Pub Date : 2022-06-01DOI: 10.15688/nav.jvolsu.2022.1.12
S. Zubov, O. Bukina, K. Rafikova
This article deals with the issues of virtual exhibiting of archaeological sites and artifacts on the internet. Particular importance is placed on systemization of virtually visual practices applied to demonstrate and interpret cultural heritage using open information resources of scientific institutions, higher educational establishments and archaeological museums on Russia’s Internet. Emphasis is put on archaeological heritage virtual exhibiting used both purely for research within scientific circles and for purposes of popularization of science. As a result of the study, three main models of virtual archaeological expositions are specified: collection, environmental and thematic. The basis of the Collection Model is digital documenting and exhibiting of movable archaeological heritage. The Environmental Model is realized as virtual tour and designed to simulate environments of immovable archaeological sites and to experience the effect of immersive virtual reality. The Thematic Model suggests that the subject context predominates over archaeological artifacts. The Collection Model is mainly intended for scientific community and academia while environmental and thematic models are designed for general audience. Main development trend of the virtual archaeological exposition is integration of different technologies, enhancement of immersiveness and interactivity. It is considered by the authors to be practical approach to implement the project of Samara University virtual museum of Archaeology and to conduct thematic exhibitions on the basis of the museum.
{"title":"Models of Archaeological Heritage Virtual Exhibiting on the Internet","authors":"S. Zubov, O. Bukina, K. Rafikova","doi":"10.15688/nav.jvolsu.2022.1.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15688/nav.jvolsu.2022.1.12","url":null,"abstract":"This article deals with the issues of virtual exhibiting of archaeological sites and artifacts on the internet. Particular importance is placed on systemization of virtually visual practices applied to demonstrate and interpret cultural heritage using open information resources of scientific institutions, higher educational establishments and archaeological museums on Russia’s Internet. Emphasis is put on archaeological heritage virtual exhibiting used both purely for research within scientific circles and for purposes of popularization of science. As a result of the study, three main models of virtual archaeological expositions are specified: collection, environmental and thematic. The basis of the Collection Model is digital documenting and exhibiting of movable archaeological heritage. The Environmental Model is realized as virtual tour and designed to simulate environments of immovable archaeological sites and to experience the effect of immersive virtual reality. The Thematic Model suggests that the subject context predominates over archaeological artifacts. The Collection Model is mainly intended for scientific community and academia while environmental and thematic models are designed for general audience. Main development trend of the virtual archaeological exposition is integration of different technologies, enhancement of immersiveness and interactivity. It is considered by the authors to be practical approach to implement the project of Samara University virtual museum of Archaeology and to conduct thematic exhibitions on the basis of the museum.","PeriodicalId":34663,"journal":{"name":"Nizhnevolzhskii arkheologicheskii vestnik","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45359372","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-01DOI: 10.15688/nav.jvolsu.2022.1.4
Konstantin Okorokov
The article is devoted to publication and analyses of objects found during the excavation of the cemeteries Filippovka 1 and Filippovka 2 which are of value for reconstruction of clothing of the early nomads from the Filippovka Southern Urals. The objects under study are divided into two blocks – those carrying images of the nomads themselves for instance depictions of exclusively male riders with weapons or of various decorative elements made of precious metals, stripes, pendants and embroideries, according to the location of which in the burial relative to the backbone, one can get an idea of the costume as a whole. All burials where decorative patch elements were found in situ belong to females. The absolute majority of the sew-on decorations are made in the version of animal style art traditionally associated with Filippovka 1 cemetery, represented to a large extent by plates made from precious metals ornamenting wooden vessels. Obviously, this series of objects expresses the worldviews of the early nomads who left these funerary monuments on the territory of the Southern Urals, reflecting their religious and mythological ideas on the world around them and the vision of themselves. It is unlikely that these items were produced in a nomadic environment; they were rather produced in workshops the location of which has yet to be determined. In any case, they should be separated from Achaemenid style treasures which are referred to as “the antique” and were redesigned by nomads to suit their own needs.
