Pub Date : 2015-07-15DOI: 10.11648/J.EARTH.S.2015040501.23
I. Matchutadze, T. Bakuradze, Tamar Tcheishvil, Bulbuli Bolkvadze
Georgia with the admired Colchis lowland surrounded by the Great and Lesser Caucasus Ranges belongs to critical ecological hotspot region. Because of its climatic and geographic situation the Colchis lowland represents a centre of biodiversity and human activity on the transition of Europe and Asia. The main habitats in the Colchis lowland are the relict Colchis forests, the peatlands, the wetlands, coastal sand zones, river mouths, open fresh and salt water areas. Globally extraordinary habitats in the Colchis lowland are the relict Colchis forests and the percolation bogs only existing here. The Colchis forests are unique ecosystems of characteristic warm-humid broad-leaved deciduous mixed forests with evergreen understory, rich in endemic and relict tertiary species, which are mostly spread on the Colchis lowland and the adjacent foothills of the Lesser Caucasus Range. The main purpose of the work is the study of main habitats of Colchis Lowland and determining the value for biodiversity. The different habitats and their vegetation were studied during the period of 1998-2008. The vegetation mapping with the determination of the cover of the vascular plant and moss species followed the abundance method after DAFOR (D –Dominant, - Abundant, F – Frequent, O-Occasional, R-Rare). On the basis of the research the list of Rare and endangered plant species of Colchis wetlands was revealed. Some of them (5 habitats) has a high value for biodiversity.
格鲁吉亚拥有被大高加索山脉和小高加索山脉环绕的科尔奇斯低地，属于重要的生态热点地区。由于其气候和地理位置，科尔基斯低地代表了欧洲和亚洲过渡时期生物多样性和人类活动的中心。科尔奇斯低地的主要生境有科尔奇斯残林、泥炭地、湿地、滨海沙带、河口、开阔的淡水和咸水区。科尔奇斯低地的独特栖息地是仅存在于这里的科尔奇斯森林和渗透沼泽。科尔奇斯森林是一个独特的生态系统，具有典型的暖湿阔叶落叶混交林和常绿林下，富含特有和残余的第三系物种，主要分布在科尔奇斯低地和邻近的小高加索山脉山麓。本研究的主要目的是研究Colchis低地的主要生境，并确定其生物多样性价值。1998-2008年对不同生境及其植被进行了研究。在植被制图中，维管植物和苔藓物种的覆盖度测定采用DAFOR (D - dominant， - Abundant, F - frequency, o - occasionally, R-Rare)之后的丰度法。在此基础上，公布了Colchis湿地珍稀濒危植物名录。其中部分(5个生境)具有较高的生物多样性价值。
{"title":"Vegetation of Colchis Mires","authors":"I. Matchutadze, T. Bakuradze, Tamar Tcheishvil, Bulbuli Bolkvadze","doi":"10.11648/J.EARTH.S.2015040501.23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.EARTH.S.2015040501.23","url":null,"abstract":"Georgia with the admired Colchis lowland surrounded by the Great and Lesser Caucasus Ranges belongs to critical ecological hotspot region. Because of its climatic and geographic situation the Colchis lowland represents a centre of biodiversity and human activity on the transition of Europe and Asia. The main habitats in the Colchis lowland are the relict Colchis forests, the peatlands, the wetlands, coastal sand zones, river mouths, open fresh and salt water areas. Globally extraordinary habitats in the Colchis lowland are the relict Colchis forests and the percolation bogs only existing here. The Colchis forests are unique ecosystems of characteristic warm-humid broad-leaved deciduous mixed forests with evergreen understory, rich in endemic and relict tertiary species, which are mostly spread on the Colchis lowland and the adjacent foothills of the Lesser Caucasus Range. The main purpose of the work is the study of main habitats of Colchis Lowland and determining the value for biodiversity. The different habitats and their vegetation were studied during the period of 1998-2008. The vegetation mapping with the determination of the cover of the vascular plant and moss species followed the abundance method after DAFOR (D –Dominant, - Abundant, F – Frequent, O-Occasional, R-Rare). On the basis of the research the list of Rare and endangered plant species of Colchis wetlands was revealed. Some of them (5 habitats) has a high value for biodiversity.","PeriodicalId":350455,"journal":{"name":"Eearth","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122730285","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-07-14DOI: 10.11648/J.EARTH.S.2015040501.21
D. Nikolaishvili, R. Tolordava, Davit Sartania, L. Kutateladze
