Pub Date : 2020-05-18DOI: 10.11648/J.EARTH.20200903.12
N. Solarić, M. Solarić, M. Marjanović, Zlatko Bogdanovski, Sasho Dimeski
Distances between permanent GNSSS stations in positional systems are usually short between 30 km and 80 km. So calculated distances between the GNSS stations from their position coordinates calculated by processing collected GNSS data with Bernese software will be very well determined. The first time we determined that two days before earthquake in Kraljevo 2010 were shortening of sides between the GNSS referent stations, that this was a compression of the Earth’s crust two days before the earthquake. This effect was also confirmed on the Earthquakes Dreznica 2013, Skopje 2016 and Zagreb 2018 and that after compression two or several days after the earthquake occurs. However, they can also enable geophysicists to determine warn of possible earthquakes. On the end it was suggested that in the Control Center of CROPOS is required to establish a department for determination of compression in Earth crust based on GNSS measurement of the reference GNSS stations. This compression is possible to determine by "The method of daily changing the distance between GNSS permanent referent stations". After determination compression in Earth crust and using other geophysical methods will be probably possible to warn to upcoming earthquakes.
{"title":"Reference GNSS Stations for Warning on Possibility of Upcoming Earthquake in Zagreb","authors":"N. Solarić, M. Solarić, M. Marjanović, Zlatko Bogdanovski, Sasho Dimeski","doi":"10.11648/J.EARTH.20200903.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.EARTH.20200903.12","url":null,"abstract":"Distances between permanent GNSSS stations in positional systems are usually short between 30 km and 80 km. So calculated distances between the GNSS stations from their position coordinates calculated by processing collected GNSS data with Bernese software will be very well determined. The first time we determined that two days before earthquake in Kraljevo 2010 were shortening of sides between the GNSS referent stations, that this was a compression of the Earth’s crust two days before the earthquake. This effect was also confirmed on the Earthquakes Dreznica 2013, Skopje 2016 and Zagreb 2018 and that after compression two or several days after the earthquake occurs. However, they can also enable geophysicists to determine warn of possible earthquakes. On the end it was suggested that in the Control Center of CROPOS is required to establish a department for determination of compression in Earth crust based on GNSS measurement of the reference GNSS stations. This compression is possible to determine by \"The method of daily changing the distance between GNSS permanent referent stations\". After determination compression in Earth crust and using other geophysical methods will be probably possible to warn to upcoming earthquakes.","PeriodicalId":350455,"journal":{"name":"Eearth","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129136026","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-05-15DOI: 10.11648/J.EARTH.20200902.15
Kun-Sung Liu, Hsiangchi Huang
The potential for seismic hazard in Taiwan is quite high. In addition to the comprehensive reinforcement of the earthquake resistance of old construction, a short period of time can be immediately is the implementation of earthquake prevention and rescue education. Because of the blind zone of the existing strong earthquake real-time alarm system, the response time is limited, so the application of the message will have better efficiency in an automated way. As regards the emergency response of schoolchildren and the population in the blind zone of strong earthquake early warning, it is suggested that people should be using methods in line with local circumstances. In order to understand and make good use of the vibration characteristics of seismic waves, this study analyzes and illustrates them with several practical examples, including (1) 20100304 Jiasian earthquake with local magnitude (ML) of 6.4,(2) 20130327 Nantou earthquake with local magnitude (ML) of 6.2, as well as (3) 19990921 Chi-Chi earthquake with moment magnitude (Mw) of 7.6. The results of this study show that the human body's feelings are one of the most direct, real-time strong earthquake warning messages, especially in the blind zone of earthquake early warning where it is too late to provide seismic information. Judging by the obvious vibrations up and down by the P wave, it is advisable for the people on the first floor of the old low earthquake-resistant premises to seize the opportunity and suggest a time take an immediate approach to outdoor escape response. While fear and panic may be an obstacle to escape, reflex movements can overcome fear, and reflex movements can be developed through regular drills. Accordingly, people will make a correct seismic response immediately within the earthquake, in a short period of time without panic of the emergency evacuation to reach a safe location.