{"title":"Items of Clothing from the Early Nomadic Kurgans in the Southern Urals: Iconography and Burial Practice (Based on the Materials of Cemeteries Filippovka 1 and Filippovka 2)","authors":"Konstantin Okorokov","doi":"10.15688/nav.jvolsu.2022.1.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15688/nav.jvolsu.2022.1.4","url":null,"abstract":"The article is devoted to publication and analyses of objects found during the excavation of the cemeteries Filippovka 1 and Filippovka 2 which are of value for reconstruction of clothing of the early nomads from the Filippovka Southern Urals. The objects under study are divided into two blocks – those carrying images of the nomads themselves for instance depictions of exclusively male riders with weapons or of various decorative elements made of precious metals, stripes, pendants and embroideries, according to the location of which in the burial relative to the backbone, one can get an idea of the costume as a whole. All burials where decorative patch elements were found in situ belong to females. The absolute majority of the sew-on decorations are made in the version of animal style art traditionally associated with Filippovka 1 cemetery, represented to a large extent by plates made from precious metals ornamenting wooden vessels. Obviously, this series of objects expresses the worldviews of the early nomads who left these funerary monuments on the territory of the Southern Urals, reflecting their religious and mythological ideas on the world around them and the vision of themselves. It is unlikely that these items were produced in a nomadic environment; they were rather produced in workshops the location of which has yet to be determined. In any case, they should be separated from Achaemenid style treasures which are referred to as “the antique” and were redesigned by nomads to suit their own needs.","PeriodicalId":34663,"journal":{"name":"Nizhnevolzhskii arkheologicheskii vestnik","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44425236","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-01DOI: 10.15688/nav.jvolsu.2022.1.7
A. Timofeev, M. Treister
The article dwells on the find of the bronze basin in the burial no. 5 of the kurgan no. 1 of the group “Bogomol’nye peski I” near the village of Nikolskoye, Enotaevsky District, Astrakhan Region. A belt-set of gold with turquoise inlays found in the region of the pelvic bones of a 40–45-year-old warrior, an iron dagger in a wooden scabbard with round-shaped iron overlays covered with gold foil and with turquoise inlays, and other finds allowed the author of the excavations to attribute the burial to the 1st–2nd centuries AD. It is obvious that the buried warrior belonged to the nomadic elite. A bronze basin, standing almost vertically, was leaning against the northern side of the grave-pit at its bottom. The analysis has shown that the basin belongs to a rare variant, till now unknown in Sarmatia. The closest parallel of its edge with a rim bent outwards and decorated with a band of Ionian kymation is a basin from the prince’s burial in Hoby on the island of Lolland in Denmark, usually dated in the first half of the 1st century AD. The peculiarities of the rosette design at the bottom of the basin associate it with a Tassinari S2300 type basin from Pompeii and some bronze paterae of the Eggers 154 / Nuber D type (Hagenow), which also indicates a probable dating no later than the first half or the middle of the 1st century AD. The basin demonstrates clear signs of deliberate damage. Not only the foot-ring and handles were lost, but the body itself was punched in several places in the form of wedge-shaped holes from the blows of a knife or dagger (?), which are very close in shape to the holes on the silver phalerae and the bowl of the Parthian circle of the second half of the 2nd – first half of the 1st century BC from the Trans-Volga region.
