those with MDRO infection (50%, n=30) than those with colonization (31.8%, n=14). Only receiving a few antibiotics was related to worse outcomes (OR 3.09, CI; 1.13-8.44, P0.028). The independent risk factors for mortality among the study cohort were age (OR 1.087 CI 1.06 to 1.1, P <0.001), and acute dialysis (OR 4.392, CI 1.82-10.61, P 0.001). Conclusion: The acquisition of MDROs was not associated with worse outcomes among COVID-19 patients, although mortality was significantly higher among infected patients than colonized patients. Implementing strict infection prevention and control strategies is vital to prevent colonization and progression to infection among colonized patients.","PeriodicalId":346223,"journal":{"name":"Austin Journal of Infectious Diseases","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124088244","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-10DOI: 10.26420/austinjinfectdis.2023.1076
D. M., Dieye Y, Nguer Cm, Bédékélabou Ap, Boye Csb, Faye O, Fall C
Yellow Fever (YF) is a mosquito-borne viral disease that is endemic in several African and South American countries. YF Virus (YFV) causes subclinical infections with mild and non-specific symptoms, to severe, potentially lethal illness. Despite the existence of efficient vaccines, epidemics continue to occur, mostly in Africa. One major drawback of the available YF vaccines is their method of preparation that is fastidious and have limits to produce high volumes of doses needed to respond to recurring epidemics. The best available animal models for YFV are Non-Human Primates (NHP) in which it causes a disease similar to human infection. However, the cost of NHP studies is a limit to preclinical studies. There are a few mouse models of YF. However, these models consist of genetically deficient rodents that are not the best for evaluating new vaccines or therapies. We have developed a mouse model of YFV infection based on the Swiss Webster out bred strain. We have tested several epidemic isolates and identified two strains that, when administrated by the intraperitoneal route, caused an acute infection leading to death. Interestingly, these YFV strains are lethal only when prepared from mouse brain and not when cultured on cell lines. We used this model to test the efficacy of the 17D YFV vaccine strain in protecting mice against lethal challenge showing that the model can be used to evaluate new YF vaccines and therapies.
{"title":"A Mouse Model of Yellow Fever Virus Infection for Study of Pathogenesis and Development of Vaccines and Therapeutics","authors":"D. M., Dieye Y, Nguer Cm, Bédékélabou Ap, Boye Csb, Faye O, Fall C","doi":"10.26420/austinjinfectdis.2023.1076","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26420/austinjinfectdis.2023.1076","url":null,"abstract":"Yellow Fever (YF) is a mosquito-borne viral disease that is endemic in several African and South American countries. YF Virus (YFV) causes subclinical infections with mild and non-specific symptoms, to severe, potentially lethal illness. Despite the existence of efficient vaccines, epidemics continue to occur, mostly in Africa. One major drawback of the available YF vaccines is their method of preparation that is fastidious and have limits to produce high volumes of doses needed to respond to recurring epidemics. The best available animal models for YFV are Non-Human Primates (NHP) in which it causes a disease similar to human infection. However, the cost of NHP studies is a limit to preclinical studies. There are a few mouse models of YF. However, these models consist of genetically deficient rodents that are not the best for evaluating new vaccines or therapies. We have developed a mouse model of YFV infection based on the Swiss Webster out bred strain. We have tested several epidemic isolates and identified two strains that, when administrated by the intraperitoneal route, caused an acute infection leading to death. Interestingly, these YFV strains are lethal only when prepared from mouse brain and not when cultured on cell lines. We used this model to test the efficacy of the 17D YFV vaccine strain in protecting mice against lethal challenge showing that the model can be used to evaluate new YF vaccines and therapies.","PeriodicalId":346223,"journal":{"name":"Austin Journal of Infectious Diseases","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125179042","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-10DOI: 10.26420/austinjinfectdis.2023.1077
Avakyan Sv, Baranova La
The goal of the paper was to show that the phenomena observed in the works of L. Montagnier, the Nobel laureate on physiology, 2008, with the behavior of some bacteria and viruses (including the Human Imunodeficiency Virus), may be related to the effect of microwave fluxes primarily of ionospheric origin, to formation of water-containing complexes. A well-known mechanism of associative formation is taken into account, taking into account the high affinity for the proton in water molecules. The approach developed in our recent papers is used within the framework of supramolecular physics of complex molecular structures. Supramolecular physics describes a processes developing outside the molecules (atomic-molecular cores) in whose evolution to the complex forms (clusters, associates) electromagnetic radiation of external origin absorbed by exited Rydberg components of molecular complex takes part. Due to increasing value of orbital momentum of Rydberg electrons the stability of the complex grows because probability for forming a stable neutral cluster becomes higher as the electron more seldom penetrates into the ion core. We use the analogy with well known supramolecular chemistry proposed by J.-M. Lehn, the Nobel laureate on chemistry, 1987. He also discussed a possibility of contribution of cosmic influence both to information exchange in living organism and reaction to the environmental stimuli.