{"title":"A Study of Human Response in the Blind Zone of Earthquake Early Warning","authors":"Kun-Sung Liu, Hsiangchi Huang","doi":"10.11648/J.EARTH.20200902.15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.EARTH.20200902.15","url":null,"abstract":"The potential for seismic hazard in Taiwan is quite high. In addition to the comprehensive reinforcement of the earthquake resistance of old construction, a short period of time can be immediately is the implementation of earthquake prevention and rescue education. Because of the blind zone of the existing strong earthquake real-time alarm system, the response time is limited, so the application of the message will have better efficiency in an automated way. As regards the emergency response of schoolchildren and the population in the blind zone of strong earthquake early warning, it is suggested that people should be using methods in line with local circumstances. In order to understand and make good use of the vibration characteristics of seismic waves, this study analyzes and illustrates them with several practical examples, including (1) 20100304 Jiasian earthquake with local magnitude (ML) of 6.4,(2) 20130327 Nantou earthquake with local magnitude (ML) of 6.2, as well as (3) 19990921 Chi-Chi earthquake with moment magnitude (Mw) of 7.6. The results of this study show that the human body's feelings are one of the most direct, real-time strong earthquake warning messages, especially in the blind zone of earthquake early warning where it is too late to provide seismic information. Judging by the obvious vibrations up and down by the P wave, it is advisable for the people on the first floor of the old low earthquake-resistant premises to seize the opportunity and suggest a time take an immediate approach to outdoor escape response. While fear and panic may be an obstacle to escape, reflex movements can overcome fear, and reflex movements can be developed through regular drills. Accordingly, people will make a correct seismic response immediately within the earthquake, in a short period of time without panic of the emergency evacuation to reach a safe location.","PeriodicalId":350455,"journal":{"name":"Eearth","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128381376","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-05-15DOI: 10.11648/J.EARTH.20200903.11
Biao Wang, Xinmin Zeng, G. Huang
Based on the daily meteorological data from 1956 to 2011 in Northwest (NW) China and the Penman-Monteith (PM) equation, the regional reference crop evapotranspiration (ET0) is estimated. The ET0 variations in time series and spatial distributions are analyzed. The trend analysis, Mann-Kendall (M-K) test, wavelet analysis, stepwise regression and EOF analysis methods are used to investigate the spatiotemporal variability of ET0 and its contributing climatic factors, the mutation of ET0, the period of ET0, and the main influencing meteorological factors, respectively. Major conclusions are obtained as follows: (1) In the past 56 years, the trend of average annual ET0 time series in the NW China is significantly reduced, the differences exists in different seasons, i.e., the trends of ET0 in spring (-0.26mm/a), summer (-0.72mm/a) and autumn (-0.31mm/a) are decreased, respectively, the ET0 in winter is slowly increased (0.02mm/a). (2) The region which ET0 decreased most is located at the field from Kumul to Hotan (from northeast to southwest). ET0 has a sharply decrease around the 1980s, with a multiple-time scale nesting complex structure in the period. The first, second and third EOF models account 36.84%, 13.87% and 9.04% for the explained variance, respectively. The summer EOF model is the main contributor to the annual first model. (3) The upward trend of mean surface air temperature (T) and the decreased trend of sunshine duration (SD), relative humidity (RH) and wind speed at 2 m high (U2) induce ET0 to decline. The variability of annual ET0 rate is most influenced by the variations of U2, followed by SD, RH and T, which is influenced by various climatic variables. The investigation of spatiotemporal variability of ET0 and its contributor meteorological factors may help us better understand how ET0 responds to regional climate change.