The work deals with analysis of problems with the drawing a state border along the River Psou Section. The problem is difficult to solute due to the modern complex geopolitical situation in the Caucasus region, wrong decisions of the past and historical documents and cartographic sources with the inadequately shown reality. One of the major hampering factors is the state practice of territorial spacing of the former Soviet republics implying giving the state borders of a country having lost its independence a status of administrative borders. The main purpose of the study is to give the geographical-cartometry analysis of the historical transformations of the River Psou section of the Georgian state border. A lot of various cartographic sources, governmental Resolutions, historical and statistical data also were used as the basis of the study. Different factors as one of the main factors determining the historical change of this section of state border are discussed in the paper. The research was conducted in different main directions: the evaluation of historical transformations of state border throughout of XIX-XX centuries and in modern times, factors hampering the regulation of the state border, issue of the territorial belonging of village Aibga, etc. In order to study these issues have used different methods as well as GIS-technologies. The main results of research are determination of some issues connected with state border along the river Psou section: 1) the frequency of historical transformations; (2) the major factors causing this historical transformations; (3) incompliance between the existing cartographic sources and governmental resolutions in relation to the registration of all five districts of village Aibga, (4) the facts of incorrect depiction of the territorial belonging of the river Psou section in the XX-century scientific and statistical sources.
{"title":"Problems with the Drawing a State Border along the River Psou Section","authors":"D. Nikolaishvili, R. Tolordava, Davit Sartania, L. Kutateladze","doi":"10.11648/J.EARTH.S.2015040501.21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.EARTH.S.2015040501.21","url":null,"abstract":"The work deals with analysis of problems with the drawing a state border along the River Psou Section. The problem is difficult to solute due to the modern complex geopolitical situation in the Caucasus region, wrong decisions of the past and historical documents and cartographic sources with the inadequately shown reality. One of the major hampering factors is the state practice of territorial spacing of the former Soviet republics implying giving the state borders of a country having lost its independence a status of administrative borders. The main purpose of the study is to give the geographical-cartometry analysis of the historical transformations of the River Psou section of the Georgian state border. A lot of various cartographic sources, governmental Resolutions, historical and statistical data also were used as the basis of the study. Different factors as one of the main factors determining the historical change of this section of state border are discussed in the paper. The research was conducted in different main directions: the evaluation of historical transformations of state border throughout of XIX-XX centuries and in modern times, factors hampering the regulation of the state border, issue of the territorial belonging of village Aibga, etc. In order to study these issues have used different methods as well as GIS-technologies. The main results of research are determination of some issues connected with state border along the river Psou section: 1) the frequency of historical transformations; (2) the major factors causing this historical transformations; (3) incompliance between the existing cartographic sources and governmental resolutions in relation to the registration of all five districts of village Aibga, (4) the facts of incorrect depiction of the territorial belonging of the river Psou section in the XX-century scientific and statistical sources.","PeriodicalId":350455,"journal":{"name":"Eearth","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132282206","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-07-14DOI: 10.11648/J.EARTH.S.2015040501.22
D. Nikolaishvili, E. Salukvadze, N. Bolashvili, Nino Chikhradze, L. Matchavariani
On the basis of different data, the anthropogenic transformation of landscapes of Colchis lowland and surrounding foothills (CLSF) are revealed. Using the several maps (Vegetation and Landscape maps, topographic maps, depicting the different historical periods), the degree of these changes were determined. Data analysis has shown that the anthropogenic transformation of Colchis landscapes is of very diverse character and this diversity is related to many physical-geographical and human factors.
