Fig-eaters are small passerines of various genus (Sylviidés, Acrocéphalidés et Phylloscopidés); They change their diet in the time of fruits, passing from insectivorous to fructivorous. As a result they get stouter, acquiring a delicious grease which meant they became a target for hunting from Antiquity to the present day resulting in their near extinction. We know a very elaborate, long and precise recipe from Babylon. After the Greeks and Romans, Byzantines and Arabs appreciated and consumed these birds, that were prepared according to various recipes. Nevertheless, in the Arab cultures, two kinds of texts show the interest for those small birds: first, medical and paramedical texts of the hippocratic tradition, and second, texts of cookery books that provide recipes while sometimes quoting physicians. Arab authors attributed aphrodisiacal and medical properties to these small birds, but they also were suspicious of them. Les becfigues sont des petits passereaux de divers genres des Sylviidés, Acrocéphalidés et Phylloscopidés. Ils changent de régime à l’époque des fruits passant d'insectivores à frugivores. Par ce fait ils grossissent et acquièrent une graisse d'un goût délicieux qui les ont fait abondamment rechercher, depuis l'Antiquité, au risque de les faire disparaître. Nous avons déjà une recette très élaborée, longue et précise à Babylone. Après les Grecs et les Romains, les Byzantins et Arabes les ont appréciés et consommés selon des recettes variées. Dans les cultures arabes, cependant, deux sortes de textes montrent l'intérêt porté à ces petits oiseaux. D'une part les textes médicaux et paramédicaux relevant de la tradition hippocratique, d'autre part, les textes des livres de cuisine donnant des recettes, tout en citant parfois les médecins. On attribuait à ces oiseaux des propriétés à la fois aphrodisiaques et médicales, mais on s'en méfiait.
{"title":"Le becfigue, petit passereau de Méditerranée","authors":"F. Aubaile-Sallenave","doi":"10.3167/ame.2023.180106","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3167/ame.2023.180106","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Fig-eaters are small passerines of various genus (Sylviidés, Acrocéphalidés et Phylloscopidés); They change their diet in the time of fruits, passing from insectivorous to fructivorous. As a result they get stouter, acquiring a delicious grease which meant they became a target for hunting from Antiquity to the present day resulting in their near extinction. We know a very elaborate, long and precise recipe from Babylon. After the Greeks and Romans, Byzantines and Arabs appreciated and consumed these birds, that were prepared according to various recipes. Nevertheless, in the Arab cultures, two kinds of texts show the interest for those small birds: first, medical and paramedical texts of the hippocratic tradition, and second, texts of cookery books that provide recipes while sometimes quoting physicians. Arab authors attributed aphrodisiacal and medical properties to these small birds, but they also were suspicious of them.\u0000\u0000\u0000Les becfigues sont des petits passereaux de divers genres des Sylviidés, Acrocéphalidés et Phylloscopidés. Ils changent de régime à l’époque des fruits passant d'insectivores à frugivores. Par ce fait ils grossissent et acquièrent une graisse d'un goût délicieux qui les ont fait abondamment rechercher, depuis l'Antiquité, au risque de les faire disparaître. Nous avons déjà une recette très élaborée, longue et précise à Babylone. Après les Grecs et les Romains, les Byzantins et Arabes les ont appréciés et consommés selon des recettes variées. Dans les cultures arabes, cependant, deux sortes de textes montrent l'intérêt porté à ces petits oiseaux. D'une part les textes médicaux et paramédicaux relevant de la tradition hippocratique, d'autre part, les textes des livres de cuisine donnant des recettes, tout en citant parfois les médecins. On attribuait à ces oiseaux des propriétés à la fois aphrodisiaques et médicales, mais on s'en méfiait.\u0000","PeriodicalId":35036,"journal":{"name":"Anthropology of the Middle East","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41471322","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This qualitative study, based on interviews and participant observation, is an effort to understand the religious identities of Turkish Shi'is (Ja'faris) living in Igdir by examining their rituals, their social and cultural lives, and their relations with Iran. The local population of Igdir consists of Shi'i Turks and Sunni Kurds. While the Turkish Shi'is living in the region meet on common ground with the majority of the country with their ethnic identities, they differ in their religious identities. It is possible to see these differences in the sociocultural life of the city, its religious rituals, and its multifaceted relations with Iran, the center of Shi'ism. The results of this research, which spanned a long period and included people from different parts of society, may constitute a basis for the further discussion of some points about the Ja'faris living in Igdir.