{"title":"How does the Geocosmos Control the Viruses in Biosphere: DNA, Ionospheric Microwaves and Water","authors":"Avakyan Sv, Baranova La","doi":"10.26420/austinjinfectdis.2023.1077","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26420/austinjinfectdis.2023.1077","url":null,"abstract":"The goal of the paper was to show that the phenomena observed in the works of L. Montagnier, the Nobel laureate on physiology, 2008, with the behavior of some bacteria and viruses (including the Human Imunodeficiency Virus), may be related to the effect of microwave fluxes primarily of ionospheric origin, to formation of water-containing complexes. A well-known mechanism of associative formation is taken into account, taking into account the high affinity for the proton in water molecules. The approach developed in our recent papers is used within the framework of supramolecular physics of complex molecular structures. Supramolecular physics describes a processes developing outside the molecules (atomic-molecular cores) in whose evolution to the complex forms (clusters, associates) electromagnetic radiation of external origin absorbed by exited Rydberg components of molecular complex takes part. Due to increasing value of orbital momentum of Rydberg electrons the stability of the complex grows because probability for forming a stable neutral cluster becomes higher as the electron more seldom penetrates into the ion core. We use the analogy with well known supramolecular chemistry proposed by J.-M. Lehn, the Nobel laureate on chemistry, 1987. He also discussed a possibility of contribution of cosmic influence both to information exchange in living organism and reaction to the environmental stimuli.","PeriodicalId":346223,"journal":{"name":"Austin Journal of Infectious Diseases","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114046600","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-29DOI: 10.26420/austinjinfectdis.2022.1075
Pawlak Z, Yusuf Kq
The pathological changes observed in Osteoarthritis (OA) and Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) affects the entire joint structure resulting in pain, surface change, molecules modification and dysfunction. In our study, we report molecular deactivation mechanism surface active phospholipids and cartilage matrix in (OA) and (RA). Deactivated PLs can be related to high friction leading to articular cartilage damage. The interaction occurs between antibodies β2-Glycoprotein I (β2-GPI) protonated amino acid functional group (-NH3+) and the phospholipid functional group (-PO4-): (β2-GPI) (-NH3+) + PL(-PO4-) → (-NH3+-PO4-) In a proposed articular cartilage damage of OA and RA, a substantial progress has been made towards understanding the mechanisms of PLs deactivation that lead to the degradation of the cartilage surface.
{"title":"The Pathological Changes in Osteoarthritis and Rheumatoid Arthritis Joint Diseases","authors":"Pawlak Z, Yusuf Kq","doi":"10.26420/austinjinfectdis.2022.1075","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26420/austinjinfectdis.2022.1075","url":null,"abstract":"The pathological changes observed in Osteoarthritis (OA) and Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) affects the entire joint structure resulting in pain, surface change, molecules modification and dysfunction. In our study, we report molecular deactivation mechanism surface active phospholipids and cartilage matrix in (OA) and (RA). Deactivated PLs can be related to high friction leading to articular cartilage damage. The interaction occurs between antibodies β2-Glycoprotein I (β2-GPI) protonated amino acid functional group (-NH3+) and the phospholipid functional group (-PO4-): (β2-GPI) (-NH3+) + PL(-PO4-) → (-NH3+-PO4-) In a proposed articular cartilage damage of OA and RA, a substantial progress has been made towards understanding the mechanisms of PLs deactivation that lead to the degradation of the cartilage surface.","PeriodicalId":346223,"journal":{"name":"Austin Journal of Infectious Diseases","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134465683","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-03DOI: 10.26420/austinjinfectdis.2022.1074
Glukhareva Ae, Afonin Gv, Mel'nikova Aa, Grivtsova Ly, Kolobaev Iv, Ivanov Sa, Kaprin Ad
Neutrophils are one of the key barriers to anti-infective protection, an important mechanism of which is NETosis - the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NET). In recent years, this ambiguous biological phenomenon has been considered as a factor of unfavorable prognosis in some types of cancer. This review is devoted to the analysis of the role of NETosis in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases and other non-communicable diseases. The role of NET in malignant tumors, in particular in metastasis and progression of the tumor process, has been studied and data on the subpopulations of neutrophils – low-density neutrophils (LDN) and high-density neutrophils (HDN) in tumor processes have been analyzed. Further study of the phenomenon of netosis and the characteristics of peripheral blood neutrophils in cancer patients will be useful both for detailing the mechanisms of the metastatic cascade and for identifying their role as a biomarker and a possible therapeutic target.