{"title":"Anthropogenic Transformation of Landscapes of Colchis Lowland and Surrounding Foothills","authors":"D. Nikolaishvili, E. Salukvadze, N. Bolashvili, Nino Chikhradze, L. Matchavariani","doi":"10.11648/J.EARTH.S.2015040501.22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.EARTH.S.2015040501.22","url":null,"abstract":"On the basis of different data, the anthropogenic transformation of landscapes of Colchis lowland and surrounding foothills (CLSF) are revealed. Using the several maps (Vegetation and Landscape maps, topographic maps, depicting the different historical periods), the degree of these changes were determined. Data analysis has shown that the anthropogenic transformation of Colchis landscapes is of very diverse character and this diversity is related to many physical-geographical and human factors.","PeriodicalId":350455,"journal":{"name":"Eearth","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114273987","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-07-07DOI: 10.11648/J.EARTH.S.2015040501.17
Nino Chikhradze, Renato Henriques, M. Elashvili, G. Kirkitadze, Z. Janelidze, N. Bolashvili, G. Lominadze
Close range digital photogrammetry, which involves the application of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), has been used in a growing number of diverse applications across different scientific disciplines. Our objective was to use the mentioned method in the survey of the contemporary geoecological conditions of the coastal area on the example of Portuguese northwest coastal zone. The coastal zone can be subdivided into two geomorphological sectors: Sector 1, between the Minho River and the town of Espinho, where the coastal segments consist of estuaries, sandy and shingle beaches with rocky outcrops, and Holocene dune systems. The estuaries and the foredunes in particular are very degraded by human activities; and Sector 2, between Espinho and the Mondego Cape, where coastal lagoons and Holocene dune systems occur. We chose two beaches for surveying – Agucadoura and Ramalha to which the drone swinglet CAM took the photos. We used the ground control software eMotion 2 to plan the flights over the study area and controlled the drone’s trajectory during flight. After processing the obtained images in the program of AgisoftPhotoscanPro, we generated the 2D orthophotos and 3D digital elevation models (DEM) of the research sections. At this stage of study we derived the above product without using the ground control points, or we used only the camera GPS data. Based on these models the compilation of the large-scale maps of high resolution (1cm-5cm) will be possible in the GISs for monitoring and management of the geoecological state of the mentioned beaches in case to precise the x, y and z values of the models with the geodetic device of Differential GPSs in the selected ground control points (GCP).
{"title":"Close Range Photogrammetry in the Survey of the Coastal Area Geoecological Conditions (on the Example of Portugal)","authors":"Nino Chikhradze, Renato Henriques, M. Elashvili, G. Kirkitadze, Z. Janelidze, N. Bolashvili, G. Lominadze","doi":"10.11648/J.EARTH.S.2015040501.17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.EARTH.S.2015040501.17","url":null,"abstract":"Close range digital photogrammetry, which involves the application of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), has been used in a growing number of diverse applications across different scientific disciplines. Our objective was to use the mentioned method in the survey of the contemporary geoecological conditions of the coastal area on the example of Portuguese northwest coastal zone. The coastal zone can be subdivided into two geomorphological sectors: Sector 1, between the Minho River and the town of Espinho, where the coastal segments consist of estuaries, sandy and shingle beaches with rocky outcrops, and Holocene dune systems. The estuaries and the foredunes in particular are very degraded by human activities; and Sector 2, between Espinho and the Mondego Cape, where coastal lagoons and Holocene dune systems occur. We chose two beaches for surveying – Agucadoura and Ramalha to which the drone swinglet CAM took the photos. We used the ground control software eMotion 2 to plan the flights over the study area and controlled the drone’s trajectory during flight. After processing the obtained images in the program of AgisoftPhotoscanPro, we generated the 2D orthophotos and 3D digital elevation models (DEM) of the research sections. At this stage of study we derived the above product without using the ground control points, or we used only the camera GPS data. Based on these models the compilation of the large-scale maps of high resolution (1cm-5cm) will be possible in the GISs for monitoring and management of the geoecological state of the mentioned beaches in case to precise the x, y and z values of the models with the geodetic device of Differential GPSs in the selected ground control points (GCP).","PeriodicalId":350455,"journal":{"name":"Eearth","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125273698","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-07-07DOI: 10.11648/J.EARTH.S.2015040501.19
Nodar Tsivtsivadze, L. Matchavariani, L. Lagidze, N. Motsonelidze, G. Ivanov, N. Paichadze