{"title":"Estimation of Reference Crop Evapotranspiration in Northwest China","authors":"Biao Wang, Xinmin Zeng, G. Huang","doi":"10.11648/J.EARTH.20200903.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.EARTH.20200903.11","url":null,"abstract":"Based on the daily meteorological data from 1956 to 2011 in Northwest (NW) China and the Penman-Monteith (PM) equation, the regional reference crop evapotranspiration (ET0) is estimated. The ET0 variations in time series and spatial distributions are analyzed. The trend analysis, Mann-Kendall (M-K) test, wavelet analysis, stepwise regression and EOF analysis methods are used to investigate the spatiotemporal variability of ET0 and its contributing climatic factors, the mutation of ET0, the period of ET0, and the main influencing meteorological factors, respectively. Major conclusions are obtained as follows: (1) In the past 56 years, the trend of average annual ET0 time series in the NW China is significantly reduced, the differences exists in different seasons, i.e., the trends of ET0 in spring (-0.26mm/a), summer (-0.72mm/a) and autumn (-0.31mm/a) are decreased, respectively, the ET0 in winter is slowly increased (0.02mm/a). (2) The region which ET0 decreased most is located at the field from Kumul to Hotan (from northeast to southwest). ET0 has a sharply decrease around the 1980s, with a multiple-time scale nesting complex structure in the period. The first, second and third EOF models account 36.84%, 13.87% and 9.04% for the explained variance, respectively. The summer EOF model is the main contributor to the annual first model. (3) The upward trend of mean surface air temperature (T) and the decreased trend of sunshine duration (SD), relative humidity (RH) and wind speed at 2 m high (U2) induce ET0 to decline. The variability of annual ET0 rate is most influenced by the variations of U2, followed by SD, RH and T, which is influenced by various climatic variables. The investigation of spatiotemporal variability of ET0 and its contributor meteorological factors may help us better understand how ET0 responds to regional climate change.","PeriodicalId":350455,"journal":{"name":"Eearth","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114171977","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-04-08DOI: 10.11648/J.EARTH.20200902.14
J. Corbacho, F. López-Soriano, Scott C. Morrison, Keith Hammond
The present study illustrates for the first time the ventral aspect and the hypostome of Platypeltoides cuervoae (Corbacho and Lopez-Soriano, 2012) of the Upper part of the Lower Fezouata Formation (Lower Ordovician: Tremadocian) of the Guelmim area; Western Anti-Atlas, Morocco. Computed tomography of the holotype and paratype kept at the Natural History Museum in London (United Kingdom) for the conduct of a study on computed tomography and radiography as expert legal evidence in paleontology has revealed the hypotheses of the two previously cited specimens (Corbacho and Lopez-Soriano, 2012) and another disarticulated specimen below, which was discovered during the computed tomography process. All CT Scanning images in this article have been obtained from a CT Scanned at the Natural History Museum, London, UK. By describing the ventral aspect and the hypostomes of the specimens studied in this article, any possible uncertainty and affiliation to Nileidae is stated and dissipated as suggested by Gutierrez Marco, Sa, Garcia Bellido and Chacaltana as belonging to Asaphidae, incorrectly suggesting that It is the species: Asaphellus stubssi Fortey, 2009. Consequently, membership in the Nileidae family is reaffirmed and Asaphidae is ruled out. The genus Platypeltoides is also reaffirmed and Asaphellus is discarded. Being the correct species Platypeltoides cuervoae (Corbacho & Lopez-Soriano, 2012).
本研究首次阐明了Guelmim地区下Fezouata组(下奥陶统:Tremadocian)上段Platypeltoides cuervoae (Corbacho and Lopez-Soriano, 2012)的腹侧特征和假说;西部反阿特拉斯，摩洛哥。保存在伦敦自然历史博物馆的全型和准型标本的计算机断层扫描，作为古生物学的专家法律证据，揭示了之前引用的两个标本(Corbacho和Lopez-Soriano, 2012)和下面另一个在计算机断层扫描过程中发现的断裂标本的假设。本文中所有CT扫描图像均来自英国伦敦自然历史博物馆的CT扫描。通过描述本文所研究标本的腹侧和下口，Gutierrez Marco, Sa, Garcia Bellido和Chacaltana提出的任何可能的不确定性和与Nileidae的隶属关系都被陈述和消除，属于Asaphidae，错误地表明它是物种:asaphelus stubssi Fortey, 2009。因此，Nileidae家族的成员身份得到了确认，Asaphidae被排除在外。Platypeltoides属也被确认，asaphelus属被丢弃。是正确的物种Platypeltoides cuervoae (Corbacho & Lopez-Soriano, 2012)。
{"title":"New Data Obtained with CT Scanning on Platypeltoides cuervoae (Corbacho & López-Soriano, 2012) Nileidae from the Lower Ordovician; Western Anti-Atlas, Morocco","authors":"J. Corbacho, F. López-Soriano, Scott C. Morrison, Keith Hammond","doi":"10.11648/J.EARTH.20200902.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.EARTH.20200902.14","url":null,"abstract":"The present study illustrates for the first time the ventral aspect and the hypostome of Platypeltoides cuervoae (Corbacho and Lopez-Soriano, 2012) of the Upper part of the Lower Fezouata Formation (Lower Ordovician: Tremadocian) of the Guelmim area; Western Anti-Atlas, Morocco. Computed tomography of the holotype and paratype kept at the Natural History Museum in London (United Kingdom) for the conduct of a study on computed tomography and radiography as expert legal evidence in paleontology has revealed the hypotheses of the two previously cited specimens (Corbacho and Lopez-Soriano, 2012) and another disarticulated specimen below, which was discovered during the computed tomography process. All CT Scanning images in this article have been obtained from a CT Scanned at the Natural History Museum, London, UK. By describing the ventral aspect and the hypostomes of the specimens studied in this article, any possible uncertainty and affiliation to Nileidae is stated and dissipated as suggested by Gutierrez Marco, Sa, Garcia Bellido and Chacaltana as belonging to Asaphidae, incorrectly suggesting that It is the species: Asaphellus stubssi Fortey, 2009. Consequently, membership in the Nileidae family is reaffirmed and Asaphidae is ruled out. The genus Platypeltoides is also reaffirmed and Asaphellus is discarded. Being the correct species Platypeltoides cuervoae (Corbacho & Lopez-Soriano, 2012).","PeriodicalId":350455,"journal":{"name":"Eearth","volume":"130 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133905116","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-03-18DOI: 10.11648/J.EARTH.20200902.13
