Path dependence theory determines ways in which previous decisionshave produced a set of institutions and policies and how they, in theirturn, determine future decisions. The last four years of Moldova’s historytransposes a pessimistic mood among the population of the country, aswell as among the community of experts, political scientists, politicians- regarding the Moldova’s “success story” and its potential to movecloser to the European Union. The current situation in the Moldovansociety is a reflection of political decisions made by the government andthe political class, which may have an impact on the EU agenda and,relatively, in one form or another, is characteristic for other countriesin this region (here Ukraine). Political analysis argues that in both statesthere is the influence and participation of the oligarchic factor on thepolitical agenda, characterized by its destructive nature as to domesticpolitics, the strengthening of pro-Russian movements and increase inthe number of sympathizers, which, in the end, “benevolently” impactsthe geopolitical orientation of the country.
{"title":"Phenomenon of “Path Dependence” - Institutional Impediments to the European Integration of the Republic of Moldova","authors":"Mariana Iatco","doi":"10.58441/psf.v1i2.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.58441/psf.v1i2.11","url":null,"abstract":"Path dependence theory determines ways in which previous decisionshave produced a set of institutions and policies and how they, in theirturn, determine future decisions. The last four years of Moldova’s historytransposes a pessimistic mood among the population of the country, aswell as among the community of experts, political scientists, politicians- regarding the Moldova’s “success story” and its potential to movecloser to the European Union. The current situation in the Moldovansociety is a reflection of political decisions made by the government andthe political class, which may have an impact on the EU agenda and,relatively, in one form or another, is characteristic for other countriesin this region (here Ukraine). Political analysis argues that in both statesthere is the influence and participation of the oligarchic factor on thepolitical agenda, characterized by its destructive nature as to domesticpolitics, the strengthening of pro-Russian movements and increase inthe number of sympathizers, which, in the end, “benevolently” impactsthe geopolitical orientation of the country.","PeriodicalId":34873,"journal":{"name":"Political Studies Forum","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41936343","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper aims to describe the relationship between diplomacy andidentity. Can we still talk about soft power in the terms of Joseph Nye?Does Europe use soft power? And if so, does it use it regarding the termof ‘collective identity’? Starting from the article of Anthony D. Smith,National identity and the idea of European unity, can we talk about collectivecultural identity? Europe is a continent that knows and accepts lots ofdifferent cultures but does it aim, in terms of definition, to have a single„European culture”? There are lots of questions raised by this article.If the members of UE are searching to have a collective identity, howare the member states reacting to this idea? Eventually, every singlecountry is not going to give up the national culture and what is definingeach other. There is a common destiny that combines continuity andmemory. We can find this at every social level and also regarding thenational diplomacy. Attracting the UE members into having a Europeanculture, and doing this in terms of soft power, can this really work forthe UE? The European identity, as well as the national identity, it is nota natural one but a social one. It is a social construct seen as the resultof historical conditions and cultural relations.
{"title":"Soft Power – Diplomacy and Identiy","authors":"Mădălina Iacob","doi":"10.58441/psf.v1i2.16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.58441/psf.v1i2.16","url":null,"abstract":"This paper aims to describe the relationship between diplomacy andidentity. Can we still talk about soft power in the terms of Joseph Nye?Does Europe use soft power? And if so, does it use it regarding the termof ‘collective identity’? Starting from the article of Anthony D. Smith,National identity and the idea of European unity, can we talk about collectivecultural identity? Europe is a continent that knows and accepts lots ofdifferent cultures but does it aim, in terms of definition, to have a single„European culture”? There are lots of questions raised by this article.If the members of UE are searching to have a collective identity, howare the member states reacting to this idea? Eventually, every singlecountry is not going to give up the national culture and what is definingeach other. There is a common destiny that combines continuity andmemory. We can find this at every social level and also regarding thenational diplomacy. Attracting the UE members into having a Europeanculture, and doing this in terms of soft power, can this really work forthe UE? The European identity, as well as the national identity, it is nota natural one but a social one. It is a social construct seen as the resultof historical conditions and cultural relations.","PeriodicalId":34873,"journal":{"name":"Political Studies Forum","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48046733","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The primary goal of this article is to analyze, investigate, and interpretsome concepts related to digitalization and Romanian digital policyin the context of the European Union, especially in these pandemictimes that highlight the exclusion of disadvantaged people such as theyoung, low-income, and elderly from various perspectives such as theeducational state, social, economic, and cultural. This paper proposesa brief history, status, and future perspectives of the digital era, as wellas an objective perspective on the discrepancies between Romania’ssystem and those at the European Union level, as well as discrepanciesbetween ambitions and practical results via analyses and officialstatistics. This article also contends that Romania has a large potentialfor digital growth, and that the use of technology may aid and enhancethe lives of individuals from various vulnerable groups, such as theelderly and schoolchildren.