Economic Economic development of the world's maritime nations, including Georgia, is directly related to the coastal environment and the ongoing natural or anthropogenic processes which determined its sustainability and exploitation opportunities. In the coastal zone are located the urbanized areas, agricultural lands, motorways and recreational complexes. Georgia's Black Sea resorts continue to attract tourists to the resort areas of the coast that required the expansion, restoration of eroded beaches and the development of appropriate infrastructure at international standards. Unfortunately, the prevalence of the parochial bureaucratic interests over environmental issues and ignorance of negative coastal process development, inefficiency of implemented coast protection measures and limited funding for carrying out necessary works, caused Georgian shoreline erosion. In this regard, coast may not be discussed as isolated body because it is part of one natural system and changes caused by natural phenomena or man-made impact will be reflected on the coast of neighboring countries. In whole, human intervention (withdrawal of beach sediments, river channel regulations, dam and reservoirs constructions and port structures assembling in coastal zone) in natural processes not only improved country economic state, but together with current natural events, due to sea level rise, causing storm phenomena activation and land inundation, shore subsiding, provoked the increase of coast erosion tendency, activation of beach disappearance and threatened to located there infrastructure with destruction and huge material losses. The recovery of latter requires several billion U.S. dollars worth of materials and works. In the presented article is discussed the problem of Georgia Black Sea coast erosion and necessary measures for its protection on the basis of conceptual approaches, which also imply the using of new technologies and methods of beach protection. In case of given proposal implementation in practice, the results of planned research can be widely applied both for sandy as well as pebbly-gravel beaches of any sea.
{"title":"Modern Conceptual and Technological Approaches to the Georgia Black Sea Coastline Protection","authors":"Nodar Tsivtsivadze, L. Matchavariani, L. Lagidze, N. Motsonelidze, G. Ivanov, N. Paichadze","doi":"10.11648/J.EARTH.S.2015040501.19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.EARTH.S.2015040501.19","url":null,"abstract":"Economic Economic development of the world's maritime nations, including Georgia, is directly related to the coastal environment and the ongoing natural or anthropogenic processes which determined its sustainability and exploitation opportunities. In the coastal zone are located the urbanized areas, agricultural lands, motorways and recreational complexes. Georgia's Black Sea resorts continue to attract tourists to the resort areas of the coast that required the expansion, restoration of eroded beaches and the development of appropriate infrastructure at international standards. Unfortunately, the prevalence of the parochial bureaucratic interests over environmental issues and ignorance of negative coastal process development, inefficiency of implemented coast protection measures and limited funding for carrying out necessary works, caused Georgian shoreline erosion. In this regard, coast may not be discussed as isolated body because it is part of one natural system and changes caused by natural phenomena or man-made impact will be reflected on the coast of neighboring countries. In whole, human intervention (withdrawal of beach sediments, river channel regulations, dam and reservoirs constructions and port structures assembling in coastal zone) in natural processes not only improved country economic state, but together with current natural events, due to sea level rise, causing storm phenomena activation and land inundation, shore subsiding, provoked the increase of coast erosion tendency, activation of beach disappearance and threatened to located there infrastructure with destruction and huge material losses. The recovery of latter requires several billion U.S. dollars worth of materials and works. In the presented article is discussed the problem of Georgia Black Sea coast erosion and necessary measures for its protection on the basis of conceptual approaches, which also imply the using of new technologies and methods of beach protection. In case of given proposal implementation in practice, the results of planned research can be widely applied both for sandy as well as pebbly-gravel beaches of any sea.","PeriodicalId":350455,"journal":{"name":"Eearth","volume":"21 13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125777690","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-07-07DOI: 10.11648/J.EARTH.S.2015040501.18
R. Tolordava, Malkhaz Gvinjilia, Koba Korsantia, T. Gordeziani, Z. Laoshvili
The paper presents the modern condition analyses and development prospects of the main agriculture sectors of a mountainous region in the southern part of Georgia – Samtskhe-Javakheti. On the basis of literary sources and internet material examination, certain sectors’ value in provisioning of republic has been assessed. The importance of agricultural sector vectoring in the side agriculture has been outlined. Results of the research are interpreted in charts and graphic models. Field research process has revealed a growing number of ecological problems related to biological and household waste and also caused by "chemicalization". The research has shown that the issues about protection from soil erosion and the water supply acute in the region. It greatly hinders the development of agriculture and it's a great challenge for the region’s population, who are mostly employed in the agricultural sector. During the research, different types of humus and soil nutrient elements supplies, soil structure and physical properties were investigated. Ecological problems solution and agricultural production’s sustainable development activation, which will ensure ecological condition improvement in agricultural sectors, healthy products production and that will create a firm foundation for withdrawing the agricultural production import, are considered to be the main challenges of the region.