{"title":"The Role of the NETosis Phenomena as a Function of Neutrophils in the Pathogenesis of Infection and Cancer","authors":"Glukhareva Ae, Afonin Gv, Mel'nikova Aa, Grivtsova Ly, Kolobaev Iv, Ivanov Sa, Kaprin Ad","doi":"10.26420/austinjinfectdis.2022.1074","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26420/austinjinfectdis.2022.1074","url":null,"abstract":"Neutrophils are one of the key barriers to anti-infective protection, an important mechanism of which is NETosis - the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NET). In recent years, this ambiguous biological phenomenon has been considered as a factor of unfavorable prognosis in some types of cancer. This review is devoted to the analysis of the role of NETosis in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases and other non-communicable diseases. The role of NET in malignant tumors, in particular in metastasis and progression of the tumor process, has been studied and data on the subpopulations of neutrophils – low-density neutrophils (LDN) and high-density neutrophils (HDN) in tumor processes have been analyzed. Further study of the phenomenon of netosis and the characteristics of peripheral blood neutrophils in cancer patients will be useful both for detailing the mechanisms of the metastatic cascade and for identifying their role as a biomarker and a possible therapeutic target.","PeriodicalId":346223,"journal":{"name":"Austin Journal of Infectious Diseases","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134398230","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-28DOI: 10.26420/austinjinfectdis.2022.1073
T. K. Ntumba, B. Bongenya, L. O. Losenga, G. I. Booto, N. M. Dikati, Rosalie Djamba Dembo, S. M. Selenge, Jocelyn Ewuti Nonga, Candide About Kabamba, B. Kabengele, M. Sombo, G. Bumoko, E. Kamangu
Background: Opportunistic infections, which are still a major problem in the care of People Living with HIV (PLHIV), occur in situations of immunosuppression. Objective: The objective of this study was to determine the profile of Opportunistic Infections in People Living with HIV starting Antiretroviral Treatment (ART) in Kinshasa during the Dolutegravir era. Methods: The present study is a descriptive cross-sectional study to determine the profile of OIs among PLHIV starting ART in Outpatient Treatment Centers (OTC) in Kinshasa. Sixteen OTCs had been included in the study. The patient inclusion period in the study was from October 04, 2021 to February 15, 2022. The population of the present study was patients over the age of 18 at inclusion, infected with HIV-1 and starting ART in a selected OTC. Results: 119 patients were included in this study respecting the inclusion criteria. 56.3% of patients included are women. The mean age on D0 is 39.87 ± 12.36 years. The most represented age group is that of 36 to 45 years with 37 patients (31.9%). The Opportunistic Infections most found in these PLHIV are: Malaria with 54 cases (45.4%), Tuberculosis (29.4%) and Cutaneous pruritus (23.5%). Conclusion: In this cohort of patients starting ARV treatment in Kinshasa, the most common opportunistic infections are Malaria, Tuberculosis and Cutaneous Pruritus.