{"title":"Bronze Basin from the Kurgan No. 1 of the Group “Bogomol’nye Peski I” in the Lower Volga Region","authors":"A. Timofeev, M. Treister","doi":"10.15688/nav.jvolsu.2022.1.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15688/nav.jvolsu.2022.1.7","url":null,"abstract":"The article dwells on the find of the bronze basin in the burial no. 5 of the kurgan no. 1 of the group “Bogomol’nye peski I” near the village of Nikolskoye, Enotaevsky District, Astrakhan Region. A belt-set of gold with turquoise inlays found in the region of the pelvic bones of a 40–45-year-old warrior, an iron dagger in a wooden scabbard with round-shaped iron overlays covered with gold foil and with turquoise inlays, and other finds allowed the author of the excavations to attribute the burial to the 1st–2nd centuries AD. It is obvious that the buried warrior belonged to the nomadic elite. A bronze basin, standing almost vertically, was leaning against the northern side of the grave-pit at its bottom. The analysis has shown that the basin belongs to a rare variant, till now unknown in Sarmatia. The closest parallel of its edge with a rim bent outwards and decorated with a band of Ionian kymation is a basin from the prince’s burial in Hoby on the island of Lolland in Denmark, usually dated in the first half of the 1st century AD. The peculiarities of the rosette design at the bottom of the basin associate it with a Tassinari S2300 type basin from Pompeii and some bronze paterae of the Eggers 154 / Nuber D type (Hagenow), which also indicates a probable dating no later than the first half or the middle of the 1st century AD. The basin demonstrates clear signs of deliberate damage. Not only the foot-ring and handles were lost, but the body itself was punched in several places in the form of wedge-shaped holes from the blows of a knife or dagger (?), which are very close in shape to the holes on the silver phalerae and the bowl of the Parthian circle of the second half of the 2nd – first half of the 1st century BC from the Trans-Volga region.","PeriodicalId":34663,"journal":{"name":"Nizhnevolzhskii arkheologicheskii vestnik","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45277660","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-01DOI: 10.15688/nav.jvolsu.2022.1.10
S. Yarygin, N. Ilderyakov
The article is devoted to the publication of new monuments of rock art in the Kairakkol mountains and the Aksu river valley, located in the Aksu district of the Almaty region of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Geographically, the mountains are part of the Dzhungar Alatau system and are located in the eastern Semirechye. A description of three engravings and a group of three clusters of geometric signs is given. The drawings were discovered during exploration work in the vicinity of the Late Pazyryk burial ground of Tausamaly in 2020 and 2021 in the western spurs of the mountain Kairakkol, rocky outcrops of the Suuk plateau, and the mountain valley of the Aksu river. As a result of the area examination, it was possible to record a large number of petroglyphs dating back from the Bronze Age to the ethnographic time. Much of it definitely dates back to the early Iron Age and the Middle Ages. A large group of tamgas and tamga-like signs was found near the burial ground. Several petroglyphs stand out clearly among other petroglyphs, which have pictorial analogies in southern Siberia, eastern regions of Central Asia, and China. The list includes an anthropomorphic figure with a complex hairstyle or in a complex headdress, a rider about a two-horse, and a dragon. They are adjoined by three drawings, including geometric figures (simple lines, circular signs), knockouts of various types and shapes, holes, images of animals, and, in one case, a rider. They form complex compositions of ideogrammatic nature. A comparative historical analysis of the drawings shows the cultural ties of their creators with the nomads of Altai, the Minusinsk Basin, and, possibly, with the tribes of Northern China. The drawings are tentatively dated to the end of the 1st millennium BC or the border of two eras.
{"title":"Petroglyphs of “Eastern” Appearance in the Kairakkol Mountains and the Aksu River Valley","authors":"S. Yarygin, N. Ilderyakov","doi":"10.15688/nav.jvolsu.2022.1.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15688/nav.jvolsu.2022.1.10","url":null,"abstract":"The article is devoted to the publication of new monuments of rock art in the Kairakkol mountains and the Aksu river valley, located in the Aksu district of the Almaty region of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Geographically, the mountains are part of the Dzhungar Alatau system and are located in the eastern Semirechye. A description of three engravings and a group of three clusters of geometric signs is given. The drawings were discovered during exploration work in the vicinity of the Late Pazyryk burial ground of Tausamaly in 2020 and 2021 in the western spurs of the mountain Kairakkol, rocky outcrops of the Suuk plateau, and the mountain valley of the Aksu river. As a result of the area examination, it was possible to record a large number of petroglyphs dating back from the Bronze Age to the ethnographic time. Much of it definitely dates back to the early Iron Age and the Middle Ages. A large group of tamgas and tamga-like signs was found near the burial ground. Several petroglyphs stand out clearly among other petroglyphs, which have pictorial analogies