Ausi Abubakar Ssentongo, Nsubuga Francis Waswa, D. Darkey
Hydroclimatology assessment is conventionally based on area data for identification of change patterns and trends. In this paper, monthly averages, maximum seasonal and maximum annual hydro- climatology data series from Lwamunda forest catchment area in central Uganda have been analyzed in order to determine the appropriate probability distribution models for the underlying climatology (i.e. rainfall, soil moisture content, evapotranspiration and temperature). A total of 7 probability distributions were considered and three goodnessof- fit tests were used to evaluate the best-fit probability distribution model for each hydro-climatology data series. They were Lilliefors (D), Anderson-Darling (AD), and Cramer-Von Mises (W2). A ranking metric based on the test statistic from the three GoF tests was used to select the most appropriate probability distribution model capable of reproducing the statistics of the hydroclimatological data series. The best fit probability distribution was selected based on the minimum sum of the three test statistic. Results showed that different best fit probability distribution models were identified for the different data series depending on location and on temporal scales which corroborate with those reported in literature. With the exception of soil moisture content for annual and seasonal maximum series who have the same best fit model. The same applied to evapotranspiration seasonal maximum and near surface temperature seasonal maximum as well as monthly near surface temperatures have the same best fit model. The soil moisture content data series was best fit by the Weibull probability distribution, rainfall series was best fit by Chi square and Gamma probability distributions. The evapotranspiration data series was best fit by Logistic and Extreme value maximum (Gumbel) probability distributions. Finally for near surface temperature it was best fitted by Logistic and Gumbel probability distributions. The contribution of this study lies in the use of hydroclimatological data series including soil moisture content from the area that had forest cover change to analyzeits impact on water resources patterns. The contribution is important for agricultural planning and forest managers’ simulation of forest degradation impacts.
{"title":"Hydro-climatology Characterization of Degraded Lwamunda Forest Catchment Based on Probability Distributions","authors":"Ausi Abubakar Ssentongo, Nsubuga Francis Waswa, D. Darkey","doi":"10.11648/J.EARTH.20200902.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.EARTH.20200902.13","url":null,"abstract":"Hydroclimatology assessment is conventionally based on area data for identification of change patterns and trends. In this paper, monthly averages, maximum seasonal and maximum annual hydro- climatology data series from Lwamunda forest catchment area in central Uganda have been analyzed in order to determine the appropriate probability distribution models for the underlying climatology (i.e. rainfall, soil moisture content, evapotranspiration and temperature). A total of 7 probability distributions were considered and three goodnessof- fit tests were used to evaluate the best-fit probability distribution model for each hydro-climatology data series. They were Lilliefors (D), Anderson-Darling (AD), and Cramer-Von Mises (W2). A ranking metric based on the test statistic from the three GoF tests was used to select the most appropriate probability distribution model capable of reproducing the statistics of the hydroclimatological data series. The best fit probability distribution was selected based on the minimum sum of the three test statistic. Results showed that different best fit probability distribution models were identified for the different data series depending on location and on temporal scales which corroborate with those reported in literature. With the exception of soil moisture content for annual and seasonal maximum series who have the same best fit model. The same applied to evapotranspiration seasonal maximum and near surface temperature seasonal maximum as well as monthly near surface temperatures have the same best fit model. The soil moisture content data series was best fit by the Weibull probability distribution, rainfall series was best fit by Chi square and Gamma probability distributions. The evapotranspiration data series was best fit by Logistic and Extreme value maximum (Gumbel) probability distributions. Finally for near surface temperature it was best fitted by Logistic and Gumbel probability distributions. The contribution of this study lies in the use of hydroclimatological data series including soil moisture content from the area that had forest cover change to analyzeits impact on water resources patterns. The contribution is important for agricultural planning and forest managers’ simulation of forest degradation impacts.","PeriodicalId":350455,"journal":{"name":"Eearth","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127490900","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-03-07DOI: 10.11648/J.EARTH.20200902.12
