Pub Date : 2017-10-17DOI: 10.11648/J.EARTH.20170606.14
Yan Ji, J. Mao
Volcanoes are a kind of nature phenomena, which are found not only on the Earth, but also on the other solar planets. When erupting, the volcanoes spew rocks, molten lava and plenty of smoke and gases. To find the reason of volcanic formations have caused many researches. Why volcano erupt in mountain body? Why volcano not happen in plain? Why volcano happen in crust plate center or plate edged mountains? This paper analyses the volcanic formation through the Attract Force Model of the mathematical physics. The Model uses rigid balls array to analysis volcano based on finite elements methods. The Model explain the reason of formation of the volcano through the aspect of the mathematical physics.
{"title":"Attract Force Mathematic Physics Model Release the Formation of Earth Volcano","authors":"Yan Ji, J. Mao","doi":"10.11648/J.EARTH.20170606.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.EARTH.20170606.14","url":null,"abstract":"Volcanoes are a kind of nature phenomena, which are found not only on the Earth, but also on the other solar planets. When erupting, the volcanoes spew rocks, molten lava and plenty of smoke and gases. To find the reason of volcanic formations have caused many researches. Why volcano erupt in mountain body? Why volcano not happen in plain? Why volcano happen in crust plate center or plate edged mountains? This paper analyses the volcanic formation through the Attract Force Model of the mathematical physics. The Model uses rigid balls array to analysis volcano based on finite elements methods. The Model explain the reason of formation of the volcano through the aspect of the mathematical physics.","PeriodicalId":350455,"journal":{"name":"Eearth","volume":"72 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127355663","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-10-13DOI: 10.11648/J.EARTH.20170606.13
Nakileza Bob Roga, W. Ferguson, F. Bagoora
The last 15 years have seen the establishment of several transboundary conservation areas (TBCAs) in Africa, presenting a unique opportunity of using an integrated ecosystem approach for promoting sustainable ecosystems services. TBCAs have unique characteristics for livelihood improvement of adjacent human communities. Mountain TBCAs in Africa, are increasingly being threatened due to commercial exploitation as well as population and commercial growth, resulting in logging, conflicts and poor land use practices. This is being exacerbated by challenges of climate change. We examined the potential of the TBCA approach for the alleviation of such threats and promoting sustainable mountain development including adaptation and coping mechanisms with respect to climate change. Data and information was gathered largely through field observations, discussions and relevant secondary sources. The results revealed that: 1) While single countries have developed frontier areas within the established TBPAs there is a lack of transboundary governance that enables transboundary development of infrastructure and the sustainable management of natural resources. 2) Socio-economic development and adaptation of human communities towards climate change inside TBPAs have largely taken place as part of activities not connected to the establishment of a TBCA. In conclusion for realising the exceptional opportunities that TBPAs offer, two things are important; 1) To date, biodiversity conservation inside TBPAs has been emphasised. Sustainable livelihood improvement inside a TBPAs should be the point of departure for achieving conservation of natural resources including biodiversity. 2) The establishment of consistent transboundary governance is crucial for achieving that.
{"title":"Transboundary Conservation Areas in African Mountains: Opportunities and Challenges for Addressing Global Change","authors":"Nakileza Bob Roga, W. Ferguson, F. Bagoora","doi":"10.11648/J.EARTH.20170606.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.EARTH.20170606.13","url":null,"abstract":"The last 15 years have seen the establishment of several transboundary conservation areas (TBCAs) in Africa, presenting a unique opportunity of using an integrated ecosystem approach for promoting sustainable ecosystems services. TBCAs have unique characteristics for livelihood improvement of adjacent human communities. Mountain TBCAs in Africa, are increasingly being threatened due to commercial exploitation as well as population and commercial growth, resulting in logging, conflicts and poor land use practices. This is being exacerbated by challenges of climate change. We examined the potential of the TBCA approach for the alleviation of such threats and promoting sustainable mountain development including adaptation and coping mechanisms with respect to climate change. Data and information was gathered largely through field observations, discussions and relevant secondary sources. The results revealed that: 1) While single countries have developed frontier areas within the established TBPAs there is a lack of transboundary governance that enables transboundary development of infrastructure and the sustainable management of natural resources. 2) Socio-economic development and adaptation of human communities towards climate change inside TBPAs have largely taken place as part of activities not connected to the establishment of a TBCA. In conclusion for realising the exceptional opportunities that TBPAs offer, two things are important; 1) To date, biodiversity conservation inside TBPAs has been emphasised. Sustainable livelihood improvement inside a TBPAs should be the point of departure for achieving conservation of natural resources including biodiversity. 2) The establishment of consistent transboundary governance is crucial for achieving that.","PeriodicalId":350455,"journal":{"name":"Eearth","volume":"147 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115117997","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-09-29DOI: 10.11648/j.earth.20170606.12