{"title":"Digital Single Market, Social Media, the Digital Educational System, Romania, and the European Union: A Critical View","authors":"Monica Eliza Motorga","doi":"10.58441/psf.v1i2.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.58441/psf.v1i2.14","url":null,"abstract":"The primary goal of this article is to analyze, investigate, and interpretsome concepts related to digitalization and Romanian digital policyin the context of the European Union, especially in these pandemictimes that highlight the exclusion of disadvantaged people such as theyoung, low-income, and elderly from various perspectives such as theeducational state, social, economic, and cultural. This paper proposesa brief history, status, and future perspectives of the digital era, as wellas an objective perspective on the discrepancies between Romania’ssystem and those at the European Union level, as well as discrepanciesbetween ambitions and practical results via analyses and officialstatistics. This article also contends that Romania has a large potentialfor digital growth, and that the use of technology may aid and enhancethe lives of individuals from various vulnerable groups, such as theelderly and schoolchildren.","PeriodicalId":34873,"journal":{"name":"Political Studies Forum","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45900308","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Referring to citizen leadership and expertise in participatory processesat community level, research emphasizes the necessary balance betweeninclusiveness and knowledgeability. Both conditions provide efficiency andlegitimacy for policy making, so as to avoid governance based either on elites,or on mass democracy. Scholars propose the inclusion of “expert citizens”as mediators between scientific and lay knowledge. In a practical manner, thisis to be achieved by the formation of community leaders, able to address theneeds and improve the quality of life for residents. A neighborhood leadershipprogram develops capacities in human relations, public speaking, conflictresolution, rebuilding of trust and acting inside a network, as well as practicalskills related to grant writing, fundraising or completing a community project.To what extent is the implementation of a professional training programable to provide sustainable solutions in the field of community development?The study addresses this research question by means of a review, synthesisand analysis of previous literature. Its empirical section approaches threeparticular case studies, from the United States and Canada. Results show thatthe initiative of training citizens to become community leaders has positiveeffects at an individual and collective level - it fosters personal development,mutual understanding and social cohesion, contributing to an ongoingeducational process.
{"title":"Citizens as community experts: The benefits of a neighborhood leadership program","authors":"Adrian Schiffbeck","doi":"10.58441/psf.v1i1.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.58441/psf.v1i1.10","url":null,"abstract":"Referring to citizen leadership and expertise in participatory processesat community level, research emphasizes the necessary balance betweeninclusiveness and knowledgeability. Both conditions provide efficiency andlegitimacy for policy making, so as to avoid governance based either on elites,or on mass democracy. Scholars propose the inclusion of “expert citizens”as mediators between scientific and lay knowledge. In a practical manner, thisis to be achieved by the formation of community leaders, able to address theneeds and improve the quality of life for residents. A neighborhood leadershipprogram develops capacities in human relations, public speaking, conflictresolution, rebuilding of trust and acting inside a network, as well as practicalskills related to grant writing, fundraising or completing a community project.To what extent is the implementation of a professional training programable to provide sustainable solutions in the field of community development?The study addresses this research question by means of a review, synthesisand analysis of previous literature. Its empirical section approaches threeparticular case studies, from the United States and Canada. Results show thatthe initiative of training citizens to become community leaders has positiveeffects at an individual and collective level - it fosters personal development,mutual understanding and social cohesion, contributing to an ongoingeducational process.","PeriodicalId":34873,"journal":{"name":"Political Studies Forum","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42683377","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this paper we discuss the implications of various economic stimulusmechanisms implemented by the United States and EU central banksto combat the economic downturn caused by the Covid-19 pandemic.The huge increase in both the Federal Reserve’s and European CentralBank’s balance sheets using financial tools has led to a distortionof stock markets and government bonds. In turn, this has led to amonumental increase in MZM (deprecated M3) that may prove to beunsustainable. As such, the central banks’ governance bodies havetaken steps to provide alternatives to fiat money as a means of lastresort.