Wen Yelong
The lack of drilling data is a difficult problem in the study of reservoir configuration under the condition of sparse well pattern. In this paper, the seismic data are fully excavated, and the methods of frequency RGB fusion, small scale river sand attribute fusion and horizontal well data combination are used to study the river level, the level point bar level, and the internal configuration of point bar. The frequency division RGB fusion method has a good effect on the characterization of large-scale channel reservoirs, especially the channel stacking period and channel boundary response. The integrated attributes of river channel and sand body distribution method has a good effect on depicting the small-scale end river channel and abandoned river channel, and on this basis, the research on point bar sand body is consistent with the actual drilling. The high-precision edge detection section and RGB fusion section are superimposed to display the development of lateral volume, and verify with the actual horizontal well. River facies reservoirs of different scales have been verified by drilling with targeted research techniques. The results show that under the condition of sparse well pattern, well-seismic combination is the key to the division of small-scale sedimentary units, multi-attribute fusion under high-resolution seismic data is an important means to identify and depict point bar and abandoned river channels, and the application of horizontal well data is a supplementary means to test results and depict lateral accumulation. The research results have achieved good application results in guiding the actual production of oil field.
{"title":"Research Methods of Different Levels of Reservoirs Based on Seismic Data","authors":"Wen Yelong","doi":"10.11648/J.EARTH.20200902.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.EARTH.20200902.12","url":null,"abstract":"The lack of drilling data is a difficult problem in the study of reservoir configuration under the condition of sparse well pattern. In this paper, the seismic data are fully excavated, and the methods of frequency RGB fusion, small scale river sand attribute fusion and horizontal well data combination are used to study the river level, the level point bar level, and the internal configuration of point bar. The frequency division RGB fusion method has a good effect on the characterization of large-scale channel reservoirs, especially the channel stacking period and channel boundary response. The integrated attributes of river channel and sand body distribution method has a good effect on depicting the small-scale end river channel and abandoned river channel, and on this basis, the research on point bar sand body is consistent with the actual drilling. The high-precision edge detection section and RGB fusion section are superimposed to display the development of lateral volume, and verify with the actual horizontal well. River facies reservoirs of different scales have been verified by drilling with targeted research techniques. The results show that under the condition of sparse well pattern, well-seismic combination is the key to the division of small-scale sedimentary units, multi-attribute fusion under high-resolution seismic data is an important means to identify and depict point bar and abandoned river channels, and the application of horizontal well data is a supplementary means to test results and depict lateral accumulation. The research results have achieved good application results in guiding the actual production of oil field.","PeriodicalId":350455,"journal":{"name":"Eearth","volume":"83 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125420191","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-02-20DOI: 10.11648/J.EARTH.20200902.11
Ntomb Yvan Demonstel, Ndzie Mvondo Justin, Ndong Bidzang François
The plutono-metamorphic series of the locality of Zimbi, extends over a narrow strip of 135 km2 on the eastern edge of the gold district of Baden-Colomine in East Cameroon. The work carried out in this locality is based on a cartographic approach (processing of maps and Landsat-7 ETM + images), combined with a geological and mining survey on the ground using conventional tools. On the morphostructural level, we observe NE-SW oriented penetrative lineaments. The trajectories of these are deviated or not in contact with other less dense lineaments, organized in networks of directions N-S, NE-SW, ENE-WSW, E-W, NW-SE. Parallel to the main Cameroon Center Shear (N070E), the ENE-WSW network which induces a significant reversal of foliation on contact, defines a structuring dexter shear zone accompanied by NE-SW and EW satellite shear zones with dexter kinematics and NW-SE and NS of senestrial kinematics. The lithological diversity allows the facies of calc-alkaline granite to predominate. Zimbi's range of structural elements highlights a magmatic fluidity substituted in foliation. The foliation directed NE-SW, of dip (40-90 °) either towards the NW, or towards the SE; carries a linearization of stretch submeridienne. The folding that affects it is induced by two directions of compression perpendicular N-S to NE-SW and E-W to NW-SE, which define the voltage slots favorable to mineral concentrations by circulation of mineralizing fluids. The shear zones and the quartz-feldspathic veins, structures favorable to mineralization such as gold, secondarily affect this complex. These geomorphological, lithological and structural geology data make the plutono-metamorphic procession of Zimbi a privileged area for mining research, in the gold district of Baden-Colomine.
