Pub Date : 2022-08-17DOI: 10.26420/austinjinfectdis.2022.1068
Z. X, P. K, Z. R, Li F, Xiao C, Zhai S, L. C, H. Q., An L, Y. C
Background: The pandemic outbreak of COVID-19 created panic all over the world. As therapeutics that can effectively wipe out the virus and terminate transmission is not available, supportive therapeutics is the main clinical treatments for COVID-19. Repurposing available therapeutics from other viral infections is the primary surrogate in ameliorating and treating COVID-19. The therapeutics should be tailored individually by analyzing the severity of COVID-19, age, gender, and the underlying conditions. Here, we retrospectively revisit the clinical data collected in China and systematically analyze the efficacy and target patients of different therapeutics and find that Arbidol and Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) increase the survival rate significantly, whereas antibacterial treatment is ineffective for viral and bacterial co infection. Multicenter collaboration and large cohort of patients will be required to evaluate therapeutics combinations in the future. Methods: This study is a single-center retrospective observational study of COVID-19 clinical data in China. We screen 2844 COVID-19 patients from the patients admitted to Tongji Hospital (Wuhan) between January 18, 2020, and April 25, 2020 and exclude cases with missing information or false positive diagnosis. Then the patients’ information with different severity will be study to evaluate the efficacy of treatment, including treatment modalities, past medical records, individual disease history, and clinical outcomes were analyzed. As the severity of illness is correlated with laboratory or clinical data, the information can be used to evaluate disease severity. We divide the patients into three groups with moderate, severe, and critical illness. Kaplan-Meier method, univariate and multivariate Cox regression are used to explore different treatment methods on clinical outcomes. Results: After screening, 2844 patients are selected for the study. The mean age of all the patients was 58.74 years (Standard Deviation, SD =15.28), and 49.0% is male. It shows that treatment with TCM (Hazard Ratio (HR) 0.191 [95% Confidence Interval (CI), 0.14 – 0.25]; p < 0.0001), antiviral therapy (HR 0.331 [95% CI 0.19 – 0.58]; p =0.000128), or Arbidol (HR 0.454 [95% CI 0.34 – 0.60]; p < 0.0001) is associated with good prognostic of patients. Multivariate Cox regression showed TCM treatment decreased the mortality hazard ratio by 69.4% (p < 0.0001). Larger Mean Platelet Volume (MPV), international standardized ratio of prothrombin (PT-INR), and K+ are associated with poorer survival. In contrast, larger Eosinophil Count (Eos#), Basophil Count (Baso#), Percentage of Basophils (Baso%), Total Calcium (Ca), Albumin/Globulin Ratio (ALB/GLO), Lymphocyte Count (Lymph#), and Percentage of Eosinophils (Eos%) are associated with better survival.
{"title":"Retrospective Evaluation of COVID-19 Therapeutics","authors":"Z. X, P. K, Z. R, Li F, Xiao C, Zhai S, L. C, H. Q., An L, Y. C","doi":"10.26420/austinjinfectdis.2022.1068","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26420/austinjinfectdis.2022.1068","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The pandemic outbreak of COVID-19 created panic all over the world. As therapeutics that can effectively wipe out the virus and terminate transmission is not available, supportive therapeutics is the main clinical treatments for COVID-19. Repurposing available therapeutics from other viral infections is the primary surrogate in ameliorating and treating COVID-19. The therapeutics should be tailored individually by analyzing the severity of COVID-19, age, gender, and the underlying conditions. Here, we retrospectively revisit the clinical data collected in China and systematically analyze the efficacy and target patients of different therapeutics and find that Arbidol and Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) increase the survival rate significantly, whereas antibacterial treatment is ineffective for viral and bacterial co infection. Multicenter collaboration and large cohort of patients will be required to evaluate therapeutics combinations in the future. Methods: This study is a single-center retrospective observational study of COVID-19 clinical data in China. We screen 2844 COVID-19 patients from the patients admitted to Tongji Hospital (Wuhan) between January 18, 2020, and April 25, 2020 and exclude cases with missing information or false positive diagnosis. Then the patients’ information with different severity will be study to evaluate the