{"title":"The Invisible Inhabitants of a Cultural Limbo","authors":"M. Sevgi","doi":"10.3167/ame.2023.180103","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3167/ame.2023.180103","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000This qualitative study, based on interviews and participant observation, is an effort to understand the religious identities of Turkish Shi'is (Ja'faris) living in Igdir by examining their rituals, their social and cultural lives, and their relations with Iran. The local population of Igdir consists of Shi'i Turks and Sunni Kurds. While the Turkish Shi'is living in the region meet on common ground with the majority of the country with their ethnic identities, they differ in their religious identities. It is possible to see these differences in the sociocultural life of the city, its religious rituals, and its multifaceted relations with Iran, the center of Shi'ism. The results of this research, which spanned a long period and included people from different parts of society, may constitute a basis for the further discussion of some points about the Ja'faris living in Igdir.","PeriodicalId":35036,"journal":{"name":"Anthropology of the Middle East","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45031932","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mateo Mohammad Farzaneh, Iranian Women and Gender in the Iran–Iraq War (New York: Syracuse University Press, 2021), 457 pp. International Union of Anthropological and Ethnological Sciences Commission on the Middle East Conference ‘The Middle East from the Margin’, 7–9 September 2022, Istanbul, Türkiye.
{"title":"Reports","authors":"Mary Elaine Hegland, Magdalena Rodziewicz","doi":"10.3167/ame.2023.180108","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3167/ame.2023.180108","url":null,"abstract":"Mateo Mohammad Farzaneh, Iranian Women and Gender in the Iran–Iraq War (New York: Syracuse University Press, 2021), 457 pp. International Union of Anthropological and Ethnological Sciences Commission on the Middle East Conference ‘The Middle East from the Margin’, 7–9 September 2022, Istanbul, Türkiye.","PeriodicalId":35036,"journal":{"name":"Anthropology of the Middle East","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135525448","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this article, I first examine the ways Moroccan smallholder farmers deploy mobile phones to revise their relationships with markets and roving middlemen. Second, based on a mixed method of participant observation and survey data, I claim that mobile phone use has transformed farmers’ economic behaviour, resulting in deeper market participation and the gradual undoing of the role of middlemen in the agricultural value chain. Finally, I contend that farmers’ use of mobile phones to synthesise market information from different marketplaces does not only unsettle Clifford Geertz's arguments on information search strategies in the suq economy, but it also renders the centrality of his notions of intensive bargaining and clientilisation far less important than it used to be before the onset of mobile phones.
{"title":"Mobile Phones, Farmers, and the Unsettling of Geertz's Moroccan Suq/Bazaar Economy","authors":"H. Ilahiane","doi":"10.3167/ame.2023.180107","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3167/ame.2023.180107","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000In this article, I first examine the ways Moroccan smallholder farmers deploy mobile phones to revise their relationships with markets and roving middlemen. Second, based on a mixed method of participant observation and survey data, I claim that mobile phone use has transformed farmers’ economic behaviour, resulting in deeper market participation and the gradual undoing of the role of middlemen in the agricultural value chain. Finally, I contend that farmers’ use of mobile phones to synthesise market information from different marketplaces does not only unsettle Clifford Geertz's arguments on information search strategies in the suq economy, but it also renders the centrality of his notions of intensive bargaining and clientilisation far less important than it used to be before the onset of mobile phones.","PeriodicalId":35036,"journal":{"name":"Anthropology of the Middle East","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46703752","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this introduction I try to bring together the commonalities of articles which are about many different topics, including food, nationalism, rituals, the creation of icons, the importance of tourism, language, and celebrations that give meaning to the lives of very diverse people. Perhaps the Middle East as the crescent of civilisation can be comprehended in a nutshell in this collection of articles, which are written mostly by anthropologists but also by a political scientist and sociologists, to show the viability of methodology of anthropology.