{"title":"Basic Petrological and Structural Analysis in the Zimbi Gold Area (East Cameroon)","authors":"Ntomb Yvan Demonstel, Ndzie Mvondo Justin, Ndong Bidzang François","doi":"10.11648/J.EARTH.20200902.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.EARTH.20200902.11","url":null,"abstract":"The plutono-metamorphic series of the locality of Zimbi, extends over a narrow strip of 135 km2 on the eastern edge of the gold district of Baden-Colomine in East Cameroon. The work carried out in this locality is based on a cartographic approach (processing of maps and Landsat-7 ETM + images), combined with a geological and mining survey on the ground using conventional tools. On the morphostructural level, we observe NE-SW oriented penetrative lineaments. The trajectories of these are deviated or not in contact with other less dense lineaments, organized in networks of directions N-S, NE-SW, ENE-WSW, E-W, NW-SE. Parallel to the main Cameroon Center Shear (N070E), the ENE-WSW network which induces a significant reversal of foliation on contact, defines a structuring dexter shear zone accompanied by NE-SW and EW satellite shear zones with dexter kinematics and NW-SE and NS of senestrial kinematics. The lithological diversity allows the facies of calc-alkaline granite to predominate. Zimbi's range of structural elements highlights a magmatic fluidity substituted in foliation. The foliation directed NE-SW, of dip (40-90 °) either towards the NW, or towards the SE; carries a linearization of stretch submeridienne. The folding that affects it is induced by two directions of compression perpendicular N-S to NE-SW and E-W to NW-SE, which define the voltage slots favorable to mineral concentrations by circulation of mineralizing fluids. The shear zones and the quartz-feldspathic veins, structures favorable to mineralization such as gold, secondarily affect this complex. These geomorphological, lithological and structural geology data make the plutono-metamorphic procession of Zimbi a privileged area for mining research, in the gold district of Baden-Colomine.","PeriodicalId":350455,"journal":{"name":"Eearth","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123853459","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-02-14DOI: 10.11648/J.EARTH.20200901.15
M. M. Haque, M. Roy
The present study analyzes the geochemical composition of sandstone and shale of the Miocene Surma Group to decipher the provenance, tectonic settings and paleoweathering condition of source area in the Bandarban Anticline which is at the western margin of Indo-Burmese Hill Ranges. Statistical empirical index of chemical weathering of the sediments that have been extracted by the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) is used to understand the weathering profile of the sediments of the study area. The PCA of the geochemical composition yields three principal components (PC–1, PC–2, and PC–3), which capture total variance 52.83%, 17.58% and 6.94%, respectively. The PC–1 shows the loss of SiO2 during weathering of preexisting source rocks; PC–2 reveals the enrichment of Na2O, CaO, and P2O5 due to leeching and carried by groundwater during weathering; highest loadings with MnO and Cr shows in PC–3 due to redox environment during early diagenetic of marine sediments. The MFW and A–CN–K diagrams show an intense weathering trend, and backward trend of the MFW diagram and the major elements provenance discriminant diagram refers to the mature polycyclic quartzes provenance and originated dominantly from felsic to intermediate igneous rocks. The trend of the SiO2/Al2O3–Na2O/K2O shows the hydraulic sorting effect and sediments were originated primarily from a recycled sedimentary provenance. The CIA (67.68–80.89), ICV (0.60–1.29, avg. 0.83) and K2O/Na2O ratios show a moderate to high maturity of the sediments and is derived from both weak and intensively weathered source rocks. Discriminate diagrams related to tectonic provenance refer to the deposit of the sediment dominantly under the influence of collision (active continental collision, compression) and mature sediment derived to the depositional basin after upliftment of the source areas after that collision.