{"title":"Samtskhe-Javakheti Agriculture Sectors Development and its Ecological Problems","authors":"R. Tolordava, Malkhaz Gvinjilia, Koba Korsantia, T. Gordeziani, Z. Laoshvili","doi":"10.11648/J.EARTH.S.2015040501.18","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.EARTH.S.2015040501.18","url":null,"abstract":"The paper presents the modern condition analyses and development prospects of the main agriculture sectors of a mountainous region in the southern part of Georgia – Samtskhe-Javakheti. On the basis of literary sources and internet material examination, certain sectors’ value in provisioning of republic has been assessed. The importance of agricultural sector vectoring in the side agriculture has been outlined. Results of the research are interpreted in charts and graphic models. Field research process has revealed a growing number of ecological problems related to biological and household waste and also caused by \"chemicalization\". The research has shown that the issues about protection from soil erosion and the water supply acute in the region. It greatly hinders the development of agriculture and it's a great challenge for the region’s population, who are mostly employed in the agricultural sector. During the research, different types of humus and soil nutrient elements supplies, soil structure and physical properties were investigated. Ecological problems solution and agricultural production’s sustainable development activation, which will ensure ecological condition improvement in agricultural sectors, healthy products production and that will create a firm foundation for withdrawing the agricultural production import, are considered to be the main challenges of the region.","PeriodicalId":350455,"journal":{"name":"Eearth","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127680225","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-07-07DOI: 10.11648/J.EARTH.S.2015040501.20
D. Nikolaishvili, G. Dvalashvili
Caucasus eco-region occupies more than 583 thousand sq km and are represented 25 types, 62 sub-types and 205 genera of landscapes. Due to several climatically contrasting regions the landscapes are quite diverse here. Sub-tropical humid conditions, also experiencing mostly hot, dry weather year-round dominate in the lowland and foothills of Caucasus. forests are mostly concentrated in low- and middle-mountain landscapes. Comparatively little are of forests are concentrated in the lowlands and plains. High volcanic plateaus of South Caucasus also are without forest areas and are represented by steppe vegetation. The main purpose of this work is to determine anthropogenic changes forest landscapes of Caucasus and to evaluate the degree of this changes. The trend of anthropogenic change of forests is observed almost on whole territory of eco-region, especially in plain areas. Therefore, the decreasing trend of forest area, phytomass amount, also the ecological functions are evident. The research is based on the landscape approach. A great set of field data were used. All these data were processed by means of GIS-technologies.
{"title":"Anthropogenic Changes of Caucasus Forest Landscapes","authors":"D. Nikolaishvili, G. Dvalashvili","doi":"10.11648/J.EARTH.S.2015040501.20","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.EARTH.S.2015040501.20","url":null,"abstract":"Caucasus eco-region occupies more than 583 thousand sq km and are represented 25 types, 62 sub-types and 205 genera of landscapes. Due to several climatically contrasting regions the landscapes are quite diverse here. Sub-tropical humid conditions, also experiencing mostly hot, dry weather year-round dominate in the lowland and foothills of Caucasus. forests are mostly concentrated in low- and middle-mountain landscapes. Comparatively little are of forests are concentrated in the lowlands and plains. High volcanic plateaus of South Caucasus also are without forest areas and are represented by steppe vegetation. The main purpose of this work is to determine anthropogenic changes forest landscapes of Caucasus and to evaluate the degree of this changes. The trend of anthropogenic change of forests is observed almost on whole territory of eco-region, especially in plain areas. Therefore, the decreasing trend of forest area, phytomass amount, also the ecological functions are evident. The research is based on the landscape approach. A great set of field data were used. All these data were processed by means of GIS-technologies.","PeriodicalId":350455,"journal":{"name":"Eearth","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115225152","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-07-05DOI: 10.11648/J.EARTH.20150404.12
Peng Liu, Ying Huang, M. He
This article considers the temperature influence of pollution transportation base on the transportation model of pollution in groundwater to finish the article by using Macro and micro method, the combination of theoretical analysis, experimental research methods and numerical simulation. Established the transportation model for consider temperature and solved by soft of Femlab. The result shows that the more close to the pollution source, the concentration is larger, the farther away from the source of pollution; the concentration value is small, which is consistent with the trend of pollution in the general case. With the increase of temperature, the concentration of pollution increased, among them, the higher the temperature, the rising trend is more obvious, that the migration and diffusion of pollution in the role of temperature. The temperature could increase depth of pollution diffusion. The results will also provide theoretical guide and technological support for the sustainable development of Yunnan economy and ecology as well as for the future laboratory experiments.