{"title":"Opportunistic Infections in People Living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Initiating Antiretroviral Therapy in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo","authors":"T. K. Ntumba, B. Bongenya, L. O. Losenga, G. I. Booto, N. M. Dikati, Rosalie Djamba Dembo, S. M. Selenge, Jocelyn Ewuti Nonga, Candide About Kabamba, B. Kabengele, M. Sombo, G. Bumoko, E. Kamangu","doi":"10.26420/austinjinfectdis.2022.1073","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26420/austinjinfectdis.2022.1073","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Opportunistic infections, which are still a major problem in the care of People Living with HIV (PLHIV), occur in situations of immunosuppression. Objective: The objective of this study was to determine the profile of Opportunistic Infections in People Living with HIV starting Antiretroviral Treatment (ART) in Kinshasa during the Dolutegravir era. Methods: The present study is a descriptive cross-sectional study to determine the profile of OIs among PLHIV starting ART in Outpatient Treatment Centers (OTC) in Kinshasa. Sixteen OTCs had been included in the study. The patient inclusion period in the study was from October 04, 2021 to February 15, 2022. The population of the present study was patients over the age of 18 at inclusion, infected with HIV-1 and starting ART in a selected OTC. Results: 119 patients were included in this study respecting the inclusion criteria. 56.3% of patients included are women. The mean age on D0 is 39.87 ± 12.36 years. The most represented age group is that of 36 to 45 years with 37 patients (31.9%). The Opportunistic Infections most found in these PLHIV are: Malaria with 54 cases (45.4%), Tuberculosis (29.4%) and Cutaneous pruritus (23.5%). Conclusion: In this cohort of patients starting ARV treatment in Kinshasa, the most common opportunistic infections are Malaria, Tuberculosis and Cutaneous Pruritus.","PeriodicalId":346223,"journal":{"name":"Austin Journal of Infectious Diseases","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120925052","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-27DOI: 10.26420/austinjinfectdis.2022.1072
W. X, Huang H, B. S, Zhao J, Devadas K, Hewlett I
Latent infection is a major barrier for cure of HIV-1/AIDS. HIV-1 is capable of establishing latency and the components of the apoptotic pathways may affect viral latency. However, it is not well-known how anti/pro-apoptotic components modulate HIV-1 replication and latency. Using the susceptible A3.01 cell line, we investigated some long-term effects of caspase-3 activities on HIV-1 DNA levels using a sensitive real-time PCR assay. Here we report that viral DNA levels increased upon treatment with caspase-3 inhibitor, Z-DEVD and decreased with caspase-3 activator, PAC1. We also simultaneously measured viral RNA from supernatants of these cell cultures and found that the degree of HIV-1 latency is inversely proportional to levels of viral replication. Furthermore, we demonstrated that inhibition of caspase-3 activities promoted viral latency and inhibited viral replication in several ways, which may include: 1) inhibition of viral RNA un coating with increased Trim5a expression; 2) deleterious mutations in the viral genome with increased APOBEC3G; 3) transcriptional interference with decreased levels of the host factors, NF-κB p65, Ap-1, Sp-1, NFAT, STAT1/3/5, IRF3/7, inactivated YB-1 and MAPK, Erk1/2 and p38, and inhibition of full-length of HIV-1 mRNA and P-TEF b signaling; 4) epigenetic silencing with decreased PCAF; 5) blocking trafficking of the components of viral particle and budding with decreased Tag101 and Alix. These data suggest that HIV-1 infection can employ or even manipulate the cellular apoptotic status to favor viral survival and escape monitoring and destruction by the host immune system.
{"title":"Effects of Caspase-3 on HIV-1 Latency in a 3.01 Cells","authors":"W. X, Huang H, B. S, Zhao J, Devadas K, Hewlett I","doi":"10.26420/austinjinfectdis.2022.1072","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26420/austinjinfectdis.2022.1072","url":null,"abstract":"Latent infection is a major barrier for cure of HIV-1/AIDS. HIV-1 is capable of establishing latency and the components of the apoptotic pathways may affect viral latency. However, it is not well-known how anti/pro-apoptotic components modulate HIV-1 replication and latency. Using the susceptible A3.01 cell line, we investigated some long-term effects of caspase-3 activities on HIV-1 DNA levels using a sensitive real-time PCR assay. Here we report that viral DNA levels increased upon treatment with caspase-3 inhibitor, Z-DEVD and decreased with caspase-3 activator, PAC1. We also simultaneously measured viral RNA from supernatants of these cell cultures and found that the degree of HIV-1 latency is inversely proportional to levels of viral replication. Furthermore, we demonstrated that inhibition of caspase-3 activities promoted viral latency and inhibited viral replication in several ways, which may include: 1) inhibition of viral RNA un coating with increased Trim5a expression; 2) deleterious mutations in the viral genome with increased APOBEC3G; 3) transcriptional interference with decreased levels of the host factors, NF-κB p65, Ap-1, Sp-1, NFAT, STAT1/3/5, IRF3/7, inactivated YB-1 and MAPK, Erk1/2 and p38, and inhibition of full-length of HIV-1 mRNA and P-TEF b signaling; 4) epigenetic silencing with decreased PCAF; 5) blocking trafficking of the components of viral particle and budding with decreased Tag101 and Alix. These data suggest that HIV-1 infection can employ or even manipulate the cellular apoptotic status to favor viral survival and escape monitoring and destruction by the host immune system.","PeriodicalId":346223,"journal":{"name":"Austin Journal of Infectious Diseases","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116050873","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-19DOI: 10.26420/austinjinfectdis.2022.1071
Yadav E
There has been recent surge of pro and prebiotic based skincare products being available OTC. For example, there have been a lot of “yogurt masks” or even skin specific probiotic supplements that have flooded retail stores with the promise of improving what they claim to be their understanding of “the skin microbiome”. At first glance, there is psychological appeal towards believing in their use due to the increasing awareness around pathologies related to the skin (e.g. acne, rosacea, and hypersensitivity reactions). However, with all the research out there now about the gut microbiome, skin microbiome, and any part of the human microbiome basically, we figured these claims warranted a deeper dive.