in southern Siberia, eastern regions of Central Asia, and China. The list includes an anthropomorphic figure with a complex hairstyle or in a complex headdress, a rider about a two-horse, and a dragon. They are adjoined by three drawings, including geometric figures (simple lines, circular signs), knockouts of various types and shapes, holes, images of animals, and, in one case, a rider. They form complex compositions of ideogrammatic nature. A comparative historical analysis of the drawings shows the cultural ties of their creators with the nomads of Altai, the Minusinsk Basin, and, possibly, with the tribes of Northern China. The drawings are tentatively dated to the end of the 1st millennium BC or the border of two eras.","PeriodicalId":34663,"journal":{"name":"Nizhnevolzhskii arkheologicheskii vestnik","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42775099","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-01DOI: 10.15688/nav.jvolsu.2022.1.14
N. Limberis, I. Marchenko
The paper presents an overview of a unique Maeotian horse bridle assemblage from the cemetery of Starokorsunskaya settlement No. 2 located on the right bank of the Kuban river. The horse was buried lying with its abdomen in a ventral position, its legs folded up underneath its abdomen, its face turned east-north-east. The eastern part of the burial construction was damaged and collapsed into the storage reservoir. It is possible that the person‘s burial who was accompanied by the horse, also disintegrated. Two iron socketed arrowheads dating back to the 6th – 3rd centuries BC were found between the horse ribs. In the horse’s teeth there were two-piece iron bits with rigid check-devices; more than six sets of iron single-gnawed bits lay next to the horse. Two-piece iron bits were equipped with rigid check-devices in the form of short crosses, the ends of which were forged into blades with sharp small teeth (variant B). The check-devices of this variant were recorded in the Maeotian culture of the second quarter – middle 4th century BC, and possibly existed throughout the first half of the next century. However, the latest assemblages with such check-devices from the sites on the right bank of the Kuban river dating back precisely to the beginning – the first quarter of the 3rd century BC according to the amphorae containers. A group of single-gnawed bits consisted of six sets with cheek-pieces of different types. The bits themselves (except for one set) are pseudo-twisted, with a movable ring at one end and a cheek-piece at the other. Cheek-pieces with an 8-shaped widening in the middle are of two different types. Three pairs of bits are equipped with a pseudo-twisted rod-shaped cheek-pieces, the other three blade cheek-pieces with conical and moon-shaped pendants. Cheeks of these types do not yet have close analogies either in the Maeotian or in the Scythian culture, and the singlegnawed bits were never found anywhere before. According to cross-shaped rigid check-devices on two-piece bits, the chronology of the burial is limited to the second quarter of the 4th – beginning of the 3rd century BC. The set of single-gnawed bits was most likely intended for training young horses on the lane. The presence of six sets of such bits in the burial probably indicates that a horse-breaker was buried there.
{"title":"Horse Bridle Assemblage from the Maeotian Burial on the Right Bank of the Kuban River","authors":"N. Limberis, I. Marchenko","doi":"10.15688/nav.jvolsu.2022.1.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15688/nav.jvolsu.2022.1.14","url":null,"abstract":"The paper presents an overview of a unique Maeotian horse bridle assemblage from the cemetery of Starokorsunskaya settlement No. 2 located on the right bank of the Kuban river. The horse was buried lying with its abdomen in a ventral position, its legs folded up underneath its abdomen, its face turned east-north-east. The eastern part of the burial construction was damaged and collapsed into the storage reservoir. It is possible that the person‘s burial who was accompanied by the horse, also disintegrated. Two iron socketed arrowheads dating back to the 6th – 3rd centuries BC were found between the horse ribs. In the horse’s teeth there were two-piece iron bits with rigid check-devices; more than six sets of iron single-gnawed bits lay next to the horse. Two-piece iron bits were equipped with rigid check-devices in the form of short crosses, the ends of which were forged into blades with sharp small teeth (variant B). The check-devices of this variant were recorded in the Maeotian culture of the second quarter – middle 4th century BC, and possibly existed throughout the first half of the next century. However, the latest assemblages with such check-devices from the sites on the right bank of the Kuban river dating back precisely to the beginning – the first quarter of the 3rd century BC according to the amphorae containers. A group of single-gnawed bits consisted of six sets with cheek-pieces of different types. The bits themselves (except for one set) are pseudo-twisted, with a movable ring at one end and a cheek-piece at the other. Cheek-pieces with an 8-shaped widening in the middle are of two different types. Three pairs of bits are equipped with a pseudo-twisted rod-shaped cheek-pieces, the other three blade cheek-pieces with conical and moon-shaped pendants. Cheeks of these types do not yet have close analogies either in the Maeotian or in the Scythian culture, and the singlegnawed bits were never found anywhere before. According to cross-shaped rigid check-devices on two-piece bits, the chronology of the burial is limited to the second quarter of the 4th – beginning of the 3rd century BC. The set of single-gnawed bits was most likely intended for training young horses on the lane. The presence of six sets of such bits in the burial probably indicates that a horse-breaker was buried there.","PeriodicalId":34663,"journal":{"name":"Nizhnevolzhskii arkheologicheskii vestnik","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43677284","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-01DOI: 10.15688/nav.jvolsu.2022.1.13