efficacy of treatment, including treatment modalities, past medical records, individual disease history, and clinical outcomes were analyzed. As the severity of illness is correlated with laboratory or clinical data, the information can be used to evaluate disease severity. We divide the patients into three groups with moderate, severe, and critical illness. Kaplan-Meier method, univariate and multivariate Cox regression are used to explore different treatment methods on clinical outcomes. Results: After screening, 2844 patients are selected for the study. The mean age of all the patients was 58.74 years (Standard Deviation, SD =15.28), and 49.0% is male. It shows that treatment with TCM (Hazard Ratio (HR) 0.191 [95% Confidence Interval (CI), 0.14 – 0.25]; p < 0.0001), antiviral therapy (HR 0.331 [95% CI 0.19 – 0.58]; p =0.000128), or Arbidol (HR 0.454 [95% CI 0.34 – 0.60]; p < 0.0001) is associated with good prognostic of patients. Multivariate Cox regression showed TCM treatment decreased the mortality hazard ratio by 69.4% (p < 0.0001). Larger Mean Platelet Volume (MPV), international standardized ratio of prothrombin (PT-INR), and K+ are associated with poorer survival. In contrast, larger Eosinophil Count (Eos#), Basophil Count (Baso#), Percentage of Basophils (Baso%), Total Calcium (Ca), Albumin/Globulin Ratio (ALB/GLO), Lymphocyte Count (Lymph#), and Percentage of Eosinophils (Eos%) are associated with better survival.","PeriodicalId":346223,"journal":{"name":"Austin Journal of Infectious Diseases","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114005295","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-08DOI: 10.26420/austinjinfectdis.2022.1067
Reyes Mp
This work shows the study of clinical cases of Rabbit Viral Hemorrhagic Disease type 2, which showed symptoms and lesions never present before in Cuba.
这项工作显示了对2型兔病毒性出血症临床病例的研究，这种疾病表现出古巴以前从未出现过的症状和病变。
{"title":"Presentation of Clinical Cases of Rabbit Viral Hemorrhagic Disease Type 2 in Rabbit Units in Havana","authors":"Reyes Mp","doi":"10.26420/austinjinfectdis.2022.1067","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26420/austinjinfectdis.2022.1067","url":null,"abstract":"This work shows the study of clinical cases of Rabbit Viral Hemorrhagic Disease type 2, which showed symptoms and lesions never present before in Cuba.","PeriodicalId":346223,"journal":{"name":"Austin Journal of Infectious Diseases","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130174423","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-18DOI: 10.26420/austinjinfectdis.2022.1066
Choubisa Sl
Snails are invertebrate gastropod molluscs inhabited both the terrestrial and aquatic habitats. Most of these animals are dioeciously and their sexes are separated. In many monoecious (hermaphrodite) snail species, individuals have both male and female gonads. But in pulmonate monoecious snail species individuals have only single gonad called “ovotestis” which contains both testicular and ovarian tissues. In general, aquatic snail species are intermediate hosts of digenean trematode parasites of vertebrates including man and animals. In addition, aquatic snails are also act as vector of diverse trematodiases, such as schistosomiasis, clonorchiasis, opisthorchiasis, fascioliasis, amphistomiasis, etc. The prevalence of these digenetic trematode parasitic diseases in diverse geographical provinces is depending on the population of vector or intermediate host snail species. In fact, the various larval stages of digenean trematode parasites, such as sporocysts, rediae and cercariae are developed and multiplied asexually in the organ of hepatopancreas and/or gonads of host snails. These parasitic trematode larvae also act as castrators for snails and potential to prevent or block partially or completely their reproduction called “parasitic castration”. In this biological process, trematode larvae destroy the gonads in two ways, one is mechanically and the other physiologically. Parasitic castration is also induces sex conversion, gigantism and alteration the gene expression in brain of snails. In present communication, the most common vector snail species, different forms of trematode larvae and their basic biology and mode of parasitic castration in aquatic snails and its contribution in control of diverse vector snail populations and spreading of trematodiases are considered and brief and critically reviewed. Simultaneously, research gaps have also been highlighted for further advance research work. This review is helpful in understanding of biology or mechanism of parasitic castration and its contributory role the balancing of aquatic ecosystem.