{"title":"Identity in Sensible and Ephemeral Experiences","authors":"S. Shahshahani","doi":"10.3167/ame.2022.170201","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3167/ame.2022.170201","url":null,"abstract":"In this introduction I try to bring together the commonalities of articles which are about many different topics, including food, nationalism, rituals, the creation of icons, the importance of tourism, language, and celebrations that give meaning to the lives of very diverse people. Perhaps the Middle East as the crescent of civilisation can be comprehended in a nutshell in this collection of articles, which are written mostly by anthropologists but also by a political scientist and sociologists, to show the viability of methodology of anthropology.","PeriodicalId":35036,"journal":{"name":"Anthropology of the Middle East","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41626448","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pour les touristes, la cuisine de l’Algérie n’est pas codifiée comme celle des autres pays voisins. Conscient de la variation climatique et la diversité des productions agro-pastorales, ainsi que de l’histoire du contact avec les anciennes civilisations de Rome à Ottomane, Abbasside, Perse et Andalus l’auteur montre l’importance et la richesse de la nourriture. Dans les milieux urbains, les aliments des migrants rappellent leurs origines. Des plats comme «dolma» et «kefta», des sauces de tomate ou l’utilisation du cumin en sont témoins et l’auteur souligne bien les relations historiques et toutes les adaptations locales. Un autre sujet abordé par l’auteur c’est l’ordre et la manière de la présentation des repas, différents selon les situations : une fête, une occasion particulière ou bien un repas quotidien et de tous les jours. Autrement dit, les repas sont considérés comme un cadeau impliquant un rituel ou une continuation des relations. La nourriture identifie les classes sociales et explique les relations entre les gens. Elle n’est pas donc la simple compilation d’ingrédients, mais une donne culturelle ayant une identité à la fois sociale, économique et historique explorée historiquement par l’auteur.
{"title":"Cuisines traditionnelles d’Algérie","authors":"Rachid Sidi Boumedine","doi":"10.3167/ame.2022.170204","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3167/ame.2022.170204","url":null,"abstract":"Pour les touristes, la cuisine de l’Algérie n’est pas codifiée comme celle des autres pays voisins. Conscient de la variation climatique et la diversité des productions agro-pastorales, ainsi que de l’histoire du contact avec les anciennes civilisations de Rome à Ottomane, Abbasside, Perse et Andalus l’auteur montre l’importance et la richesse de la nourriture. Dans les milieux urbains, les aliments des migrants rappellent leurs origines. Des plats comme «dolma» et «kefta», des sauces de tomate ou l’utilisation du cumin en sont témoins et l’auteur souligne bien les relations historiques et toutes les adaptations locales. Un autre sujet abordé par l’auteur c’est l’ordre et la manière de la présentation des repas, différents selon les situations : une fête, une occasion particulière ou bien un repas quotidien et de tous les jours. Autrement dit, les repas sont considérés comme un cadeau impliquant un rituel ou une continuation des relations. La nourriture identifie les classes sociales et explique les relations entre les gens. Elle n’est pas donc la simple compilation d’ingrédients, mais une donne culturelle ayant une identité à la fois sociale, économique et historique explorée historiquement par l’auteur.","PeriodicalId":35036,"journal":{"name":"Anthropology of the Middle East","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46494927","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Persian language, which can have various manifestations and functions, is one of the main elements of the Shabe-arus (Wedding Night) ritual (17 December, Rumi Mausoleum, Konya). Along with other significant elements such as Samâ and mystic music, the Persian language has a significant role and function in the mentioned ritual. Employing an anthropological approach, this study examines and analyses the role of the Persian language in the ritual. The main research question concerned the Persian language’s position and role and the analysis, explanation, and recognition of this role. This study shows that the mystical context of the ritual gives transnational significance and function to the Persian language in the Wedding Night ritual. This meaning is strongly indebted to the mystical paradigm in Rumi’s mysticism, which is represented as the junction of the ritual and language, granting the Persian language an intercultural and multisensory dimension.
{"title":"The Interaction between Language and Ritual in the Pilgrimage of Shabe-Arus (Wedding Night)","authors":"A. Hassanzadeh, Somayeh Karimi","doi":"10.3167/ame.2022.170208","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3167/ame.2022.170208","url":null,"abstract":"The Persian language, which can have various manifestations and functions, is one of the main elements of the Shabe-arus (Wedding Night) ritual (17 December, Rumi Mausoleum, Konya). Along with other significant elements such as Samâ and mystic music, the Persian language has a significant role and function in the mentioned ritual. Employing an anthropological approach, this study examines and analyses the role of the Persian language in the ritual. The main research question concerned the Persian language’s position and role and the analysis, explanation, and recognition of this role. This study shows that the mystical context of the ritual gives transnational significance and function to the Persian language in the Wedding Night ritual. This meaning is strongly indebted to the mystical paradigm in Rumi’s mysticism, which is represented as the junction of the ritual and language, granting the Persian language an intercultural and multisensory dimension.","PeriodicalId":35036,"journal":{"name":"Anthropology of the Middle East","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46324102","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Novitiates to the study of Middle Eastern faiths ‘know’ that much of the Druze religion is—paradoxically—unknowable: Druze sacred texts are regarded as closely guarded secrets. Not even Druze themselves are granted access to these scriptures if they have not taken a vow to become normatively observant. However, the decision to become Orthodox is not subject to similar confidentiality. Interviews with over a dozen religious Druze men in Israel on their decisions for becoming uqqal (religious; ‘Orthodox’) elicited a variety of responses. Their decisions were inflected, in part, by their experiences as Israelis, including several years of military service and exposure to the wider Jewish society. One’s identity as an Orthodox Druze is different in a Jewish state compared to a Muslim state: no religion is a nation unto itself.