A. Dyachenko
The article dwells upon publication and analysis of materials from two unusual Early Bronze Age burials, dating back to the first half of the 3rd millennium BC, investigated by the Volgograd State University expedition in the southern part of the Volga-Don interfluve. The published archaeological complexes were discovered in the kurgan cemeteries located on the bank terraces of the steppe river called Yesaulovsky Aksay. A number of distinctive features made it possible to attribute these complexes to the late period of the Lower Volga Yamnaya culture. These kurgan burials stand out on the overall background of the Yamna culture burials due to the grave structure features, details of the burial rite and positions of the buried individuals. The bodies positions in the investigated burials are unusual. In one case, the dead body was arranged into a sitting position with the head turned towards the south. In another one, the dead body was segmented and then put into the typical crouched position on the side with the head turned towards the east. Both rites had come from another culture associated with the North Caucasus region which had a significant impact on the economy, social and ideological structure, burial practices of the population of the Lower Volga region and the adjacent territories of Russias southern steppes throughout the Early and Middle Bronze Ages.
{"title":"Non-Standard Early Bronze Burials Near the Yesaulovsky Aksay River. Some Issues of Cultural Genesis","authors":"A. Dyachenko","doi":"10.15688/nav.jvolsu.2022.1.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15688/nav.jvolsu.2022.1.13","url":null,"abstract":"The article dwells upon publication and analysis of materials from two unusual Early Bronze Age burials, dating back to the first half of the 3rd millennium BC, investigated by the Volgograd State University expedition in the southern part of the Volga-Don interfluve. The published archaeological complexes were discovered in the kurgan cemeteries located on the bank terraces of the steppe river called Yesaulovsky Aksay. A number of distinctive features made it possible to attribute these complexes to the late period of the Lower Volga Yamnaya culture. These kurgan burials stand out on the overall background of the Yamna culture burials due to the grave structure features, details of the burial rite and positions of the buried individuals. The bodies positions in the investigated burials are unusual. In one case, the dead body was arranged into a sitting position with the head turned towards the south. In another one, the dead body was segmented and then put into the typical crouched position on the side with the head turned towards the east. Both rites had come from another culture associated with the North Caucasus region which had a significant impact on the economy, social and ideological structure, burial practices of the population of the Lower Volga region and the adjacent territories of Russias southern steppes throughout the Early and Middle Bronze Ages.","PeriodicalId":34663,"journal":{"name":"Nizhnevolzhskii arkheologicheskii vestnik","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44558302","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-01DOI: 10.15688/nav.jvolsu.2022.1.11
E. Pererva
The paper presents the results of a study of paleopathological, age and sex features of nomads of the second half 13th–14th centuries from kurgan burials from the territory of the Lower Volga region. The skeletal material for the study is presented by skulls and bones of 81 postcranial skeleton human remains. Research methodology of studying paleoanthropological material includes examination of the series and skull using the standard assessment program of palepathological conditions of the bones of the postcranial skeleton developed by A.P. Buzhilova and an shortened program for assessing paleodemgraphic indicators. As a result of the study, it has been identified that a small number of children in burials and a high mortality of women at a young age was typical for the nomads of the 13th–14th centuries from the Lower Volga region. The early life stages were the most difficult for the nomads as evidenced by frequent occurrence in children and adults of stress markers in the form of “cribra orbitalia”, enamel hypoplasia, bones porosity of the vault and skull facial area. This fact proves that environmental and social factors influenced quality, and arguably life expectancy of the adult population. The diet of the population of 13th–14th centuries from the Lower Volga region included mostly meat and dairy products. The incidence assessment of injuries and of physical activity signs indicates that the nomads of the Golden Horde time led a peaceful lifestyle engaging in traditional forms of economic practices.