{"title":"The Migration Mechanism of Arsenic Ions Under the Effect of Temperature in Yunnan Laterite","authors":"Peng Liu, Ying Huang, M. He","doi":"10.11648/J.EARTH.20150404.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.EARTH.20150404.12","url":null,"abstract":"This article considers the temperature influence of pollution transportation base on the transportation model of pollution in groundwater to finish the article by using Macro and micro method, the combination of theoretical analysis, experimental research methods and numerical simulation. Established the transportation model for consider temperature and solved by soft of Femlab. The result shows that the more close to the pollution source, the concentration is larger, the farther away from the source of pollution; the concentration value is small, which is consistent with the trend of pollution in the general case. With the increase of temperature, the concentration of pollution increased, among them, the higher the temperature, the rising trend is more obvious, that the migration and diffusion of pollution in the role of temperature. The temperature could increase depth of pollution diffusion. The results will also provide theoretical guide and technological support for the sustainable development of Yunnan economy and ecology as well as for the future laboratory experiments.","PeriodicalId":350455,"journal":{"name":"Eearth","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131859876","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-07-02DOI: 10.11648/J.EARTH.S.2015040501.14
Kirtadze Daredjan
Geographical names give us lots of noteworthy information about the historical, geographical, political, economic, religious, cultural, etc. picture of a denotation. Due to this the onomastic data are the valuable sources to study the history, language, dialectology, geography, geology, archeology and ethnography of a country. In Georgia one hardly find a small place without a name. Towns, hamlets, villages, groves, gardens, vineyards, arable fields, hills, mountains, water, grassland, former settlements and sometimes trees, rocks and large rocks are given names. Researchers interested in geographical names accept two basic ways of origin of toponyms: 1. either via the toponimization of appellatives without derivation (which is called semantic word-formation: changing of a lexeme’s status, while the form remains unchangeable) or derivation: 2.transonimization of proper names: transition from one onymic class to another as well as transtoponimization, transhydronimization, and a transoikonymization, etc. The toponyms originated via the first (toponimization) method is called the primary toponyms, and the ones originated via the second (transonimization) method - secondary toponyms. The research goal is to study an author’s interpretation and semantic properties of the geographic names of hagiographic works and historical sources of the 5-10th cc. In the sources under research the authors give us not only the information on the location of any geographic object, but they offer a noteworthy explanation of some toponyms and microtoponyms as well. An author’s etymology has extra linguistic and linguistic character and therefore it is of scientific importance, the motivation - persuasive. Existing standpoints on location and explanation of some geographical names (Darialani, Tsertaisni, Satakhve, Zarzma, Garedja, Divri, Tskhenistsqali) are represented in comment form. On the basis of analyzed material the paper demonstrates that the ancient Georgian artistic and historical written sources show the ways and means of origin of toponyms. The cited episodes highlight the basic principle of toponymic word-derivation - the contents of a name is relevant to an object’s name. This is achieved via the following the grammatical means: 1. elision (either determinatum or determinandum component is elided: tsertaisni ! adgilni tsertaisni; bakta ! adgili bakta). 2. derivation (Sataxve – structurally it is a derived form); 3. word-amalgamation (Sheshistavi, Zarzma, Gareja… are structurally compound two-component entries).