{"title":"Overview of Central Banks’ Answers to Economic Stimulus Following Covid-19","authors":"A. Duta","doi":"10.58441/psf.v1i2.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.58441/psf.v1i2.13","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper we discuss the implications of various economic stimulusmechanisms implemented by the United States and EU central banksto combat the economic downturn caused by the Covid-19 pandemic.The huge increase in both the Federal Reserve’s and European CentralBank’s balance sheets using financial tools has led to a distortionof stock markets and government bonds. In turn, this has led to amonumental increase in MZM (deprecated M3) that may prove to beunsustainable. As such, the central banks’ governance bodies havetaken steps to provide alternatives to fiat money as a means of lastresort.","PeriodicalId":34873,"journal":{"name":"Political Studies Forum","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49037186","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
China’s one-child policy is an essential subject in the quest to understand thecontemporary Chinese society, its future social development perspectives, butalso in order to determine how population control policies impact both menand women. After providing a short overview of the policy and discussing itsconsequences amongst men and women, I focus on the economic future ofChina with respect to the abovementioned policy and also try to answer thequestion on the stringency of such a harsh initiative. I argue that this policyhas had some rational incentives at its core but impacted women in a harshand inhumane way and might severely cripple China’s future developmentgoals.
{"title":"The Gender Dimension of the One-Child Policy and its Influence on China’s Development","authors":"Vlad Botgros","doi":"10.58441/psf.v1i1.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.58441/psf.v1i1.7","url":null,"abstract":"China’s one-child policy is an essential subject in the quest to understand thecontemporary Chinese society, its future social development perspectives, butalso in order to determine how population control policies impact both menand women. After providing a short overview of the policy and discussing itsconsequences amongst men and women, I focus on the economic future ofChina with respect to the abovementioned policy and also try to answer thequestion on the stringency of such a harsh initiative. I argue that this policyhas had some rational incentives at its core but impacted women in a harshand inhumane way and might severely cripple China’s future developmentgoals.","PeriodicalId":34873,"journal":{"name":"Political Studies Forum","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47751276","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The present paper intends to analyze the planning of study places inRomanian higher education during the real Socialist regime. A strict numerusclausus system was in place that enabled a national planning of study placesfor each discipline. The numbers were supposed to reflect the “real” needsof the economy. We use econometric models (VAR regressions and Grangercausality tests) to find if the planning was related to previous and followingGDP values as estimated by an independent source (the Maddison project).The results show that the planning was indeed based on the economic situationas well as on political goals, and even succeeded in positively influencingeconomic development in some areas of study. The economic disaster ofRomanian communism was not caused by deficient planning.
{"title":"Planning for higher education in Socialist Romania. Political priorities or economic needs?","authors":"R. Reisz, Iris Mihai","doi":"10.58441/psf.v1i1.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.58441/psf.v1i1.6","url":null,"abstract":"The present paper intends to analyze the planning of study places inRomanian higher education during the real Socialist regime. A strict numerusclausus system was in place that enabled a national planning of study placesfor each discipline. The numbers were supposed to reflect the “real” needsof the economy. We use econometric models (VAR regressions and Grangercausality tests) to find if the planning was related to previous and followingGDP values as estimated by an independent source (the Maddison project).The results show that the planning was indeed based on the economic situationas well as on political goals, and even succeeded in positively influencingeconomic development in some areas of study. The economic disaster ofRomanian communism was not caused by deficient planning.","PeriodicalId":34873,"journal":{"name":"Political Studies Forum","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48561737","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The stress to which the liberal democracy was subjected to in 2020was unique. Never before in the history of contemporary democracyhave states taken, in times of peace, such restrictive measures regardingthe individual rights. Moreover, the protests against these measureshave never been so poor. Of course, the restrictive measures maybe considered necessary, and the level of social compliance may beconsidered normal as the Covid-19 pandemic has caused a real dangerat global level. This study evaluates the dangers posed by variousrestrictions of the individual rights for the liberal democracy inRomania
{"title":"Romanian Liberal Democracy in the Times of the Pandemic1","authors":"V. Pleşca","doi":"10.58441/psf.v1i2.15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.58441/psf.v1i2.15","url":null,"abstract":"The stress to which the liberal democracy was subjected to in 2020was unique. Never before in the history of contemporary democracyhave states taken, in times of peace, such restrictive measures regardingthe individual rights. Moreover, the protests against these measureshave never been so poor. Of course, the restrictive measures maybe considered necessary, and the level of social compliance may beconsidered normal as the Covid-19 pandemic has caused a real dangerat global level. This study evaluates the dangers posed by variousrestrictions of the individual rights for the liberal democracy inRomania","PeriodicalId":34873,"journal":{"name":"Political Studies Forum","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46434357","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Three epoch-making upheavals have had a tremendous impact on theIranian polity throughout its long history. These upheavals have radicallyreshaped and restructured the society in terms of its religio-politicaland jurisprudential institutions. The invasion of the Arabs, the rise ofSafavids, and the Islamic Revolution, respectively, changed the religionof the Iranians from Zoroastrianism to Islam, made Shiite Islam theofficial religion in the whole of Iran, and established the theocraticstate based on Shiism. As the first phase begins with the prevalence ofIslam in Iran, the body of discussion in this paper revolves around theIslam-inspired norms that have shaped the religio-political frameworkof the country. The paper seeks to highlight these seasons by analyzingthe systematic-normative outcomes that the Iranian society witnessed.