{"title":"When Men Become Orthodox in Israel","authors":"William F. S. Miles","doi":"10.3167/ame.2022.170209","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3167/ame.2022.170209","url":null,"abstract":"Novitiates to the study of Middle Eastern faiths ‘know’ that much of the Druze religion is—paradoxically—unknowable: Druze sacred texts are regarded as closely guarded secrets. Not even Druze themselves are granted access to these scriptures if they have not taken a vow to become normatively observant. However, the decision to become Orthodox is not subject to similar confidentiality. Interviews with over a dozen religious Druze men in Israel on their decisions for becoming uqqal (religious; ‘Orthodox’) elicited a variety of responses. Their decisions were inflected, in part, by their experiences as Israelis, including several years of military service and exposure to the wider Jewish society. One’s identity as an Orthodox Druze is different in a Jewish state compared to a Muslim state: no religion is a nation unto itself.","PeriodicalId":35036,"journal":{"name":"Anthropology of the Middle East","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47349483","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article analyses the role of the Salvatorian and Chouerite monastic orders and their principal convents in producing collective memories among the Greek Catholic community in Lebanon. Based on ethnographic fieldwork conducted in Lebanon over the course of several months between December 2014 and 2020, I argue that the historical importance of both orders in the Patriarchate’s foundation and the popularity of some of their local symbols, priests and museums have transformed them into privileged places to transmit community memories. Last, these collective memories have contributed not only to constructing a Greek Catholic identity but also to maintaining this community within the Lebanese political-religious field.
{"title":"The Greek Catholic Community and its Collective Memories","authors":"Rodrigo Ayupe Bueno da Cruz","doi":"10.3167/ame.2022.170203","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3167/ame.2022.170203","url":null,"abstract":"This article analyses the role of the Salvatorian and Chouerite monastic orders and their principal convents in producing collective memories among the Greek Catholic community in Lebanon. Based on ethnographic fieldwork conducted in Lebanon over the course of several months between December 2014 and 2020, I argue that the historical importance of both orders in the Patriarchate’s foundation and the popularity of some of their local symbols, priests and museums have transformed them into privileged places to transmit community memories. Last, these collective memories have contributed not only to constructing a Greek Catholic identity but also to maintaining this community within the Lebanese political-religious field.","PeriodicalId":35036,"journal":{"name":"Anthropology of the Middle East","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42573855","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Erika Friedl, Folk Tales from a Persian Tribe: Forty-Five Tales from Sisakht in Luri and English, Collected, Transcribed, Translated and Commented on by Erika Friedl (Dortmund, Germany:Verlag für Orientkunde, 2007); Folktales and Storytellers of Iran: Culture, Ethos, and Identity (London: I.B. Tauris, 2014); Warm Hearts and Sharp Tongues: Life in 555 Proverbs from the Zagros Mountains of Iran (Vienna: New Academic Press, 2015); and Folksongs from the Mountains of Iran: Culture, Poetics and Everyday Philosophies (London: I.B. Tauris, 2018).
{"title":"Folktales, Folksongs, and Proverbs in Lur/Iranian Daily Life","authors":"M. Hegland","doi":"10.3167/ame.2022.170210","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3167/ame.2022.170210","url":null,"abstract":"Erika Friedl, Folk Tales from a Persian Tribe: Forty-Five Tales from Sisakht in Luri and English, Collected, Transcribed, Translated and Commented on by Erika Friedl (Dortmund, Germany:Verlag für Orientkunde, 2007); Folktales and Storytellers of Iran: Culture, Ethos, and Identity (London: I.B. Tauris, 2014); Warm Hearts and Sharp Tongues: Life in 555 Proverbs from the Zagros Mountains of Iran (Vienna: New Academic Press, 2015); and Folksongs from the Mountains of Iran: Culture, Poetics and Everyday Philosophies (London: I.B. Tauris, 2018).","PeriodicalId":35036,"journal":{"name":"Anthropology of the Middle East","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44053199","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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