{"title":"Sandstone-Shale Geochemistry of Miocene Surma Group in Bandarban Anticline, SE Bangladesh: Implications for Provenance, Weathering, and Tectonic Setting","authors":"M. M. Haque, M. Roy","doi":"10.11648/J.EARTH.20200901.15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.EARTH.20200901.15","url":null,"abstract":"The present study analyzes the geochemical composition of sandstone and shale of the Miocene Surma Group to decipher the provenance, tectonic settings and paleoweathering condition of source area in the Bandarban Anticline which is at the western margin of Indo-Burmese Hill Ranges. Statistical empirical index of chemical weathering of the sediments that have been extracted by the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) is used to understand the weathering profile of the sediments of the study area. The PCA of the geochemical composition yields three principal components (PC–1, PC–2, and PC–3), which capture total variance 52.83%, 17.58% and 6.94%, respectively. The PC–1 shows the loss of SiO2 during weathering of preexisting source rocks; PC–2 reveals the enrichment of Na2O, CaO, and P2O5 due to leeching and carried by groundwater during weathering; highest loadings with MnO and Cr shows in PC–3 due to redox environment during early diagenetic of marine sediments. The MFW and A–CN–K diagrams show an intense weathering trend, and backward trend of the MFW diagram and the major elements provenance discriminant diagram refers to the mature polycyclic quartzes provenance and originated dominantly from felsic to intermediate igneous rocks. The trend of the SiO2/Al2O3–Na2O/K2O shows the hydraulic sorting effect and sediments were originated primarily from a recycled sedimentary provenance. The CIA (67.68–80.89), ICV (0.60–1.29, avg. 0.83) and K2O/Na2O ratios show a moderate to high maturity of the sediments and is derived from both weak and intensively weathered source rocks. Discriminate diagrams related to tectonic provenance refer to the deposit of the sediment dominantly under the influence of collision (active continental collision, compression) and mature sediment derived to the depositional basin after upliftment of the source areas after that collision.","PeriodicalId":350455,"journal":{"name":"Eearth","volume":"641 ","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114051991","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-18DOI: 10.11648/J.EARTH.20200901.14
Tokuma Urgessa, D. Lemessa
The rapidly changing landuse/landcover at various scales mainly during the past recent decades have caused the degradation of biodiversity and this in turn has affected the human wellbeing in Ethiopia. However, adequate study is lacking particularly in Walmara district where intensive cereal based faming system is exerted by the rapidly increasing rural population growth. Hence, the aim of this study was to examine the spatiotemoral pattern of the landuse/landcover change that has taken place in 1985 and in 2017. For this, two Landsat images (30×30m resolution) were used to analyze temporal landuse/landcover changes with the application of Geographic information system (GIS) techniques and remote sensing (RS) using Quantum GIS (version: 2.18). Here, a supervised image classification technique was applied with Maximum likelihood classification algorism. With this analysis six main landuse/land cover types namely, cropland, grassland, forest land, settlement, wetland and water body were identified. In 1985 the areas of cropland (52816ha), grass land (16755ha), forest land (4633ha), wetland (1665ha), settlement (1124ha) and waterbody (125ha), while in 2017, the areas of cropland (64984ha), grass land (2442), forest land (4329ha), wetland (1404ha), settlement (3790ha) and waterbody (170ha). These results show that over the last thirty years, in the study district, the area covered by crops has increased by 15.8%, settlement area by 3.5% while, in contrast, the areas covered by grassland has shrunk by 18.6%, forest area by 0.4% in 2017. The major reasons for such rapid changes in landuse/landcover in the study are land exploration for agricultural purpose and built ups for settlement and small scale factories. Overall, the present finding suggest the essence of devising integrated landuse policy and plan to sustainably utilize the limited land and land resources and to reduce the impact of climate change that is occurring mainly due to the unwise use of these resources.
