Inequality in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) is rampant, manifested not only through one of the highest Gini coefficients in Europe but also in unequal access to social benefits and services. We find this to be an outcome of BiH?s entitygovernment social policy, which has been created to serve ethnic clientelistic politics. As the country?s former social protection system adjusted in the immediate post-civil war period to a new asymmetric government structure made of two entities, Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Republika Srpska, it helped the main ethnic political parties preserve their power and ethnic divisions. This was achieved through a comprehensive system of status-based social benefits, most notably war-related social benefits granted on the basis of ethnic and military service affiliation. As such, in both BiH?s entities the system of social protection is an instrument of political control that generates inequality by treating certain social groups differently in terms of access to and level of benefits, while excluding much of the population. The process is found to be endogenous; in other words, maintaining inequality in access to social benefits is essential for preserving clientelistic policy, and vice versa.
{"title":"Inequality and welfare state clientelism in Bosnia and Herzegovina","authors":"Nikolina Obradović, Goran Filic Patrick","doi":"10.2298/eka1923083o","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2298/eka1923083o","url":null,"abstract":"Inequality in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) is rampant, manifested not only through one of the highest Gini coefficients in Europe but also in unequal access to social benefits and services. We find this to be an outcome of BiH?s entitygovernment social policy, which has been created to serve ethnic clientelistic politics. As the country?s former social protection system adjusted in the immediate post-civil war period to a new asymmetric government structure made of two entities, Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Republika Srpska, it helped the main ethnic political parties preserve their power and ethnic divisions. This was achieved through a comprehensive system of status-based social benefits, most notably war-related social benefits granted on the basis of ethnic and military service affiliation. As such, in both BiH?s entities the system of social protection is an instrument of political control that generates inequality by treating certain social groups differently in terms of access to and level of benefits, while excluding much of the population. The process is found to be endogenous; in other words, maintaining inequality in access to social benefits is essential for preserving clientelistic policy, and vice versa.","PeriodicalId":35023,"journal":{"name":"Economic Annals","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68476247","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Large gender inequalities have persisted in the Serbian labour market. One of the key indicators of labour market inequality is the gender pay gap. This paper examines the gender pay gap in Serbia based on data from the Survey of Income and Living Conditions. Our findings show that on average women earn far less than men, a gap that has increased slightly over time. The paper offers an in-depth analysis of this gender pay gap in Serbia by decomposing the gender pay gap into an explained part related to difference in characteristics and an unexplained part related to differences in returns attributable to these characteristics. In addition, it provides an estimate of selection effects on the gender pay gap using an innovative methodology that corrects for sample selection bias.
{"title":"What lies behind the gender wage gap in Serbia?","authors":"Aleksandra Anić, G. Krstić","doi":"10.2298/eka1923137a","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2298/eka1923137a","url":null,"abstract":"Large gender inequalities have persisted in the Serbian labour market. One of the key indicators of labour market inequality is the gender pay gap. This paper examines the gender pay gap in Serbia based on data from the Survey of Income and Living Conditions. Our findings show that on average women earn far less than men, a gap that has increased slightly over time. The paper offers an in-depth analysis of this gender pay gap in Serbia by decomposing the gender pay gap into an explained part related to difference in characteristics and an unexplained part related to differences in returns attributable to these characteristics. In addition, it provides an estimate of selection effects on the gender pay gap using an innovative methodology that corrects for sample selection bias.","PeriodicalId":35023,"journal":{"name":"Economic Annals","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68476291","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper focuses on the strategic practice of Serbian entrepreneurs by addressing the issue of their entrepreneurial orientation. Based on a sample of 101 respondents (randomly drawn from the Serbian Business Registers Agency?s database), the research tries to answer the question of whether Serbian entrepreneurs? strategic choices in the fields of growth, innovation, and marketing are entrepreneurially oriented. The paper also reports research on gender differences regarding these issues. The results suggest that Serbian entrepreneurs are entrepreneurially oriented when making decisions about growth, innovation, and marketing. Also, Serbian women entrepreneurs are less entrepreneurially oriented than men when choosing growth strategies, but more entrepreneurially oriented in certain aspects of market orientation. No statistically important gender differences were found regarding innovation strategies.