{"title":"Nomadic Population of the Lower Volga Region Second Half of the 13th–14th Centuries According to the Results of Paleopathological Research","authors":"E. Pererva","doi":"10.15688/nav.jvolsu.2022.1.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15688/nav.jvolsu.2022.1.11","url":null,"abstract":"The paper presents the results of a study of paleopathological, age and sex features of nomads of the second half 13th–14th centuries from kurgan burials from the territory of the Lower Volga region. The skeletal material for the study is presented by skulls and bones of 81 postcranial skeleton human remains. Research methodology of studying paleoanthropological material includes examination of the series and skull using the standard assessment program of palepathological conditions of the bones of the postcranial skeleton developed by A.P. Buzhilova and an shortened program for assessing paleodemgraphic indicators. As a result of the study, it has been identified that a small number of children in burials and a high mortality of women at a young age was typical for the nomads of the 13th–14th centuries from the Lower Volga region. The early life stages were the most difficult for the nomads as evidenced by frequent occurrence in children and adults of stress markers in the form of “cribra orbitalia”, enamel hypoplasia, bones porosity of the vault and skull facial area. This fact proves that environmental and social factors influenced quality, and arguably life expectancy of the adult population. The diet of the population of 13th–14th centuries from the Lower Volga region included mostly meat and dairy products. The incidence assessment of injuries and of physical activity signs indicates that the nomads of the Golden Horde time led a peaceful lifestyle engaging in traditional forms of economic practices.","PeriodicalId":34663,"journal":{"name":"Nizhnevolzhskii arkheologicheskii vestnik","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41409310","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-01DOI: 10.15688/nav.jvolsu.2022.1.8
N. Seregin, M. Demin, S. Matrenin
The article presents the results of the systematization and chronological interpretation of bone (horn) arrowheads found during excavations of the Xianbei time burials of the Karban-I necropolis. This complex is located in the Chemal region of the Altai Republic. The published collection includes 26 bone (horn) arrowheads from seven burial kurgans. As a result of morphological analysis and classification of 23 items of good and satisfactory preservation, nine types were identified. There are both already known and specific modifications that have no analogies in the materials of the Bulan-Koby culture. Comparative study of general, special and individual morphological features made it possible to determine the relative chronology of the items. It was found that the arrowheads from Karban-I necropolis are not genetically related to the bone-cutting traditions of the Pazyryk culture population and represent the local development of specimens that appeared in the Xiongnu (2nd century BC – 1st century AD) and Xianbei (2nd – 1st half of the 4th century AD) time. A series of “experimental” specimens with a separately made bone whistle (types 1b, 4b), which represent a simplified technology for making tips with a one-piece bushing whistle (type 7a), have been identified. It is noted that arrowheads with a sleeve (type 8a) and clamping attachments (type 9a) have rather rare structural elements. Additional evidence was obtained that the population of Altai in the Xianbei time could use arrows with bone tips not only for hunting purposes, but also as a weapon to defeat a weakly defended enemy.