{"title":"A Brief Review of Parasitic Castration in Aquatic Snails and Its Contribution in Control of Diverse Vector Snail Populations and Trematodiases in Man and Animals","authors":"Choubisa Sl","doi":"10.26420/austinjinfectdis.2022.1066","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26420/austinjinfectdis.2022.1066","url":null,"abstract":"Snails are invertebrate gastropod molluscs inhabited both the terrestrial and aquatic habitats. Most of these animals are dioeciously and their sexes are separated. In many monoecious (hermaphrodite) snail species, individuals have both male and female gonads. But in pulmonate monoecious snail species individuals have only single gonad called “ovotestis” which contains both testicular and ovarian tissues. In general, aquatic snail species are intermediate hosts of digenean trematode parasites of vertebrates including man and animals. In addition, aquatic snails are also act as vector of diverse trematodiases, such as schistosomiasis, clonorchiasis, opisthorchiasis, fascioliasis, amphistomiasis, etc. The prevalence of these digenetic trematode parasitic diseases in diverse geographical provinces is depending on the population of vector or intermediate host snail species. In fact, the various larval stages of digenean trematode parasites, such as sporocysts, rediae and cercariae are developed and multiplied asexually in the organ of hepatopancreas and/or gonads of host snails. These parasitic trematode larvae also act as castrators for snails and potential to prevent or block partially or completely their reproduction called “parasitic castration”. In this biological process, trematode larvae destroy the gonads in two ways, one is mechanically and the other physiologically. Parasitic castration is also induces sex conversion, gigantism and alteration the gene expression in brain of snails. In present communication, the most common vector snail species, different forms of trematode larvae and their basic biology and mode of parasitic castration in aquatic snails and its contribution in control of diverse vector snail populations and spreading of trematodiases are considered and brief and critically reviewed. Simultaneously, research gaps have also been highlighted for further advance research work. This review is helpful in understanding of biology or mechanism of parasitic castration and its contributory role the balancing of aquatic ecosystem.","PeriodicalId":346223,"journal":{"name":"Austin Journal of Infectious Diseases","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132440492","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Studies have shown that the family environment is very favorable for SARSCOV- 2 transmission, making family groups susceptible to intra-household infection because they maintain direct contact with an infected person. We screened a cohort of 416 individuals who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 from June to October 2021 for intradomiciliary infection. Twenty-two families with an average of 2 to 4 members were located in 12 municipalities in the state of Rondônia. Nasopharyngeal samples were collected, extracted using the QIAamp viral RNA mini kit and genomic sequencing was performed using samples with ct<25 by Illumina platform, the sequences were analyzed for phylogeny, mutations, and lineages. Among the samples analyzed 72.72% matched for VOC Delta and 27.27% for Gamma variant. The median viral load for both variants was 6.95. The main symptoms presented were cough, headache, and fever. No hospitalizations or deaths were reported. We observed that among the positive individuals, 24% were immunized with the 1st and 2nd dose, 40% were partially immunized, and 36% were not immunized. For each strain, subvariants were identified, being P.1.4 and P.1.14 for the Gamma variant and AY.43, AY.99.2 and AY.122 for Delta. The mutations mostly behaved as lineage-defining, with only eight families showing point mutations. In conclusion, it was observed that despite the low adherence to immunization, household cases were equally expressed in viral characteristics and in the low rate of hospital evolution for COVID-19, and this may be a factor associated with the permanence of infection in an isolated family environment.