{"title":"Iranian Religious-political Development in Light of Three Epochal Transformations","authors":"Bahman Khodadadi","doi":"10.58441/psf.v1i3.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.58441/psf.v1i3.4","url":null,"abstract":"Three epoch-making upheavals have had a tremendous impact on theIranian polity throughout its long history. These upheavals have radicallyreshaped and restructured the society in terms of its religio-politicaland jurisprudential institutions. The invasion of the Arabs, the rise ofSafavids, and the Islamic Revolution, respectively, changed the religionof the Iranians from Zoroastrianism to Islam, made Shiite Islam theofficial religion in the whole of Iran, and established the theocraticstate based on Shiism. As the first phase begins with the prevalence ofIslam in Iran, the body of discussion in this paper revolves around theIslam-inspired norms that have shaped the religio-political frameworkof the country. The paper seeks to highlight these seasons by analyzingthe systematic-normative outcomes that the Iranian society witnessed.","PeriodicalId":34873,"journal":{"name":"Political Studies Forum","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44358418","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article investigates the influence of Duginist Eurasianism amongthe elites of the self-proclaimed Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic.The investigative approach is divided into two major sections: theanalysis of Dugin’s Eurasian vision and the investigation of theinfluences of Duginist Eurasianism among the elites of Tiraspol. Suchresearch is needed in the light of the political situation in EasternEurope, especially after the opening of the conflict in Eastern Ukraine.It is important to investigate the influence of Duginist Eurasianismin the Transnistrian region in order to anticipate possible decisionmakingdirections. In terms of understanding Duginist Eurasianism,the philosopher’s perspective is investigated through his publications.The same analytical approach is taken in order to capture its positionin relation to the importance of the Transnistrian region in its ownEurasian plans. Regarding the research of the propagation of Dugin’sEurasianist ideas among the elites in Tiraspol, the perspectives of someof the region’s politicians and intellectuals are investigated. Despite thedefinite presence of the influences of the Eurasian Duginist amongthe elites in the Transnistrian region, the research is not able to clarifyexactly the extent of the ideas among the Transnistrians. Importantlythough, the research records their existence and confirms their spreadamong the ruling elites in the second decade of the 2000s.
{"title":"The reception and Perpetuation of Dugins Specific Eurasianist Ideas among Tiraspol Elites","authors":"Serghei Pricopiuc","doi":"10.58441/psf.v1i3.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.58441/psf.v1i3.5","url":null,"abstract":"This article investigates the influence of Duginist Eurasianism amongthe elites of the self-proclaimed Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic.The investigative approach is divided into two major sections: theanalysis of Dugin’s Eurasian vision and the investigation of theinfluences of Duginist Eurasianism among the elites of Tiraspol. Suchresearch is needed in the light of the political situation in EasternEurope, especially after the opening of the conflict in Eastern Ukraine.It is important to investigate the influence of Duginist Eurasianismin the Transnistrian region in order to anticipate possible decisionmakingdirections. In terms of understanding Duginist Eurasianism,the philosopher’s perspective is investigated through his publications.The same analytical approach is taken in order to capture its positionin relation to the importance of the Transnistrian region in its ownEurasian plans. Regarding the research of the propagation of Dugin’sEurasianist ideas among the elites in Tiraspol, the perspectives of someof the region’s politicians and intellectuals are investigated. Despite thedefinite presence of the influences of the Eurasian Duginist amongthe elites in the Transnistrian region, the research is not able to clarifyexactly the extent of the ideas among the Transnistrians. Importantlythough, the research records their existence and confirms their spreadamong the ruling elites in the second decade of the 2000s.","PeriodicalId":34873,"journal":{"name":"Political Studies Forum","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43647677","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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