{"title":"Bone (Horn) Arrowheads of the Population of Northern Altai in Xianbei Time (Based on Materials of Karban-I Complex)","authors":"N. Seregin, M. Demin, S. Matrenin","doi":"10.15688/nav.jvolsu.2022.1.8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15688/nav.jvolsu.2022.1.8","url":null,"abstract":"The article presents the results of the systematization and chronological interpretation of bone (horn) arrowheads found during excavations of the Xianbei time burials of the Karban-I necropolis. This complex is located in the Chemal region of the Altai Republic. The published collection includes 26 bone (horn) arrowheads from seven burial kurgans. As a result of morphological analysis and classification of 23 items of good and satisfactory preservation, nine types were identified. There are both already known and specific modifications that have no analogies in the materials of the Bulan-Koby culture. Comparative study of general, special and individual morphological features made it possible to determine the relative chronology of the items. It was found that the arrowheads from Karban-I necropolis are not genetically related to the bone-cutting traditions of the Pazyryk culture population and represent the local development of specimens that appeared in the Xiongnu (2nd century BC – 1st century AD) and Xianbei (2nd – 1st half of the 4th century AD) time. A series of “experimental” specimens with a separately made bone whistle (types 1b, 4b), which represent a simplified technology for making tips with a one-piece bushing whistle (type 7a), have been identified. It is noted that arrowheads with a sleeve (type 8a) and clamping attachments (type 9a) have rather rare structural elements. Additional evidence was obtained that the population of Altai in the Xianbei time could use arrows with bone tips not only for hunting purposes, but also as a weapon to defeat a weakly defended enemy.","PeriodicalId":34663,"journal":{"name":"Nizhnevolzhskii arkheologicheskii vestnik","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45865862","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-01DOI: 10.15688/nav.jvolsu.2022.1.5
Ivan Blinov, A. Tairov
This study concerns 580 bronze arrowheads from five burials of the Kichigino I cemetery (southern Trans-Urals), dated from the second half of the sixth to the second half of the fourth centuries BC. The main component in all arrowheads was copper with admixtures of arsenic, antimony, lead, tin and nickel. The research revealed that the Early nomads’ non-ferrous metal sources changed approximately in the middle of the fourth century BC. Initially, almost all metal came from Itkul metallurgy and metalworking center located in the southern Trans-Urals forest-steppe area. Pure copper without addition as well as alloys with additive of arsenic, occasionally with arsenic and antimony were overwhelmingly applied. In the next period, there are plenty of arrowheads made of copper alloys containing lead as a component; its sources are located to the southwest and west of the Trans-Urals. The transition to new metal sources was caused on the one hand by massive migrations of the Trans-Ural steppe nomadic population to the southern Cis-Urals, on the other, by gradual decline of the Itkul center of metallurgy during the fourth century BC and by the complete reserve depletion in the third century BC. Reuse of tin-alloyed bronze items from earlier times was caused by lack of the non-ferrous metal supplied by the Itkul metallurgists. Furthermore, results of metals analysis indicate that there is no relationship between the shape of the arrowheads and the composition of the metal in them. Arrowheads of the same shape could be made of different metal composition, and, by contrast, arrowheads of different shapes were made from the same metal.