{"title":"Genomic Surveillance of SARS-CoV-2: Study of Cases Intradomiciliary Infection in Brazilian Amazonia","authors":"Teixeira Ks, S. G, Passos-Silva Am, Roca Tp, Queiroz Jas, Gasparelo Nw, O. Aas, Souza Prf, Batista Fs, Salcedo Jmv, Vieira Ds","doi":"10.26420/austinjinfectdis.2022.1065","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26420/austinjinfectdis.2022.1065","url":null,"abstract":"Studies have shown that the family environment is very favorable for SARSCOV- 2 transmission, making family groups susceptible to intra-household infection because they maintain direct contact with an infected person. We screened a cohort of 416 individuals who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 from June to October 2021 for intradomiciliary infection. Twenty-two families with an average of 2 to 4 members were located in 12 municipalities in the state of Rondônia. Nasopharyngeal samples were collected, extracted using the QIAamp viral RNA mini kit and genomic sequencing was performed using samples with ct<25 by Illumina platform, the sequences were analyzed for phylogeny, mutations, and lineages. Among the samples analyzed 72.72% matched for VOC Delta and 27.27% for Gamma variant. The median viral load for both variants was 6.95. The main symptoms presented were cough, headache, and fever. No hospitalizations or deaths were reported. We observed that among the positive individuals, 24% were immunized with the 1st and 2nd dose, 40% were partially immunized, and 36% were not immunized. For each strain, subvariants were identified, being P.1.4 and P.1.14 for the Gamma variant and AY.43, AY.99.2 and AY.122 for Delta. The mutations mostly behaved as lineage-defining, with only eight families showing point mutations. In conclusion, it was observed that despite the low adherence to immunization, household cases were equally expressed in viral characteristics and in the low rate of hospital evolution for COVID-19, and this may be a factor associated with the permanence of infection in an isolated family environment.","PeriodicalId":346223,"journal":{"name":"Austin Journal of Infectious Diseases","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129322512","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-11DOI: 10.26420/austinjinfectdis.2022.1063
L. L., Gao Y, Z. R, Li F, Xiao C, Zhai S, L. C, H. Q., Zhong B, L. J., Y. M, Y. C
The rapid spread of severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection has resulted in an unprecedented public health, economic, and social crisis worldwide. As therapeutics that can effectively clear the virus and terminate transmission are not available, supportive therapeutics are the main clinical methods for Corona Virus Disease (COVID-19) including corticosteroids, respiratory support, and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for salvage therapy, while subsequent agents and vaccine candidates are still under investigation. COVID-19 is a two-phase disease: in the early phase, the pathology of the virus dominates; in the later phase, Immunopathology drives the disease. Low-dose dexamethasone treatment suppresses COVID-19-related Immunopathology by complementing endogenous cortisol activity, while avoiding the adverse effects of high-dose glucocorticoids therapy. Corticosteroids, as one of the main means of anti-inflammatory adjuvant, are controversial about its role in the treatment of COVID-19. Here, we retrospectively evaluate the therapeutic effect of corticosteroids by comparing the clinical data of patients with or without corticosteroids therapy at different severity level.
{"title":"Therapeutic Effect of Corticosteroids for Critical COVID-19 Patients","authors":"L. L., Gao Y, Z. R, Li F, Xiao C, Zhai S, L. C, H. Q., Zhong B, L. J., Y. M, Y. C","doi":"10.26420/austinjinfectdis.2022.1063","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26420/austinjinfectdis.2022.1063","url":null,"abstract":"The rapid spread of severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection has resulted in an unprecedented public health, economic, and social crisis worldwide. As therapeutics that can effectively clear the virus and terminate transmission are not available, supportive therapeutics are the main clinical methods for Corona Virus Disease (COVID-19) including corticosteroids, respiratory support, and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for salvage therapy, while subsequent agents and vaccine candidates are still under investigation. COVID-19 is a two-phase disease: in the early phase, the pathology of the virus dominates; in the later phase, Immunopathology drives the disease. Low-dose dexamethasone treatment suppresses COVID-19-related Immunopathology by complementing endogenous cortisol activity, while avoiding the adverse effects of high-dose glucocorticoids therapy. Corticosteroids, as one of the main means of anti-inflammatory adjuvant, are controversial about its role in the treatment of COVID-19. Here, we retrospectively evaluate the therapeutic effect of corticosteroids by comparing the clinical data of patients with or without corticosteroids therapy at different severity level.","PeriodicalId":346223,"journal":{"name":"Austin Journal of Infectious Diseases","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132398570","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-21DOI: 10.26420/austinjinfectdis.2022.1062
Mukadi-Bamuleka D, Mbowlie-Nsabala H, Ngenzie-Oponga Ls, Dilu-Keti A, D. B., Mpingabo Pi, Ndaye An, Lasse J, Mambu-Mbika F, Edidi-Atani F, Bonkoto-Nkoyi Y, Manienga H, M. S, Bulabula-Penge J, M. Jj, Ahuka-Mundeke S
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is a deadly sex-transmitted infection (STI) that remains a worldwide public health concern. Despite the progress recorded in the HIV prevention, we still observe high HIV prevalence especially among Men who have sex with Men (MSM). Within this latter group, the prevalence of HIV is reported to be higher and can therefore be transposed into the general population through the bisexuals. In the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), the response to HIV/AIDS among MSM requires updated data on the magnitude of the infection, the sexual practices and behaviors which are key factors in the pandemic spread. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of HIV and to describe the sexual practices and behaviors among MSM recruited in Kinshasa, DRC. We conducted a prospective cross-sectional study from March 2014 to December 2017 to recruit MSM through the snowball technique in Kinshasa, DRC. Our data were collected on a paper-printed questionnaire via an interview followed by whole blood sample collection for ELISA assays. Of 323 MSM recruited, the MSM were single in 88.5% (286/323) and bisexuals in 61.7% (195/316). Nine percent of them were HIV positive (30/323) at the ELISA assays. The prevalence of HIV was 40% (12/30) in the 21-25 age group; 50% (15/30) in MSM with superior education level; 85.1% (23/27) among single MSM. Almost the quarter of the MSM had > 5 homosexual partners in the last six months; 5.5% (18/323) had more than 20 homosexual intercourses while 13.3% (43/323) of them contracted 3-5 heterosexual sex acts in the last three months. During anal intercourses, 34.4% (110/319) played a passive role versus 24.1% (77/319) for a versatile role. The condom use was systematically reported in 27.2% (87/319) of participants. The MSM were one time likely to the HIV infection when they had a high education level [aOR 3.63(1.37-9.57)]. The fact of practicing more than three types of intercourse-anal, oral and others was five times more likely to be at risk for the HIV acquisition [aOR 5.31 (1.26-22.30)]. This study reports a high prevalence of HIV among MSM which is associated with the high-risk sexual practices and behaviors such as the bisexuality, the multiple sexual partners, and the diversity of anal intercourses.