{"title":"The strategic choices of Serbian entrepreneurs: Are they entrepreneurially oriented and do they differ by gender?","authors":"Danijela Stošić-Panić","doi":"10.2298/eka1922147s","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2298/eka1922147s","url":null,"abstract":"This paper focuses on the strategic practice of Serbian entrepreneurs by addressing the issue of their entrepreneurial orientation. Based on a sample of 101 respondents (randomly drawn from the Serbian Business Registers Agency?s database), the research tries to answer the question of whether Serbian entrepreneurs? strategic choices in the fields of growth, innovation, and marketing are entrepreneurially oriented. The paper also reports research on gender differences regarding these issues. The results suggest that Serbian entrepreneurs are entrepreneurially oriented when making decisions about growth, innovation, and marketing. Also, Serbian women entrepreneurs are less entrepreneurially oriented than men when choosing growth strategies, but more entrepreneurially oriented in certain aspects of market orientation. No statistically important gender differences were found regarding innovation strategies.","PeriodicalId":35023,"journal":{"name":"Economic Annals","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68475728","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Velimir Bole, Miha Dominko, Ada Guštin-Habuš, J. Prašnikar
The paper deals with the performance of former Yugoslav countries during the Great Recession. It compares the performance of peripheral countries (Slovenia and Croatia) with those of superperipheral countries (Bosnia, the Republic of North Macedonia, Montenegro, and Serbia). The focus of the analysis is the four channels of crisis transmission and amplification: the capital surge as the external channel on the one hand, and the financial accelerator, the banking credit extension, and liquidity as internal channels on the other. While the external channel drove the dynamics of the crisis, the internal channels amplified, broadened, and prolonged its drastic economic consequences. The paper depicts the trajectory of the consequences of the Great Recession for both peripheral and super-peripheral countries. It shows that, regarding financial stability, peripheral countries outperformed superperipheral countries in the boom phase, but not in the bust and recovery phases. The crucial factor influencing such a deterioration of peripheral countries? financial stability was the policy measures enforced by the European Commission and ECB, calibrated to the needs of the largest and strongest economies of the euro area, while neglecting the asymmetric dynamics of European economies in the bust and recovery phases. The paper concludes with a warning that something similar could happen in the present crisis triggered by the Covid-19 virus.
{"title":"Countries of former yugoslavia: Periphery vs. super-periphery in the great recession and beyond","authors":"Velimir Bole, Miha Dominko, Ada Guštin-Habuš, J. Prašnikar","doi":"10.2298/eka1923011b","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2298/eka1923011b","url":null,"abstract":"The paper deals with the performance of former Yugoslav countries during the Great Recession. It compares the performance of peripheral countries (Slovenia and Croatia) with those of superperipheral countries (Bosnia, the Republic of North Macedonia, Montenegro, and Serbia). The focus of the analysis is the four channels of crisis transmission and amplification: the capital surge as the external channel on the one hand, and the financial accelerator, the banking credit extension, and liquidity as internal channels on the other. While the external channel drove the dynamics of the crisis, the internal channels amplified, broadened, and prolonged its drastic economic consequences. The paper depicts the trajectory of the consequences of the Great Recession for both peripheral and super-peripheral countries. It shows that, regarding financial stability, peripheral countries outperformed superperipheral countries in the boom phase, but not in the bust and recovery phases. The crucial factor influencing such a deterioration of peripheral countries? financial stability was the policy measures enforced by the European Commission and ECB, calibrated to the needs of the largest and strongest economies of the euro area, while neglecting the asymmetric dynamics of European economies in the bust and recovery phases. The paper concludes with a warning that something similar could happen in the present crisis triggered by the Covid-19 virus.","PeriodicalId":35023,"journal":{"name":"Economic Annals","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68475744","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Marjan Petreski, Nikica Mojsoska-Blazevski, Mariko Ouchi
The paper aims to investigate if the minimum wage increase of September 2017 resulted in better wage equality in North Macedonia. The increase of 19% was sizable and included levelling up in the three sectors with a lower minimum wage: textiles, apparel, and leather. We extend the ?cell? approach of Card (1992a) and rely on data from the Labour Force Survey 2017 and 2018. The results suggest that the 2017 increase in the minimum wage had a positive, significant, and robust effect on wages. However, the wage increases were almost entirely positioned on the left side of the wage distribution and implied wage compression up to or around the minimum wage. The bunching around the new minimum wage level ?equalised? workers: those who previously earned the new minimum wage level equalised with the less productive workers who approximated their wage only by the power of the law. Hence, wage equality improved. The results confirm that the minimum wage can be an important wage equality policy, with considerably limited upward spillover effects in the current policy and institutional setup.