Kubetsia Mzia, Shorena Tkemaladze
The main purpose of this work is to evaluate allocated the landscapes of Imereti and to anthropogenic changes in them. These give chance to determine the current tendencies of different landscapes. The research is based on the field work carried out in different landscapes of Imereti and also on the different scientific sources. This issue is high pressing for Imereti – one of the region of West Georgia. It is connected with a lot of environmental problems such as: activation of natural disasters (flooding, landslides, etc.); increase of soil erosion and degradation; deforestation and over grassing, raising risk of extinction of rare, relic and endemic species; reduce of biodiversity; reduce of agricultural productivity, etc. Thus, in consideration of these problems a special attention should be directed to the consequences of anthropogenic transformations. Imereti is located in a humid subtropical zone and it is distinctive by the various natural-territorial complexes (NTCs). The area of Imereti is 6539.7 km 2 and the length of the borders is 389.2 km. Imereti has basically well-defined natural (topographical) borders that grants this regions a physical-geographical distinction and makes it a difficult territorial unit for landscape-ecological research. Analysis of the NTCs - every natural landscape unit and the creation of a unified ecological situation in the environment gives us the opportunity to take into account the challenges of the rational use of the buns of beneficiaries that are practical in the regional and local aspects.
{"title":"The Classification Imereti’s Landscapes and Its Anthropogenic Transformation","authors":"Kubetsia Mzia, Shorena Tkemaladze","doi":"10.11648/j.earth.20170606.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/j.earth.20170606.12","url":null,"abstract":"The main purpose of this work is to evaluate allocated the landscapes of Imereti and to anthropogenic changes in them. These give chance to determine the current tendencies of different landscapes. The research is based on the field work carried out in different landscapes of Imereti and also on the different scientific sources. This issue is high pressing for Imereti – one of the region of West Georgia. It is connected with a lot of environmental problems such as: activation of natural disasters (flooding, landslides, etc.); increase of soil erosion and degradation; deforestation and over grassing, raising risk of extinction of rare, relic and endemic species; reduce of biodiversity; reduce of agricultural productivity, etc. Thus, in consideration of these problems a special attention should be directed to the consequences of anthropogenic transformations. Imereti is located in a humid subtropical zone and it is distinctive by the various natural-territorial complexes (NTCs). The area of Imereti is 6539.7 km 2 and the length of the borders is 389.2 km. Imereti has basically well-defined natural (topographical) borders that grants this regions a physical-geographical distinction and makes it a difficult territorial unit for landscape-ecological research. Analysis of the NTCs - every natural landscape unit and the creation of a unified ecological situation in the environment gives us the opportunity to take into account the challenges of the rational use of the buns of beneficiaries that are practical in the regional and local aspects.","PeriodicalId":350455,"journal":{"name":"Eearth","volume":"65 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129417533","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-09-29DOI: 10.11648/j.earth.20170606.11
Robert Maghlakelidze, Giorgi Maghlakelidze, R. Tolordava, Malkhaz Gvinjilia, Koba Korsantia
The study of hydromass in natural-territorial complexes in the upper-mountain and high-mountain landscapes of the Ialno Ridge is based on the analysis spatial-temporal concept of natural-territorial complexes (NTCs), which was developed by Prof. Nikoloz Beruchashvili. This question allows analyzing and evaluating the following issues: moisture circulation and soil hydromasses in different NTCs. The study is based on the long-term field work conducted by the staff of Martkopi physical-geographical station. On the basis of the research some peculiarities of the territorial distribution of soil hydromasses were revealed. The maximum amount of the soil hydromasses (1733 t/ha) is registerd in the facies of the northern exposition and moderately slanting slopes with beech forest and litterfall, whereas the mean value is 1421 t/ha. In the soils of the facies spread at the top of the Ialno Ridge the maximum hydromass amount is 1173 t/ha and the mean value is 887 t/ha. But in the soils of the slanting tops with southern exposition presented as mixed grass meadows the maximum hydromass amount is 676 t/ha and the mean value is 633 t/ha. The research shows that in the NTCs with of the high-mountain subalpine and upper-mountain forest landscapes the hydromass amounts depend on humidity and pedomass amount in separate geohorizons of the soils. Besides, hydromass amount in soil is influenced by the following factors: exposition and declination of the slope, the thickness of the soil profile, behaviour of moisturizing, projection vegetation cover and facies, nano-forms of the relief. High amount of hydromasses is characteristic of the gorges on the southern exposition slopes (more than 2000 t/ha). The hydromass amount is also high (1500-2000 t/ha) in the beech forests in the natural-territorial complexes of the northern and southern exposition slopes. The amount of hydromasses is low (500-1000 t/ha) at the top of the Ialno Ridge and the subalpine meadows in the natural-territorial complexes of the southern exposition slopes. The same hydromass amount is observed in the vegetation semi-associations in the natural-territorial complexes of the slopes of the White Cliff. The hydromass amount is the least (less than 500 t/ha) in rocky natural-territorial complexes.