{"title":"Prevalence of HIV, Sexual Practices and Behaviors among Men Who Have Sex with Men in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo","authors":"Mukadi-Bamuleka D, Mbowlie-Nsabala H, Ngenzie-Oponga Ls, Dilu-Keti A, D. B., Mpingabo Pi, Ndaye An, Lasse J, Mambu-Mbika F, Edidi-Atani F, Bonkoto-Nkoyi Y, Manienga H, M. S, Bulabula-Penge J, M. Jj, Ahuka-Mundeke S","doi":"10.26420/austinjinfectdis.2022.1062","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26420/austinjinfectdis.2022.1062","url":null,"abstract":"Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is a deadly sex-transmitted infection (STI) that remains a worldwide public health concern. Despite the progress recorded in the HIV prevention, we still observe high HIV prevalence especially among Men who have sex with Men (MSM). Within this latter group, the prevalence of HIV is reported to be higher and can therefore be transposed into the general population through the bisexuals. In the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), the response to HIV/AIDS among MSM requires updated data on the magnitude of the infection, the sexual practices and behaviors which are key factors in the pandemic spread. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of HIV and to describe the sexual practices and behaviors among MSM recruited in Kinshasa, DRC. We conducted a prospective cross-sectional study from March 2014 to December 2017 to recruit MSM through the snowball technique in Kinshasa, DRC. Our data were collected on a paper-printed questionnaire via an interview followed by whole blood sample collection for ELISA assays. Of 323 MSM recruited, the MSM were single in 88.5% (286/323) and bisexuals in 61.7% (195/316). Nine percent of them were HIV positive (30/323) at the ELISA assays. The prevalence of HIV was 40% (12/30) in the 21-25 age group; 50% (15/30) in MSM with superior education level; 85.1% (23/27) among single MSM. Almost the quarter of the MSM had > 5 homosexual partners in the last six months; 5.5% (18/323) had more than 20 homosexual intercourses while 13.3% (43/323) of them contracted 3-5 heterosexual sex acts in the last three months. During anal intercourses, 34.4% (110/319) played a passive role versus 24.1% (77/319) for a versatile role. The condom use was systematically reported in 27.2% (87/319) of participants. The MSM were one time likely to the HIV infection when they had a high education level [aOR 3.63(1.37-9.57)]. The fact of practicing more than three types of intercourse-anal, oral and others was five times more likely to be at risk for the HIV acquisition [aOR 5.31 (1.26-22.30)]. This study reports a high prevalence of HIV among MSM which is associated with the high-risk sexual practices and behaviors such as the bisexuality, the multiple sexual partners, and the diversity of anal intercourses.","PeriodicalId":346223,"journal":{"name":"Austin Journal of Infectious Diseases","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128608515","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-03DOI: 10.26420/austinjinfectdis.2021.1061
Piluso M, S. P, Oggionni E, Celeste A, B. S., Bernareggi M, Bonacina C, Cattaneo R, Melacini C, R. S, Usai P, Sioli P, Bellini R, Salandini Mc, Iozzia M, Di Franco G, D. F
Background: The SARS-CoV-2 outbreak spread in Lombardy Region (Italy) rapidly saturating intensive care unit beds, forcing the application of noninvasive respiratory support in RICU. Objectives: We aimed to analyze the effects of helmet CPAP in COVID19- related ARDS in RICU. The primary outcome was CPAP failure, defined as the occurrence of either intubation or death due to any cause during RICU stay; the secondary one was the identification of factors related to patients’ prognosis. Methods: 150 consecutive patients with ARDS due to COVID-19 and referred to Vimercate Hospital (MB) between March and May 2020 were enrolled. All patients were treated with helmet CPAP. Demographics, clinical and laboratory tests and blood gas analysis were collected. Results: Patients had a mean (SD) age of 62 (±11) years. The worst PaO2/ FiO2 ratio during continuous positive airway pressure stratified the subjects in mild (26/150), moderate (39/150) and severe (85/150) ARDS. Most of patients were treated with systemic corticosteroids (79%). 93 patients (62%) were successfully treated while 57 (38%) failed; of the latter, 32 patients were transferred in the intensive care unit to receive invasive mechanical ventilation. Dimer test and ferritin at admission, use of steroids, P/F in oxygen at admission and age were independently associated with CPAP failure. The severity of ARDS and the use of steroids strongly correlate with clinical outcomes. Mortality rate in our cohort of patients was 28%. Conclusions: The application of helmet CPAP in RICU and the administration of corticosteroids in COVID19-related ARDS are associated with satisfactory clinical outcomes.