{"title":"The minimum wage as a wage equality policy: Evidence from North Macedonia","authors":"Marjan Petreski, Nikica Mojsoska-Blazevski, Mariko Ouchi","doi":"10.2298/eka1923061p","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2298/eka1923061p","url":null,"abstract":"The paper aims to investigate if the minimum wage increase of September 2017 resulted in better wage equality in North Macedonia. The increase of 19% was sizable and included levelling up in the three sectors with a lower minimum wage: textiles, apparel, and leather. We extend the ?cell? approach of Card (1992a) and rely on data from the Labour Force Survey 2017 and 2018. The results suggest that the 2017 increase in the minimum wage had a positive, significant, and robust effect on wages. However, the wage increases were almost entirely positioned on the left side of the wage distribution and implied wage compression up to or around the minimum wage. The bunching around the new minimum wage level ?equalised? workers: those who previously earned the new minimum wage level equalised with the less productive workers who approximated their wage only by the power of the law. Hence, wage equality improved. The results confirm that the minimum wage can be an important wage equality policy, with considerably limited upward spillover effects in the current policy and institutional setup.","PeriodicalId":35023,"journal":{"name":"Economic Annals","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68475812","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study examines the interaction between house prices and gov-ernment spending, mortgage interest rates, and gross domestic product in Turkey. The ARDL bounds test approach is applied to quarterly data covering the 2010:1–2017:4 period. Findings indicate that there is a statistically significant long-run and short-run cointegration between the two house price indexes and government spending, mortgage rates, and GDP. An increase in government spending has a statistically sig-nificant positive effect on house prices. The study also indicates that mortgage interest rate and GDP have a statistically signifi-cant effect on house prices.
{"title":"The dynamics of house prices and fiscal policy shocks in Turkey","authors":"Mustafa Yıldırım Ozan, Ö. Filiz","doi":"10.2298/EKA1920039O","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2298/EKA1920039O","url":null,"abstract":"This study examines the interaction between house prices and gov-ernment spending, mortgage interest rates, and gross domestic product in Turkey. The ARDL bounds test approach is applied to quarterly data covering the 2010:1–2017:4 period. Findings indicate that there is a statistically significant long-run and short-run cointegration between the two house price indexes and government spending, mortgage rates, and GDP. An increase in government spending has a statistically sig-nificant positive effect on house prices. The study also indicates that mortgage interest rate and GDP have a statistically signifi-cant effect on house prices.","PeriodicalId":35023,"journal":{"name":"Economic Annals","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68475817","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study compares the momentum profitability of Islamic and conventional stocks in Malaysia and examines whether the presence of momentum profits is market-state dependent. Winner portfolios are shown to outperform loser portfolios, suggesting that a momentum effect exists in the equity market. Islamic stocks exhibit stronger momentum than conventional stocks. Interestingly, although pursuing profit is not the primary goal of Islamic stock investors, the findings indicate that momentum profits for all Islamic stock trading strategies are higher than those for conventional stocks. The profits from momentum strategies for both stocks are market-state dependent. In all trading strategies, while there are significant positive momentum profits following market upturns, there is no evidence of profits subsequent to market downturns. Overall, Islamic stocks yield higher momentum profits than conventional stocks across market states. These findings are robust to using various measures of the state of the market. While the presence of momentum profits is also robust to the inclusion of Fama-French?s (1993) risk factors, the risk factors are unable to explain momentum profits, suggesting that the risk-adjusted momentum profits are not due to risk compensation. Rather, the profitability is evidence of stock mispricing.
{"title":"Do momentum strategies perform better for Islamic stocks than for conventional stocks across market states?","authors":"Lain-Tze Tee, Simone Kew, S. Low","doi":"10.2298/eka1921107t","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2298/eka1921107t","url":null,"abstract":"This study compares the momentum profitability of Islamic and conventional stocks in Malaysia and examines whether the presence of momentum profits is market-state dependent. Winner portfolios are shown to outperform loser portfolios, suggesting that a momentum effect exists in the equity market. Islamic stocks exhibit stronger momentum than conventional stocks. Interestingly, although pursuing profit is not the primary goal of Islamic stock investors, the findings indicate that momentum profits for all Islamic stock trading strategies are higher than those for conventional stocks. The profits from momentum strategies for both stocks are market-state dependent. In all trading strategies, while there are significant positive momentum profits following market upturns, there is no evidence of profits subsequent to market downturns. Overall, Islamic stocks yield higher momentum profits than conventional stocks across market states. These findings are robust to using various measures of the state of the market. While the presence of momentum profits is also robust to the inclusion of Fama-French?s (1993) risk factors, the risk factors are unable to explain momentum profits, suggesting that the risk-adjusted momentum profits are not due to risk compensation. Rather, the profitability is evidence of stock mispricing.","PeriodicalId":35023,"journal":{"name":"Economic Annals","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68475950","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
* University of Gonbad-e Kavous, Email: m.mohamadi@ut.ac.ir JEL CLASSIFICATION: L26, J24, O17, O43 ABSTRACT: The purpose of this paper is to analyse the factors that influence female entrepreneurship (opportunity and necessity entrepreneurship) in Iran, using institutional economics as the theoretical framework. The empirical research uses the Logit Model and the Multinomial Logit Model to analyse a dataset for Iran based on the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) and covering the period 2011–2015. The study concludes that informal factors (fear of failing, entrepreneurial skills, and female networks) are more relevant to female entrepreneurship than formal factors (education and start-up capital). The research recommends that policymakers consider the institutional factors that affect female entrepreneurship in Iran and design support policies to foster female entrepreneurial activity.