{"title":"Hydromass in Natural-Territorial Complexes in the Upper- and High-Mountain Landscapes of the Ialno Ridge","authors":"Robert Maghlakelidze, Giorgi Maghlakelidze, R. Tolordava, Malkhaz Gvinjilia, Koba Korsantia","doi":"10.11648/j.earth.20170606.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/j.earth.20170606.11","url":null,"abstract":"The study of hydromass in natural-territorial complexes in the upper-mountain and high-mountain landscapes of the Ialno Ridge is based on the analysis spatial-temporal concept of natural-territorial complexes (NTCs), which was developed by Prof. Nikoloz Beruchashvili. This question allows analyzing and evaluating the following issues: moisture circulation and soil hydromasses in different NTCs. The study is based on the long-term field work conducted by the staff of Martkopi physical-geographical station. On the basis of the research some peculiarities of the territorial distribution of soil hydromasses were revealed. The maximum amount of the soil hydromasses (1733 t/ha) is registerd in the facies of the northern exposition and moderately slanting slopes with beech forest and litterfall, whereas the mean value is 1421 t/ha. In the soils of the facies spread at the top of the Ialno Ridge the maximum hydromass amount is 1173 t/ha and the mean value is 887 t/ha. But in the soils of the slanting tops with southern exposition presented as mixed grass meadows the maximum hydromass amount is 676 t/ha and the mean value is 633 t/ha. The research shows that in the NTCs with of the high-mountain subalpine and upper-mountain forest landscapes the hydromass amounts depend on humidity and pedomass amount in separate geohorizons of the soils. Besides, hydromass amount in soil is influenced by the following factors: exposition and declination of the slope, the thickness of the soil profile, behaviour of moisturizing, projection vegetation cover and facies, nano-forms of the relief. High amount of hydromasses is characteristic of the gorges on the southern exposition slopes (more than 2000 t/ha). The hydromass amount is also high (1500-2000 t/ha) in the beech forests in the natural-territorial complexes of the northern and southern exposition slopes. The amount of hydromasses is low (500-1000 t/ha) at the top of the Ialno Ridge and the subalpine meadows in the natural-territorial complexes of the southern exposition slopes. The same hydromass amount is observed in the vegetation semi-associations in the natural-territorial complexes of the slopes of the White Cliff. The hydromass amount is the least (less than 500 t/ha) in rocky natural-territorial complexes.","PeriodicalId":350455,"journal":{"name":"Eearth","volume":"49 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116781985","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-09-18DOI: 10.11648/J.EARTH.20170605.15
Kai Yang, Junhui Xing, Wei Gong, Chaoyang Li, Xiaoyang Wu
The satellite magnetic anomalies are used to calculate the Curie point depth of the Southeast Tibet by spectral analysis method in the study. The relationship between the Curie point depth and the regional faults or heat flow will be discussed. The results show that the Curie point depth of the study area ranges from 15 km to 36 km and the average depth is 26.3 km. The Curie point depth is cluster-like on the north of the Ailaoshan-Red River Fault, while it is strip-like distribution on the north side. The Curie point depth in the Xiaojiang Fault zone, the Xiaojinhe Fault zone, the Dien Bien Phu Fault zone and the Gaoligong Fault zone are shallow. It could be related to their strong frictional heat induced by these faults. The Curie point depth in the middle Sukhothai Block is shallow, which it is not only related to the Phayao Fault, the Mae Chan Fault and the Nam Ma Fault, but also to the subduction of the Palaeo-Tethys into the Indochina Block. There is a negative but nonlinearly correlation between the heat flow and the Curie point depth in this study area. The areas of low heat flow value correspond to the areas of deep Curie point depth. However, both the high and low heat flow values can be found in the areas of shallow Curie point depth. The possible reason is thought to be related to the low thermal conductivity of the rock.