{"title":"Helmet Continuous Positive Airway Pressure in COVID-19 Related Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome in Respiratory Intermediate Care Unit","authors":"Piluso M, S. P, Oggionni E, Celeste A, B. S., Bernareggi M, Bonacina C, Cattaneo R, Melacini C, R. S, Usai P, Sioli P, Bellini R, Salandini Mc, Iozzia M, Di Franco G, D. F","doi":"10.26420/austinjinfectdis.2021.1061","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26420/austinjinfectdis.2021.1061","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The SARS-CoV-2 outbreak spread in Lombardy Region (Italy) rapidly saturating intensive care unit beds, forcing the application of noninvasive respiratory support in RICU. Objectives: We aimed to analyze the effects of helmet CPAP in COVID19- related ARDS in RICU. The primary outcome was CPAP failure, defined as the occurrence of either intubation or death due to any cause during RICU stay; the secondary one was the identification of factors related to patients’ prognosis. Methods: 150 consecutive patients with ARDS due to COVID-19 and referred to Vimercate Hospital (MB) between March and May 2020 were enrolled. All patients were treated with helmet CPAP. Demographics, clinical and laboratory tests and blood gas analysis were collected. Results: Patients had a mean (SD) age of 62 (±11) years. The worst PaO2/ FiO2 ratio during continuous positive airway pressure stratified the subjects in mild (26/150), moderate (39/150) and severe (85/150) ARDS. Most of patients were treated with systemic corticosteroids (79%). 93 patients (62%) were successfully treated while 57 (38%) failed; of the latter, 32 patients were transferred in the intensive care unit to receive invasive mechanical ventilation. Dimer test and ferritin at admission, use of steroids, P/F in oxygen at admission and age were independently associated with CPAP failure. The severity of ARDS and the use of steroids strongly correlate with clinical outcomes. Mortality rate in our cohort of patients was 28%. Conclusions: The application of helmet CPAP in RICU and the administration of corticosteroids in COVID19-related ARDS are associated with satisfactory clinical outcomes.","PeriodicalId":346223,"journal":{"name":"Austin Journal of Infectious Diseases","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130172515","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-21DOI: 10.26420/austinjinfectdis.2021.1060
Shah Ma, Amin Sn, Jadhav Aj
Kaposi sarcoma is an AIDS-defining illness associated with HHV-8 infection that is caused by the malignant proliferation of endothelial cells in blood and lymphatic vessels. Castleman disease is a rare, lymphoproliferative disease identified by specific histopathologic features of the lymph nodes following biopsy. An association between Castleman disease and Kaposi sarcoma is poorly described, and there are a limited number of cases in the literaturepresenting patients with both conditions simultaneously. Thus, we present a case of a young male with newly diagnosed HIV that tested positive for HHV-8 and presented with both Kaposi sarcoma and multicentric Castleman disease. A 22-year-old African American male presented to the ED with a one-week history of sore throat, fever, fatigue, diffuse cervical lymph node enlargement, and night sweats. Initial workup indicated that the patient was positive for Epstein- Barr virus and HIV, with an initial CD4 count of 141. CT of the neck revealed extensive cervical adenopathy and abdominal CT revealed splenomegaly. These findings raised suspicion for lymphoma, and bone marrow and lymph node biopsies were ordered. Surgical pathology of the lymph node confirmed the diagnosis of Kaposi sarcoma and multicentric Castleman disease. This case highlights a rare manifestation of HIV and HHV-8 that is even more rare given the young age of the patient. The patient also lacked the classical skin changes associated with Kaposi Sarcoma. This case emphasizes the importance of a thorough workup upon the initial diagnosis of HIV to ensure proper identification and treatment of more uncommon associated malignancies/ diseases.