{"title":"Spatiotemporal Landuse Land Cover Changes in Walmara District, Central Oromia, Ethiopia","authors":"Tokuma Urgessa, D. Lemessa","doi":"10.11648/J.EARTH.20200901.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.EARTH.20200901.14","url":null,"abstract":"The rapidly changing landuse/landcover at various scales mainly during the past recent decades have caused the degradation of biodiversity and this in turn has affected the human wellbeing in Ethiopia. However, adequate study is lacking particularly in Walmara district where intensive cereal based faming system is exerted by the rapidly increasing rural population growth. Hence, the aim of this study was to examine the spatiotemoral pattern of the landuse/landcover change that has taken place in 1985 and in 2017. For this, two Landsat images (30×30m resolution) were used to analyze temporal landuse/landcover changes with the application of Geographic information system (GIS) techniques and remote sensing (RS) using Quantum GIS (version: 2.18). Here, a supervised image classification technique was applied with Maximum likelihood classification algorism. With this analysis six main landuse/land cover types namely, cropland, grassland, forest land, settlement, wetland and water body were identified. In 1985 the areas of cropland (52816ha), grass land (16755ha), forest land (4633ha), wetland (1665ha), settlement (1124ha) and waterbody (125ha), while in 2017, the areas of cropland (64984ha), grass land (2442), forest land (4329ha), wetland (1404ha), settlement (3790ha) and waterbody (170ha). These results show that over the last thirty years, in the study district, the area covered by crops has increased by 15.8%, settlement area by 3.5% while, in contrast, the areas covered by grassland has shrunk by 18.6%, forest area by 0.4% in 2017. The major reasons for such rapid changes in landuse/landcover in the study are land exploration for agricultural purpose and built ups for settlement and small scale factories. Overall, the present finding suggest the essence of devising integrated landuse policy and plan to sustainably utilize the limited land and land resources and to reduce the impact of climate change that is occurring mainly due to the unwise use of these resources.","PeriodicalId":350455,"journal":{"name":"Eearth","volume":"102 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122468975","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-09DOI: 10.11648/J.EARTH.20200901.13
Kun-Sung Liu
In this article, the seismic hazard potential in northern Taiwan, including Taipei City, New Taipei City, Keelung City and northern Taoyuan areas are estimated in the form of peak ground acceleration, peak ground velocity and Modified Mercalli Intensity as well as to assess attendant potential human fatalities from a scenario earthquake on the Sanchiao active fault in these areas. By using ground motion prediction equation method in a case of Mw6.88 resulting in the ShakeMap patterns of ground motion, showed the areas of PGA above 400 gals are located in the regions inside the yellow lines of the PGA contour map. Furthermore, the areas of PGA greater than 637 gal are located in the northern Bali and the border area of Sinjhuang and Shulin. Likewise, the high PGV area greater than 60 cm/s are located in the border area of Sinjhuang, Taishan and Shulin. In addition, from estimation of potential human fatalities for a scenario earthquake on the Sanchiao active fault, it is noted that potential fatalities increase rapidly in people above age 45. Total fatalities reach a high peak in age groups of 55–64. Another to pay special attention by Taipei City Government is the number and percentage of fatalities above age 85 are more in Taipei City with values of 419 and 8.54% than New than Taipei City with values of 319 and 5.02%. In addition, it is surprising that the number and percentage of fatalities are 1234 and 9.75%, respectively in Taoyuan City. Overall, the results of this paper will enable both local and central governments in Taiwan to take notice of potential earthquake threat in these areas, as well as to improve decision making with respect to emergency preparedness, response, and recovery activities for earthquakes in northern Taiwan.
{"title":"Estimation of Seismic Hazard Potential and Attendant Potential Human Fatalities from a Scenario Earthquake on the Sanchiao Fault in Northern Taiwan","authors":"Kun-Sung Liu","doi":"10.11648/J.EARTH.20200901.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.EARTH.20200901.13","url":null,"abstract":"In this article, the seismic hazard potential in northern Taiwan, including Taipei City, New Taipei City, Keelung City and northern Taoyuan areas are estimated in the form of peak ground acceleration, peak ground velocity and Modified Mercalli Intensity as well as to assess attendant potential human fatalities from a scenario earthquake on the Sanchiao active fault in these areas. By using ground motion prediction equation method in a case of Mw6.88 resulting in the ShakeMap patterns of ground motion, showed the areas of PGA above 400 gals are located in the regions inside the yellow lines of the PGA contour map. Furthermore, the areas of PGA greater than 637 gal are located in the northern Bali and the border area of Sinjhuang and Shulin. Likewise, the high PGV area greater than 60 cm/s are located in the border area of Sinjhuang, Taishan and Shulin. In addition, from estimation of potential human fatalities for a scenario earthquake on the Sanchiao active fault, it is noted that potential fatalities increase rapidly in people above age 45. Total fatalities reach a high peak in age groups of 55–64. Another to pay special attention by Taipei City Government is the number and percentage of fatalities above age 85 are more in Taipei City with values of 419 and 8.54% than New than Taipei City with values of 319 and 5.02%. In addition, it is surprising that the number and percentage of fatalities are 1234 and 9.75%, respectively in Taoyuan City. Overall, the results of this paper will enable both local and central governments in Taiwan to take notice of potential earthquake threat in these areas, as well as to improve decision making with respect to emergency preparedness, response, and recovery activities for earthquakes in northern Taiwan.","PeriodicalId":350455,"journal":{"name":"Eearth","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122089711","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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