{"title":"Curie Point Depth from Spectral Analysis of Magnetic Data in the Southeast Tibet","authors":"Kai Yang, Junhui Xing, Wei Gong, Chaoyang Li, Xiaoyang Wu","doi":"10.11648/J.EARTH.20170605.15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.EARTH.20170605.15","url":null,"abstract":"The satellite magnetic anomalies are used to calculate the Curie point depth of the Southeast Tibet by spectral analysis method in the study. The relationship between the Curie point depth and the regional faults or heat flow will be discussed. The results show that the Curie point depth of the study area ranges from 15 km to 36 km and the average depth is 26.3 km. The Curie point depth is cluster-like on the north of the Ailaoshan-Red River Fault, while it is strip-like distribution on the north side. The Curie point depth in the Xiaojiang Fault zone, the Xiaojinhe Fault zone, the Dien Bien Phu Fault zone and the Gaoligong Fault zone are shallow. It could be related to their strong frictional heat induced by these faults. The Curie point depth in the middle Sukhothai Block is shallow, which it is not only related to the Phayao Fault, the Mae Chan Fault and the Nam Ma Fault, but also to the subduction of the Palaeo-Tethys into the Indochina Block. There is a negative but nonlinearly correlation between the heat flow and the Curie point depth in this study area. The areas of low heat flow value correspond to the areas of deep Curie point depth. However, both the high and low heat flow values can be found in the areas of shallow Curie point depth. The possible reason is thought to be related to the low thermal conductivity of the rock.","PeriodicalId":350455,"journal":{"name":"Eearth","volume":"206 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114475353","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-09-18DOI: 10.11648/j.earth.20170605.16
A. Tesfay, S. Quraishi
Today environmental issue becomes the biggest concern of humankind because of scientific evidence about the increasing concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere and the changing climate of the Earth. This study was conducted in eastern Ethiopia specifically at Chiro and Hurso stations. The study assessed quantitatively the rainfall Intensity Duration Frequency (IDF) relationships under changing climate condition and compare with the existing rainfall- Intensity Duration- Frequency (IDF) relationships. Rainfall intensity duration and frequency curves were developed using historical rainfall time series data under the assumption that climate is stationary. This assumption is not valid under changing climatic conditions that may shifts in the magnitude and frequency of extreme rainfall. Such shifts in extreme rainfall at the local level demand new regulations for any intervention management as well as changes in design practices. In order to estimate the level of climate change impact on the rainfall Intensity Duration Frequency (IDF) relationships, these changes of the climate variables were applied to Hyetos Temporal Rainfall Disaggregation model to simulate future IDF relationships. From the results can see graphical presentation of IDF curves for return periods of 2, 5, 10, 25, 50 and 100 years for durations of 1, 2, 3, 6, 12 and 24 hours. The comparison results indicate that, difference between rainfall intensities (percentage) of climate change scenario and historic rainfall for 2020s ranges between 1.58% and 10.92% for 2050s, ranges between 0.07% and 20.22% and for 2080s, ranges between 0.71% and 55.93% in Chiro station, respectively. Similarly, in the case of Hurso station, the difference between climate change scenario and historic rainfall for 2020s ranges between1.10% and 27.83% for 2050s ranges between 110.5% and 40.21% and for 2080s that ranges between 19.44% and 67.75%, respectively. Therefore, the outputs of the study indicates that the rainfall magnitude will be different in the future and thereby the decrease and increase in rainfall intensity and magnitude may have major implications on ways in which current and future intervention is designed, operated, and maintained. Therefore, design standards and guidelines currently employed in the study area should be revised with the confirmation of the impacts of climate change.
