Pub Date : 2021-05-01DOI: 10.26420/AUSTINJINFECTDIS.2021.1045
Chatzidaki, C. Perdikogianni, E. Galanakis, D. Paraskevis, I. Iliopoulos, G. Sourvinos, E. Kouroumalis
ackground: Vertical transmission of Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) is the primary infection source for infants, but little is known on the proportion of children that have acquired HBV from their mothers. Objective: We investigated the relationship of HBV sequencing in HBVpositive children and their mothers and explored the HBV phylogenetic tree. Methods: Serum-extracted HBV-DNA from 38 individuals (13 children paired to nine mothers, 16 unpaired infected children) was amplified by polymerase chain reaction and the target region HBV surface glycoprotein (amino acids 40-171) was directly sequenced. Following editing and alignment of these sequences, phylogenetic tree analysis was performed using the neighbourjoining and maximum-likelihood methods. Results: Analysis was successfully performed in 29 subjects (23 children and six mothers), including six mother-child pairs. All individuals were infected by genotype D. Subgenotype adw3 prevailed (21, 72.4%), followed by ayw2 (4, 13.8%) and ayw3 (4, 13.8%). Among six mother-child pairs, three had identical and three had different subgenotypes. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that HBV sequences from three children did not cluster with their siblings suggesting a different source of infection. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that HBV subgenotypes in infected children may not be identical to their mothers’ and point to non-vertical HBV transmission in childhood.
{"title":"Molecular Analysis of Hepatitis B Virus in Mothers-Children Pairs","authors":"Chatzidaki, C. Perdikogianni, E. Galanakis, D. Paraskevis, I. Iliopoulos, G. Sourvinos, E. Kouroumalis","doi":"10.26420/AUSTINJINFECTDIS.2021.1045","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26420/AUSTINJINFECTDIS.2021.1045","url":null,"abstract":"ackground: Vertical transmission of Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) is the primary infection source for infants, but little is known on the proportion of children that have acquired HBV from their mothers. Objective: We investigated the relationship of HBV sequencing in HBVpositive children and their mothers and explored the HBV phylogenetic tree. Methods: Serum-extracted HBV-DNA from 38 individuals (13 children paired to nine mothers, 16 unpaired infected children) was amplified by polymerase chain reaction and the target region HBV surface glycoprotein (amino acids 40-171) was directly sequenced. Following editing and alignment of these sequences, phylogenetic tree analysis was performed using the neighbourjoining and maximum-likelihood methods. Results: Analysis was successfully performed in 29 subjects (23 children and six mothers), including six mother-child pairs. All individuals were infected by genotype D. Subgenotype adw3 prevailed (21, 72.4%), followed by ayw2 (4, 13.8%) and ayw3 (4, 13.8%). Among six mother-child pairs, three had identical and three had different subgenotypes. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that HBV sequences from three children did not cluster with their siblings suggesting a different source of infection. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that HBV subgenotypes in infected children may not be identical to their mothers’ and point to non-vertical HBV transmission in childhood.","PeriodicalId":346223,"journal":{"name":"Austin Journal of Infectious Diseases","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125369160","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-01DOI: 10.26420/AUSTINJINFECTDIS.2021.1047
M. Boopathi, D. Khanna, R. Vennila, R. Rajan, T. Maidili, S. Pooja, K. Jothimeena, A. Aarthi, R. Megala, P. Venkatraman
Computed Tomography (CT) is a non-invasive method to give CT images of every part of the human body without superimposition of end-to-end structures. Some issues in measurements with CT are limiting too few parameters like quantum noise, beam hardening, X-ray scattering by the patient, and nonlinear partial volume effects. Image processing with Adobe Photoshop, ImageJ, and Origin software have been used to achieve good quality images for numerical analysis. Statistical functions permit to investigate the general characteristics of a human respiratory infections disease. Using Automatic Diagnosis system, differentiation in diseases can be filtered out with the help of CT images. Data can be analyzed from the CT images to distinguish between a human respiratory infections disease, a common disorder like Major Depression (MD) or Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) and a normal lung.