{"title":"Do OTC Microbiome Enhancing Products Offer Preventative Care for Skin Health?","authors":"Yadav E","doi":"10.26420/austinjinfectdis.2022.1071","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26420/austinjinfectdis.2022.1071","url":null,"abstract":"There has been recent surge of pro and prebiotic based skincare products being available OTC. For example, there have been a lot of “yogurt masks” or even skin specific probiotic supplements that have flooded retail stores with the promise of improving what they claim to be their understanding of “the skin microbiome”. At first glance, there is psychological appeal towards believing in their use due to the increasing awareness around pathologies related to the skin (e.g. acne, rosacea, and hypersensitivity reactions). However, with all the research out there now about the gut microbiome, skin microbiome, and any part of the human microbiome basically, we figured these claims warranted a deeper dive.","PeriodicalId":346223,"journal":{"name":"Austin Journal of Infectious Diseases","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129476782","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-09DOI: 10.26420/austinjinfectdis.2022.1069
Jukic I, Vukovic J, Modun D, S. Z, Tonkic A
This letter summarizes historical overview of the European guidelines for management of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection, from Maastricht I consensus report through to Maastricht V/Florence consensus report. The inadequate application of Maastricht V/Florence consensus report in clinical practice has urged us to send an appeal to all national gastroenterological societies to emphasize the importance of these guidelines.
{"title":"Historical Overview of the Maastricht Consensus Reports for the Management of Helicobacter Pylori Infection. Where are we Today?","authors":"Jukic I, Vukovic J, Modun D, S. Z, Tonkic A","doi":"10.26420/austinjinfectdis.2022.1069","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26420/austinjinfectdis.2022.1069","url":null,"abstract":"This letter summarizes historical overview of the European guidelines for management of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection, from Maastricht I consensus report through to Maastricht V/Florence consensus report. The inadequate application of Maastricht V/Florence consensus report in clinical practice has urged us to send an appeal to all national gastroenterological societies to emphasize the importance of these guidelines.","PeriodicalId":346223,"journal":{"name":"Austin Journal of Infectious Diseases","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132281175","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-09DOI: 10.26420/austinjinfectdis.2022.1070
Ito Crm, S. Jas, Gonçalves Lc, Silva Pan, S. Mo, Moreira Ale, Pereira As, Peixoto Fao, Fonseca Jg, Wastowski Ij, Carneiro Lc, Avelino Mag
Viruses are the main pathogens that cause SARI, and children are much affected around the world. Therefore, the aim of this study is to assess the frequency of SARI and SARS cases caused by seasonal viruses in children before and during the COVID-19 pandemic.
{"title":"The Epidemiology of Viruses Causing Acute and Severe Respiratory Diseases in Children, Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic","authors":"Ito Crm, S. Jas, Gonçalves Lc, Silva Pan, S. Mo, Moreira Ale, Pereira As, Peixoto Fao, Fonseca Jg, Wastowski Ij, Carneiro Lc, Avelino Mag","doi":"10.26420/austinjinfectdis.2022.1070","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26420/austinjinfectdis.2022.1070","url":null,"abstract":"Viruses are the main pathogens that cause SARI, and children are much affected around the world. Therefore, the aim of this study is to assess the frequency of SARI and SARS cases caused by seasonal viruses in children before and during the COVID-19 pandemic.","PeriodicalId":346223,"journal":{"name":"Austin Journal of Infectious Diseases","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130170180","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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