{"title":"Impact of Climate Change on the Development of Rainfall Intensity, Duration and Frequency Curves in Chiro and Hurso Stations of Eastern Ethiopia","authors":"A. Tesfay, S. Quraishi","doi":"10.11648/j.earth.20170605.16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/j.earth.20170605.16","url":null,"abstract":"Today environmental issue becomes the biggest concern of humankind because of scientific evidence about the increasing concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere and the changing climate of the Earth. This study was conducted in eastern Ethiopia specifically at Chiro and Hurso stations. The study assessed quantitatively the rainfall Intensity Duration Frequency (IDF) relationships under changing climate condition and compare with the existing rainfall- Intensity Duration- Frequency (IDF) relationships. Rainfall intensity duration and frequency curves were developed using historical rainfall time series data under the assumption that climate is stationary. This assumption is not valid under changing climatic conditions that may shifts in the magnitude and frequency of extreme rainfall. Such shifts in extreme rainfall at the local level demand new regulations for any intervention management as well as changes in design practices. In order to estimate the level of climate change impact on the rainfall Intensity Duration Frequency (IDF) relationships, these changes of the climate variables were applied to Hyetos Temporal Rainfall Disaggregation model to simulate future IDF relationships. From the results can see graphical presentation of IDF curves for return periods of 2, 5, 10, 25, 50 and 100 years for durations of 1, 2, 3, 6, 12 and 24 hours. The comparison results indicate that, difference between rainfall intensities (percentage) of climate change scenario and historic rainfall for 2020s ranges between 1.58% and 10.92% for 2050s, ranges between 0.07% and 20.22% and for 2080s, ranges between 0.71% and 55.93% in Chiro station, respectively. Similarly, in the case of Hurso station, the difference between climate change scenario and historic rainfall for 2020s ranges between1.10% and 27.83% for 2050s ranges between 110.5% and 40.21% and for 2080s that ranges between 19.44% and 67.75%, respectively. Therefore, the outputs of the study indicates that the rainfall magnitude will be different in the future and thereby the decrease and increase in rainfall intensity and magnitude may have major implications on ways in which current and future intervention is designed, operated, and maintained. Therefore, design standards and guidelines currently employed in the study area should be revised with the confirmation of the impacts of climate change.","PeriodicalId":350455,"journal":{"name":"Eearth","volume":"259 ","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131716319","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-09-08DOI: 10.11648/J.EARTH.20170605.14
Wenjin Li, Jinhua Li, Rulan Zhang, Shuangshuang Liu, Hua-kun Zhou, B. Yao, Mei-li Guo, Fangping Wang
An old-field chronosequence in the subalpine region of the Tibetan Plateau were used as a model system to test a hypothesis that forbs drive pathways of successional trajectories in earlier stages of succession and grasses drive the development of vegetation in later successional stages. All old fields were dominated by forbs, which accounted for 65-85% of species richness and abundance. Species richness and total plant abundance significantly increased with time since abandonment. This is in disagreement with ‘humped-back model’. Although no consistent changes in seed size in the different functional groups found over time, however, there was a significant decline for the forbs, legumes, and annuals, except for the 1-year old field. In this species-rich subalpine ecosystem, forbs rather than grasses and sedges were identified as key factors affecting community structure and plant assemblages, whenever in the earlier successional stages or in the later successional stages. These indicated that grassland managers and policy makers should recognize potential role of forbs in biodiversity conservation and ecosystem functioning.
{"title":"Forbs Rather Than Grasses as Key Factors Affecting Succession of Abandoned Fields - A Case Study from a Subalpine Region of the Eastern Tibet Plateau","authors":"Wenjin Li, Jinhua Li, Rulan Zhang, Shuangshuang Liu, Hua-kun Zhou, B. Yao, Mei-li Guo, Fangping Wang","doi":"10.11648/J.EARTH.20170605.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.EARTH.20170605.14","url":null,"abstract":"An old-field chronosequence in the subalpine region of the Tibetan Plateau were used as a model system to test a hypothesis that forbs drive pathways of successional trajectories in earlier stages of succession and grasses drive the development of vegetation in later successional stages. All old fields were dominated by forbs, which accounted for 65-85% of species richness and abundance. Species richness and total plant abundance significantly increased with time since abandonment. This is in disagreement with ‘humped-back model’. Although no consistent changes in seed size in the different functional groups found over time, however, there was a significant decline for the forbs, legumes, and annuals, except for the 1-year old field. In this species-rich subalpine ecosystem, forbs rather than grasses and sedges were identified as key factors affecting community structure and plant assemblages, whenever in the earlier successional stages or in the later successional stages. These indicated that grassland managers and policy makers should recognize potential role of forbs in biodiversity conservation and ecosystem functioning.","PeriodicalId":350455,"journal":{"name":"Eearth","volume":"310 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124409281","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-09-06DOI: 10.11648/J.EARTH.20170605.13
N. Bolashvili, Tamazi Karalashvili, Vakhtang Geladze, N. Machavariani, Ana Karalashvili, Nino Chikhradze, G. Giorgi, David Kartvelishvili
We are all dependent on water. We need it every day, in so many ways. We need it to stay healthy; we need it for growing food, for transportation, irrigation and industry. Under the existing trend of climatic change, serious problems will occur accompanying the intensive migratory processes of the population living in the arid regions. The main goals of the project was increasing local population’s participation in decision-making process on ecological issues by raising their awareness on irrigation water pollution issues, reinforcing them to participate in investigation of the problem in frames of the project, and supporting them to impact on local water resource management policy.