{"title":"Development of Computed Tomography Image Processing Procedure for the Diagnosis of Human Respiratory Infectious Diseases: COVID-19","authors":"M. Boopathi, D. Khanna, R. Vennila, R. Rajan, T. Maidili, S. Pooja, K. Jothimeena, A. Aarthi, R. Megala, P. Venkatraman","doi":"10.26420/AUSTINJINFECTDIS.2021.1047","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26420/AUSTINJINFECTDIS.2021.1047","url":null,"abstract":"Computed Tomography (CT) is a non-invasive method to give CT images of every part of the human body without superimposition of end-to-end structures. Some issues in measurements with CT are limiting too few parameters like quantum noise, beam hardening, X-ray scattering by the patient, and nonlinear partial volume effects. Image processing with Adobe Photoshop, ImageJ, and Origin software have been used to achieve good quality images for numerical analysis. Statistical functions permit to investigate the general characteristics of a human respiratory infections disease. Using Automatic Diagnosis system, differentiation in diseases can be filtered out with the help of CT images. Data can be analyzed from the CT images to distinguish between a human respiratory infections disease, a common disorder like Major Depression (MD) or Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) and a normal lung.","PeriodicalId":346223,"journal":{"name":"Austin Journal of Infectious Diseases","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122336351","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-23DOI: 10.26420/AUSTINJINFECTDIS.2021.1044
S. Meena, P. Goutam, Meena Ls
The only vaccine available for the deadly disease tuberculosis is Bacillus- Calmette-Guerin (BCG), which is an attenuated vaccine of Mycobacterium bovis. Although this vaccine boosts immune response but it is effective only for 10-20 years, after this there is need to develop immunity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv (M. tuberculosis). As the vaccine is botched to provide sustained effects and to protect against disseminated forms of Tuberculosis (TB), it needs a component to heighten antigen specific immune reactions when used in combination with particular vaccine antigens that can also modulate the immune responses to an antigen to advance them. Adjuvants are the one such factor that can be used in vaccines to crack such problems. Many vaccines are under clinical trials in which subunit vaccine has taken attention because they are safer and can be standardized. There are many adjuvants which have been tested in combinations with BCG to increase the activity of vaccine. Mycobacterial antigen 85 A, B, C, present at outer part of cell wall and have great potential as therapeutic approach towards tuberculosis. MPT64 increases T-cell response in tuberculosis patients but there are less evidence about the role of this secreted mycobacterial protein in patients. ESAT 6 is effective T cell antigen and also pore forming toxin which is crucial for the virulence of bacterium. ESAT 6 separately or in compound form with its chaperone CFP- 10 form, regulates host immune response. They efficiently modify innate and adaptive immune response. This review provides an insight in the direction of the vaccine development on the basis of pre-existing credentials.
{"title":"Failure of BCG Necessitates to the Development of New Novel Vaccine","authors":"S. Meena, P. Goutam, Meena Ls","doi":"10.26420/AUSTINJINFECTDIS.2021.1044","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26420/AUSTINJINFECTDIS.2021.1044","url":null,"abstract":"The only vaccine available for the deadly disease tuberculosis is Bacillus- Calmette-Guerin (BCG), which is an attenuated vaccine of Mycobacterium bovis. Although this vaccine boosts immune response but it is effective only for 10-20 years, after this there is need to develop immunity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv (M. tuberculosis). As the vaccine is botched to provide sustained effects and to protect against disseminated forms of Tuberculosis (TB), it needs a component to heighten antigen specific immune reactions when used in combination with particular vaccine antigens that can also modulate the immune responses to an antigen to advance them. Adjuvants are the one such factor that can be used in vaccines to crack such problems. Many vaccines are under clinical trials in which subunit vaccine has taken attention because they are safer and can be standardized. There are many adjuvants which have been tested in combinations with BCG to increase the activity of vaccine. Mycobacterial antigen 85 A, B, C, present at outer part of cell wall and have great potential as therapeutic approach towards tuberculosis. MPT64 increases T-cell response in tuberculosis patients but there are less evidence about the role of this secreted mycobacterial protein in patients. ESAT 6 is effective T cell antigen and also pore forming toxin which is crucial for the virulence of bacterium. ESAT 6 separately or in compound form with its chaperone CFP- 10 form, regulates host immune response. They efficiently modify innate and adaptive immune response. This review provides an insight in the direction of the vaccine development on the basis of pre-existing credentials.","PeriodicalId":346223,"journal":{"name":"Austin Journal of Infectious Diseases","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132934222","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-16DOI: 10.26420/AUSTINJINFECTDIS.2021.1043
S. Fakhreddine, R. Jaber, E. Skaff, Salim Salloum, A. Maatouk
Introduction: Pneumomediastinum is rare in viral infection of the lung however in COVID-19 patients it is more common. Study Design: Case series of 14 moderate to severe COVID cases complicated by Pneumomediastinum admitted to Saint George Hospital over 4 months. Data was collected retrospectively from medical charts of the patients. Results: Most of the patients were males. Average hospital stay was 15.21 days. Five patients (35.72%) developed pneumomediastinum without any kind of mechanical ventilation during hospitalization. Around 35.72% of the patients were discharged and the average time till death was 8.8 days. Conclusion: Pneumomediastinum can develop without any positive pressure ventilation in COVID-19 infection.