{"title":"Chemical Composition of Metal in Copper and Bronze Arrowheads from the Kichigino I Burial Ground","authors":"Ivan Blinov, A. Tairov","doi":"10.15688/nav.jvolsu.2022.1.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15688/nav.jvolsu.2022.1.5","url":null,"abstract":"This study concerns 580 bronze arrowheads from five burials of the Kichigino I cemetery (southern Trans-Urals), dated from the second half of the sixth to the second half of the fourth centuries BC. The main component in all arrowheads was copper with admixtures of arsenic, antimony, lead, tin and nickel. The research revealed that the Early nomads’ non-ferrous metal sources changed approximately in the middle of the fourth century BC. Initially, almost all metal came from Itkul metallurgy and metalworking center located in the southern Trans-Urals forest-steppe area. Pure copper without addition as well as alloys with additive of arsenic, occasionally with arsenic and antimony were overwhelmingly applied. In the next period, there are plenty of arrowheads made of copper alloys containing lead as a component; its sources are located to the southwest and west of the Trans-Urals. The transition to new metal sources was caused on the one hand by massive migrations of the Trans-Ural steppe nomadic population to the southern Cis-Urals, on the other, by gradual decline of the Itkul center of metallurgy during the fourth century BC and by the complete reserve depletion in the third century BC. Reuse of tin-alloyed bronze items from earlier times was caused by lack of the non-ferrous metal supplied by the Itkul metallurgists. Furthermore, results of metals analysis indicate that there is no relationship between the shape of the arrowheads and the composition of the metal in them. Arrowheads of the same shape could be made of different metal composition, and, by contrast, arrowheads of different shapes were made from the same metal.","PeriodicalId":34663,"journal":{"name":"Nizhnevolzhskii arkheologicheskii vestnik","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47921254","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-01DOI: 10.15688/nav.jvolsu.2022.1.1
A. Beisenov, V. Loman, D. Shashenov
According to available archaeological materials, there is no earthenware pottery in the Tasmola graves. This feature of the funeral rite was specifically noted in early publications of materials belonging to this culture discovered in 1966. In the 21st century, the available sources of the material significantly expanded, new categories of monuments, including the kurgans of the elite and settlements were discovered. The increased interest in Tasmola ceramics can be explained by the fact that some ceramics were found in the new mounds, and the possibility of comparing them with pottery from earlier settlements arose. New studies have confirmed the absence of earthenware pottery in the graves. At the same time, available data on “kurgan ceramics” are currently increasing. Occasionally whole vessels but more often their fragments were found in the course of excavations in the upper part of the kurgan. This situation is typical for the burial sites of the early Saka time of the Sayano-Altai. period, where fragments of earthenware pottery were also found in the upper part of the structure. The report presents the results of a technical and technological analysis of ceramics from the two kurgans of the Tasmola culture. Sixteen fragments belonging to 8 vessels were found in kurgan 1 of the Kyzylzhartas burial ground. There were 40 fragments from 7 vessels in kurgan 1 of the burial ground Karazhartas-2. Both burial grounds are located at a distance of 2.6 km from each other on the territory of the Shet district of the Karaganda region. The studied burial mounds date back to the 7th–5th centuries BC. According to external features, the ceramics from the two burial mounds are very close to each other. The results of technical and technological analysis showed that, in terms of manufacturing methods, this ceramics is similar to pottery from the settlements of Central Kazakhstan.
{"title":"Ceramics from New Kurgans of the Tasmola Culture","authors":"A. Beisenov, V. Loman, D. Shashenov","doi":"10.15688/nav.jvolsu.2022.1.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15688/nav.jvolsu.2022.1.1","url":null,"abstract":"According to available archaeological materials, there is no earthenware pottery in the Tasmola graves. This feature of the funeral rite was specifically noted in early publications of materials belonging to this culture discovered in 1966. In the 21st century, the available sources of the material significantly expanded, new categories of monuments, including the kurgans of the elite and settlements were discovered. The increased interest in Tasmola ceramics can be explained by the fact that some ceramics were found in the new mounds, and the possibility of comparing them with pottery from earlier settlements arose. New studies have confirmed the absence of earthenware pottery in the graves. At the same time, available data on “kurgan ceramics” are currently increasing. Occasionally whole vessels but more often their fragments were found in the course of excavations in the upper part of the kurgan. This situation is typical for the burial sites of the early Saka time of the Sayano-Altai. period, where fragments of earthenware pottery were also found in the upper part of the structure. The report presents the results of a technical and technological analysis of ceramics from the two kurgans of the Tasmola culture. Sixteen fragments belonging to 8 vessels were found in kurgan 1 of the Kyzylzhartas burial ground. There were 40 fragments from 7 vessels in kurgan 1 of the burial ground Karazhartas-2. Both burial grounds are located at a distance of 2.6 km from each other on the territory of the Shet district of the Karaganda region. The studied burial mounds date back to the 7th–5th centuries BC. According to external features, the ceramics from the two burial mounds are very close to each other. The results of technical and technological analysis showed that, in terms of manufacturing methods, this ceramics is similar to pottery from the settlements of Central Kazakhstan.","PeriodicalId":34663,"journal":{"name":"Nizhnevolzhskii arkheologicheskii vestnik","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49651803","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：