{"title":"A Case of Kaposi Sarcoma and Castleman Disease in a Young Male with New-Onset HIV","authors":"Shah Ma, Amin Sn, Jadhav Aj","doi":"10.26420/austinjinfectdis.2021.1060","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26420/austinjinfectdis.2021.1060","url":null,"abstract":"Kaposi sarcoma is an AIDS-defining illness associated with HHV-8 infection that is caused by the malignant proliferation of endothelial cells in blood and lymphatic vessels. Castleman disease is a rare, lymphoproliferative disease identified by specific histopathologic features of the lymph nodes following biopsy. An association between Castleman disease and Kaposi sarcoma is poorly described, and there are a limited number of cases in the literaturepresenting patients with both conditions simultaneously. Thus, we present a case of a young male with newly diagnosed HIV that tested positive for HHV-8 and presented with both Kaposi sarcoma and multicentric Castleman disease. A 22-year-old African American male presented to the ED with a one-week history of sore throat, fever, fatigue, diffuse cervical lymph node enlargement, and night sweats. Initial workup indicated that the patient was positive for Epstein- Barr virus and HIV, with an initial CD4 count of 141. CT of the neck revealed extensive cervical adenopathy and abdominal CT revealed splenomegaly. These findings raised suspicion for lymphoma, and bone marrow and lymph node biopsies were ordered. Surgical pathology of the lymph node confirmed the diagnosis of Kaposi sarcoma and multicentric Castleman disease. This case highlights a rare manifestation of HIV and HHV-8 that is even more rare given the young age of the patient. The patient also lacked the classical skin changes associated with Kaposi Sarcoma. This case emphasizes the importance of a thorough workup upon the initial diagnosis of HIV to ensure proper identification and treatment of more uncommon associated malignancies/ diseases.","PeriodicalId":346223,"journal":{"name":"Austin Journal of Infectious Diseases","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131265643","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-15DOI: 10.26420/austinjinfectdis.2021.1058
Liu Hl, L. Q, W. W
After a long time of joint efforts, the Covid-19 pandemic in some countries and regions has been effectively controlled, but since April 2021, the outbreak of the epidemic in India has posed new challenges for the prevention and control of the global epidemic. How to understand and interpret the rebound trend of the epidemic in India is an important reference for other regions to prevent and control the epidemic. Based on time-series analysis, this paper uses the system dynamics epidemic model to treat the population in the region as a whole and decomposes the spread of the Covid-19 in India into 4 fluctuating transmission processes. These processes show that the spread of the Covid-19 may have annual periodic characteristics and long-term trends. There is a critical period of about 45 days before the outbreak of the epidemic. The global prevention and control requires the joint efforts of all countries to end as soon as possible.
{"title":"Research on the Fluctuation Trend of the Spread of New Coronary Pneumonia Epidemic under Non-Strict Prevention and Control Conditions: Analysis Based on the Data of India’s Epidemic","authors":"Liu Hl, L. Q, W. W","doi":"10.26420/austinjinfectdis.2021.1058","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26420/austinjinfectdis.2021.1058","url":null,"abstract":"After a long time of joint efforts, the Covid-19 pandemic in some countries and regions has been effectively controlled, but since April 2021, the outbreak of the epidemic in India has posed new challenges for the prevention and control of the global epidemic. How to understand and interpret the rebound trend of the epidemic in India is an important reference for other regions to prevent and control the epidemic. Based on time-series analysis, this paper uses the system dynamics epidemic model to treat the population in the region as a whole and decomposes the spread of the Covid-19 in India into 4 fluctuating transmission processes. These processes show that the spread of the Covid-19 may have annual periodic characteristics and long-term trends. There is a critical period of about 45 days before the outbreak of the epidemic. The global prevention and control requires the joint efforts of all countries to end as soon as possible.","PeriodicalId":346223,"journal":{"name":"Austin Journal of Infectious Diseases","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133747612","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-15DOI: 10.26420/austinjinfectdis.2021.1059
Klepikov I
The solution of the AP problem directly depends on its concept, which sets the direction of research and development. The system of dominant views on the nature and mechanisms of AP development today does not agree with a number of fundamental foundations of medical science and the facts of real reality. The analysis of the 5 most common misconceptions, which are separate fragments of the teaching about the disease, is presented. Correction of existing ideas about the causes and pathogenesis of AP in accordance with scientific canons and objective facts is the basis for solving the problem and should precede the further research process.
{"title":"5 Modern Myths about Acute Pneumonia","authors":"Klepikov I","doi":"10.26420/austinjinfectdis.2021.1059","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26420/austinjinfectdis.2021.1059","url":null,"abstract":"The solution of the AP problem directly depends on its concept, which sets the direction of research and development. The system of dominant views on the nature and mechanisms of AP development today does not agree with a number of fundamental foundations of medical science and the facts of real reality. The analysis of the 5 most common misconceptions, which are separate fragments of the teaching about the disease, is presented. Correction of existing ideas about the causes and pathogenesis of AP in accordance with scientific canons and objective facts is the basis for solving the problem and should precede the further research process.","PeriodicalId":346223,"journal":{"name":"Austin Journal of Infectious Diseases","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124561107","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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