{"title":"Case Series of Pneumomediastinum in COVID-19 Infection","authors":"S. Fakhreddine, R. Jaber, E. Skaff, Salim Salloum, A. Maatouk","doi":"10.26420/AUSTINJINFECTDIS.2021.1043","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26420/AUSTINJINFECTDIS.2021.1043","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Pneumomediastinum is rare in viral infection of the lung however in COVID-19 patients it is more common. Study Design: Case series of 14 moderate to severe COVID cases complicated by Pneumomediastinum admitted to Saint George Hospital over 4 months. Data was collected retrospectively from medical charts of the patients. Results: Most of the patients were males. Average hospital stay was 15.21 days. Five patients (35.72%) developed pneumomediastinum without any kind of mechanical ventilation during hospitalization. Around 35.72% of the patients were discharged and the average time till death was 8.8 days. Conclusion: Pneumomediastinum can develop without any positive pressure ventilation in COVID-19 infection.","PeriodicalId":346223,"journal":{"name":"Austin Journal of Infectious Diseases","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115542935","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-14DOI: 10.26420/austinjinfectdis.2021.1042
Takele S, Kedir M
The coronaviruses are a group of RNA-containing agents known to cause respiratory illnesses in humans and animals. This virus has caused two largescale pandemics in humans in the past two decades, SARS and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS). A novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) that causes the disease Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been isolated from in a seafood and poultry market in the Chinese city of Wuhan in 2019. Cases have been detected in most countries worldwide, and on March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization characterized the outbreak as a pandemic. The virus spreads from person-to-person via close contact, respiratory droplets, or surface contact. The disease is mild in most people, yet may progress to pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, multi-organ dysfunction, and even death. Treatment is essentially supportive as the role of antiviral agents is yet to be established. At the moment, is known relatively little about COVID-19, except that it is a highly pathogenic and possibly zoonotic agent. Therefore, the objective of this review paper is to summarize the current published evidence on the genomic structure, pathogenesis, epidemiology, clinical characteristics, diagnosis, and prevention of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19).
{"title":"Review of the SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) Based on Current Evidence","authors":"Takele S, Kedir M","doi":"10.26420/austinjinfectdis.2021.1042","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26420/austinjinfectdis.2021.1042","url":null,"abstract":"The coronaviruses are a group of RNA-containing agents known to cause respiratory illnesses in humans and animals. This virus has caused two largescale pandemics in humans in the past two decades, SARS and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS). A novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) that causes the disease Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been isolated from in a seafood and poultry market in the Chinese city of Wuhan in 2019. Cases have been detected in most countries worldwide, and on March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization characterized the outbreak as a pandemic. The virus spreads from person-to-person via close contact, respiratory droplets, or surface contact. The disease is mild in most people, yet may progress to pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, multi-organ dysfunction, and even death. Treatment is essentially supportive as the role of antiviral agents is yet to be established. At the moment, is known relatively little about COVID-19, except that it is a highly pathogenic and possibly zoonotic agent. Therefore, the objective of this review paper is to summarize the current published evidence on the genomic structure, pathogenesis, epidemiology, clinical characteristics, diagnosis, and prevention of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19).","PeriodicalId":346223,"journal":{"name":"Austin Journal of Infectious Diseases","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124180687","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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