{"title":"Author's Interpretation of Toponyms of the Historical Sources and the Hagiographic Literary Works","authors":"Kirtadze Daredjan","doi":"10.11648/J.EARTH.S.2015040501.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.EARTH.S.2015040501.14","url":null,"abstract":"Geographical names give us lots of noteworthy information about the historical, geographical, political, economic, religious, cultural, etc. picture of a denotation. Due to this the onomastic data are the valuable sources to study the history, language, dialectology, geography, geology, archeology and ethnography of a country. In Georgia one hardly find a small place without a name. Towns, hamlets, villages, groves, gardens, vineyards, arable fields, hills, mountains, water, grassland, former settlements and sometimes trees, rocks and large rocks are given names. Researchers interested in geographical names accept two basic ways of origin of toponyms: 1. either via the toponimization of appellatives without derivation (which is called semantic word-formation: changing of a lexeme’s status, while the form remains unchangeable) or derivation: 2.transonimization of proper names: transition from one onymic class to another as well as transtoponimization, transhydronimization, and a transoikonymization, etc. The toponyms originated via the first (toponimization) method is called the primary toponyms, and the ones originated via the second (transonimization) method - secondary toponyms. The research goal is to study an author’s interpretation and semantic properties of the geographic names of hagiographic works and historical sources of the 5-10th cc. In the sources under research the authors give us not only the information on the location of any geographic object, but they offer a noteworthy explanation of some toponyms and microtoponyms as well. An author’s etymology has extra linguistic and linguistic character and therefore it is of scientific importance, the motivation - persuasive. Existing standpoints on location and explanation of some geographical names (Darialani, Tsertaisni, Satakhve, Zarzma, Garedja, Divri, Tskhenistsqali) are represented in comment form. On the basis of analyzed material the paper demonstrates that the ancient Georgian artistic and historical written sources show the ways and means of origin of toponyms. The cited episodes highlight the basic principle of toponymic word-derivation - the contents of a name is relevant to an object’s name. This is achieved via the following the grammatical means: 1. elision (either determinatum or determinandum component is elided: tsertaisni ! adgilni tsertaisni; bakta ! adgili bakta). 2. derivation (Sataxve – structurally it is a derived form); 3. word-amalgamation (Sheshistavi, Zarzma, Gareja… are structurally compound two-component entries).","PeriodicalId":350455,"journal":{"name":"Eearth","volume":"58 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121807296","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-07-02DOI: 10.11648/J.EARTH.S.2015040501.15
Nino Kezevadze
The current political and socio-economic changes in the last centuries of 90-th was adequately reflected on water management problematic issues. There is a lack of statistical material that complicates the research activity. To this point of view the primary task was to choose representative period in the dynamic of utilizing water recourses. 80-th of last century is considered as such kind of period stated in the previous article. In terms of territorial differentiation water industry balance is estimated in the previous article according to the high-rise zones of western and eastern Georgian regions. The annual quantity of river runoff on the territory does not depict completely the water supply of population and various branches of economy. The full assessment is possible by the intra annual mode of water balance in the hydrological periods and phenological seasons. On the other hand, in Georgia, in mountain regions the elements of water balance are amenable to high-rise regularities, so the intra annual mode of water balance should be considered in the context of high-rise extent. The previous work is devoted to territorial distribution of indicators of water balance in Georgia according to high-rise zones in the frame of intra annual aspect.
{"title":"The Height Regularities of the Water Industry Balance of Georgia","authors":"Nino Kezevadze","doi":"10.11648/J.EARTH.S.2015040501.15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.EARTH.S.2015040501.15","url":null,"abstract":"The current political and socio-economic changes in the last centuries of 90-th was adequately reflected on water management problematic issues. There is a lack of statistical material that complicates the research activity. To this point of view the primary task was to choose representative period in the dynamic of utilizing water recourses. 80-th of last century is considered as such kind of period stated in the previous article. In terms of territorial differentiation water industry balance is estimated in the previous article according to the high-rise zones of western and eastern Georgian regions. The annual quantity of river runoff on the territory does not depict completely the water supply of population and various branches of economy. The full assessment is possible by the intra annual mode of water balance in the hydrological periods and phenological seasons. On the other hand, in Georgia, in mountain regions the elements of water balance are amenable to high-rise regularities, so the intra annual mode of water balance should be considered in the context of high-rise extent. The previous work is devoted to territorial distribution of indicators of water balance in Georgia according to high-rise zones in the frame of intra annual aspect.","PeriodicalId":350455,"journal":{"name":"Eearth","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130686641","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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