{"title":"Sustainable Management of Water Resources on the Background of Current Climate Change","authors":"N. Bolashvili, Tamazi Karalashvili, Vakhtang Geladze, N. Machavariani, Ana Karalashvili, Nino Chikhradze, G. Giorgi, David Kartvelishvili","doi":"10.11648/J.EARTH.20170605.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.EARTH.20170605.13","url":null,"abstract":"We are all dependent on water. We need it every day, in so many ways. We need it to stay healthy; we need it for growing food, for transportation, irrigation and industry. Under the existing trend of climatic change, serious problems will occur accompanying the intensive migratory processes of the population living in the arid regions. The main goals of the project was increasing local population’s participation in decision-making process on ecological issues by raising their awareness on irrigation water pollution issues, reinforcing them to participate in investigation of the problem in frames of the project, and supporting them to impact on local water resource management policy.","PeriodicalId":350455,"journal":{"name":"Eearth","volume":"77 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128144415","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-09-05DOI: 10.11648/j.earth.20170605.12
Liang Feng, Lin Qianguo, Shi Peiji
The evolution of urban functional land is the spatial reflection of urban functional agglomeration and diffusion, it can profoundly reveal the internal characteristics of urban expansion. This paper applies spatial analysis tools of GIS to explore the spatial-temporal evolution characteristics of residential land, industrial land and public service land in Zhangye City since 1981 so as to provide effective development strategies for the sustainable development of oasis city. The results show that: 1) The urban residential land and public service facilities land have been gradually increasing, and there is a trend of spatial evolution that is spreading from the centre to periphery. However, industry and storage land increased first and decreased after, and it is from dispersing to agglomeration in spatial. The industry and storage land gathers in the industrial park. 2) Zhangye city should break through the development model of a single core and promote the compact development of urban space to form the full-featured urban spatial structure in the future.
{"title":"Evolution Characteristics of Urban Functional Land and Its Development Strategy in Oasis City: A Case of Zhangye City, the Hexi Corridors, China","authors":"Liang Feng, Lin Qianguo, Shi Peiji","doi":"10.11648/j.earth.20170605.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/j.earth.20170605.12","url":null,"abstract":"The evolution of urban functional land is the spatial reflection of urban functional agglomeration and diffusion, it can profoundly reveal the internal characteristics of urban expansion. This paper applies spatial analysis tools of GIS to explore the spatial-temporal evolution characteristics of residential land, industrial land and public service land in Zhangye City since 1981 so as to provide effective development strategies for the sustainable development of oasis city. The results show that: 1) The urban residential land and public service facilities land have been gradually increasing, and there is a trend of spatial evolution that is spreading from the centre to periphery. However, industry and storage land increased first and decreased after, and it is from dispersing to agglomeration in spatial. The industry and storage land gathers in the industrial park. 2) Zhangye city should break through the development model of a single core and promote the compact development of urban space to form the full-featured urban spatial structure in the future.","PeriodicalId":350455,"journal":{"name":"Eearth","volume":"229 20","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120878920","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-09-04DOI: 10.11648/J.EARTH.20170605.11
R. Rocca
A commercial drone was used to acquire a series of images in an area in the Venezuelan Andes characterized by the deformation of a regional strike-slip fault. The digital model obtained by processing the images has allowed to obtain quantitative measurements of the fault displacement and to test geological concepts related to the structure evolution. The test has proven several benefits in applying the drone technology to support the classic geological field work.
{"title":"Photogrammetry with a Drone “DJI Phantom 2 Vision Plus”: 3D Model of an Area Deformed by Neotectonics in the Venezuelan Andes","authors":"R. Rocca","doi":"10.11648/J.EARTH.20170605.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.EARTH.20170605.11","url":null,"abstract":"A commercial drone was used to acquire a series of images in an area in the Venezuelan Andes characterized by the deformation of a regional strike-slip fault. The digital model obtained by processing the images has allowed to obtain quantitative measurements of the fault displacement and to test geological concepts related to the structure evolution. The test has proven several benefits in applying the drone technology to support the classic geological field work.","PeriodicalId":350455,"journal":{"name":"Eearth","volume":"71 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122681184","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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