{"title":"Determinants of female entrepreneurship in Iran: An institutional approach","authors":"Mohsen Mohammadi","doi":"10.2298/eka1816111k","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2298/eka1816111k","url":null,"abstract":"* University of Gonbad-e Kavous, Email: m.mohamadi@ut.ac.ir JEL CLASSIFICATION: L26, J24, O17, O43 ABSTRACT: The purpose of this paper is to analyse the factors that influence female entrepreneurship (opportunity and necessity entrepreneurship) in Iran, using institutional economics as the theoretical framework. The empirical research uses the Logit Model and the Multinomial Logit Model to analyse a dataset for Iran based on the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) and covering the period 2011–2015. The study concludes that informal factors (fear of failing, entrepreneurial skills, and female networks) are more relevant to female entrepreneurship than formal factors (education and start-up capital). The research recommends that policymakers consider the institutional factors that affect female entrepreneurship in Iran and design support policies to foster female entrepreneurial activity.","PeriodicalId":35023,"journal":{"name":"Economic Annals","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68475246","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper examines the phenomenon of financial euroisation in Serbia, focusing on the liability side of the banking system. A time series model is estimated and evaluated using a monthly data sample from January 2007 to January 2016 for Serbia. The results of this paper show that the mean pattern of financial euroisation in Serbia is determined by the exchange rate, inflation, and the interest rate differential. Financial euroisation in Serbia is found to be volatile and to exhibit a clustering pattern. Of the estimated and tested models the ARCH (1) model is found to be best suited to explain the volatile behaviour pattern of financial euroisation in Serbia.
{"title":"Determinants Of Financial Euroisation In A Small Open Economy: The Case Of Serbia","authors":"Mile Bošnjak, Gordana Kordić, Vlatka Bilas","doi":"10.2298/EKA1818009B","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2298/EKA1818009B","url":null,"abstract":"This paper examines the phenomenon of financial euroisation in Serbia, focusing on the liability side of the banking system. A time series model is estimated and evaluated using a monthly data sample from January 2007 to January 2016 for Serbia. The results of this paper show that the mean pattern of financial euroisation in Serbia is determined by the exchange rate, inflation, and the interest rate differential. Financial euroisation in Serbia is found to be volatile and to exhibit a clustering pattern. Of the estimated and tested models the ARCH (1) model is found to be best suited to explain the volatile behaviour pattern of financial euroisation in Serbia.","PeriodicalId":35023,"journal":{"name":"Economic Annals","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68475501","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
There are two types of switching costs when users change their mobile operator. The first stems from price discrimination when the network charges a lower price for on-net than for off-net calls. If the majority of the switching user’s contacts are in their current network, this imposes an obstacle to changing the network, since in the new network they would have to pay a higher price for off-net calls. The other switching cost results from the switching user having to inform all their contacts about their new number in the other network. Mobile phone number portability (NP) reduces this switching cost. This paper’s aim is to determine pro-competitive regulatory policies for the post-paid and pre-paid market segments. This distinction is important since the post-paid market dominates in developed countries, while in less developed countries the prepaid market dominates. There are two operators in our model, the incumbent and a new entrant. In the postpaid market, NP reduces the level of market concentration. In the pre-paid market, NP has no impact on the convergence of market shares, and the reduction of access charges (the fee for terminating calls in the rival network) turns out to be a pro-competitive regulatory policy. There is no need for asymmetric access regulation where the incumbent pays higher access charges than the new entrant.
{"title":"Pro-Competitive Regulatory Policies For Post-Paid And Pre-Paid Mobile Phone Markets","authors":"D. Trifunović, Djordje Mitrović","doi":"10.2298/eka1818085t","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2298/eka1818085t","url":null,"abstract":"There are two types of switching costs when users change their mobile operator. The first stems from price discrimination when the network charges a lower price for on-net than for off-net calls. If the majority of the switching user’s contacts are in their current network, this imposes an obstacle to changing the network, since in the new network they would have to pay a higher price for off-net calls. The other switching cost results from the switching user having to inform all their contacts about their new number in the other network. Mobile phone number portability (NP) reduces this switching cost. This paper’s aim is to determine pro-competitive regulatory policies for the post-paid and pre-paid market segments. This distinction is important since the post-paid market dominates in developed countries, while in less developed countries the prepaid market dominates. There are two operators in our model, the incumbent and a new entrant. In the postpaid market, NP reduces the level of market concentration. In the pre-paid market, NP has no impact on the convergence of market shares, and the reduction of access charges (the fee for terminating calls in the rival network) turns out to be a pro-competitive regulatory policy. There is no need for asymmetric access regulation where the incumbent pays higher access charges than the new entrant.","PeriodicalId":35023,"journal":{"name":"Economic Annals","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68475625","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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