Although the name of Ferenc Hunyadi is known in Hungarian literary history mainly for his Hungarian-language historical song about the peril of Troy, there also exist more than five thousand lines of Latin poetry by him which have not been collected or published since the 16th century. Another eleven of his poems are known from a manuscript written by a Unitarian pastor in the early 17th century. A further, one-distich poem was recorded by István Szamosközy. The date of composition of his poems in manuscript can be placed roughly between the end of 1586 and 1599. In addition to these, there is also a manuscript kept in Oxford in which Hunyadi gives prescriptions for febrile diseases. As a starting point for further research, this paper summarises what is currently known about Hunyadi and his works.
{"title":"Ferenc Hunyadi, an almost completely forgotten Transylvanian humanist","authors":"D. Molnár","doi":"10.1556/044.2022.00199","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1556/044.2022.00199","url":null,"abstract":"Although the name of Ferenc Hunyadi is known in Hungarian literary history mainly for his Hungarian-language historical song about the peril of Troy, there also exist more than five thousand lines of Latin poetry by him which have not been collected or published since the 16th century. Another eleven of his poems are known from a manuscript written by a Unitarian pastor in the early 17th century. A further, one-distich poem was recorded by István Szamosközy. The date of composition of his poems in manuscript can be placed roughly between the end of 1586 and 1599. In addition to these, there is also a manuscript kept in Oxford in which Hunyadi gives prescriptions for febrile diseases. As a starting point for further research, this paper summarises what is currently known about Hunyadi and his works.","PeriodicalId":35072,"journal":{"name":"Hungarian Studies","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45691070","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
It is well known that, alongside Lutheranism and Calvinism, other, even more radical forms of Protestantism emerged in the 16th century, attacking fundamental Christian beliefs such as the dogma of the Trinity. However, neither Catholic, nor Protestant states welcomed heterodox views, so their proponents were forced to flee to the East, where they were permitted to build their own churches in Poland and Transylvania. In the western parts of the continent they were largely unknown, so when the first representatives of the Counter-Reformation (mainly Jesuits) arrived, they were confronted with a new, obscure foe. Antonio Possevino, one of the most well-known and influential figures of the Catholic Reformation, wrote a lengthy polemic book against Antitrinitarism based on his own experiences which he acquired in the early 1580s when he performed various missions in Poland and Transylvania, while also studying Antitrinitarism. Possevino's work outlines the history of Antitrinitarism, summarizes its doctrines, and refutes its most important book, De falsa et vera unius Dei … cognitione. Although Possevino's book is intriguing in and of itself, its publishing history is also worth noting. It was not published until 1586, after a heated debate between Possevino, his Jesuit censors, and the pope, and it was printed in three cities (Poznan, Cologne and Vilnius) at the same time with different titles and prefaces. Within a few years, the book was edited two more times. This history outlines some tactics on behalf of the Catholic Reformation, with a focus on the importance of printed books.
众所周知，除了路德教和加尔文主义，其他更激进的新教形式在16世纪出现，攻击基督教的基本信仰，如三一教义。然而，天主教和新教国家都不欢迎异端观点，因此他们的支持者被迫逃往东方，在那里他们被允许在波兰和特兰西瓦尼亚建造自己的教堂。在非洲大陆的西部地区，他们基本上不为人知，因此当反宗教改革的第一批代表（主要是耶稣会士）到来时，他们面临着一个新的、模糊的敌人。安东尼奥·波塞维诺（Antonio Posevino）是天主教改革运动中最知名和最有影响力的人物之一，他根据自己在1580年代初在波兰和特兰西瓦尼亚执行各种任务时获得的经验，写了一本反对反宗教主义的长篇论战书，同时也研究了反宗教主义。波塞维诺的著作概述了反宗教主义的历史，总结了其学说，并驳斥了其最重要的著作《De falsa et vera unius Dei…cognitionone》。尽管波塞维诺的书本身就很有趣，但它的出版历史也值得一提。直到1586年，在波塞维诺、他的耶稣会审查员和教皇之间的激烈辩论之后，这本书才出版，并在三个城市（波兹南、科隆和维尔纽斯）同时印刷，标题和序言各不相同。几年之内，这本书又被编辑了两次。这段历史概述了天主教改革的一些策略，重点是印刷书籍的重要性。
{"title":"Catholic Reformation and radical heterodoxy in Central-East Europe: Antonio Possevino against Antitrinitarism","authors":"Ádám Szabó","doi":"10.1556/044.2022.00202","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1556/044.2022.00202","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 It is well known that, alongside Lutheranism and Calvinism, other, even more radical forms of Protestantism emerged in the 16th century, attacking fundamental Christian beliefs such as the dogma of the Trinity. However, neither Catholic, nor Protestant states welcomed heterodox views, so their proponents were forced to flee to the East, where they were permitted to build their own churches in Poland and Transylvania. In the western parts of the continent they were largely unknown, so when the first representatives of the Counter-Reformation (mainly Jesuits) arrived, they were confronted with a new, obscure foe.\u0000 Antonio Possevino, one of the most well-known and influential figures of the Catholic Reformation, wrote a lengthy polemic book against Antitrinitarism based on his own experiences which he acquired in the early 1580s when he performed various missions in Poland and Transylvania, while also studying Antitrinitarism. Possevino's work outlines the history of Antitrinitarism, summarizes its doctrines, and refutes its most important book, De falsa et vera unius Dei … cognitione. Although Possevino's book is intriguing in and of itself, its publishing history is also worth noting. It was not published until 1586, after a heated debate between Possevino, his Jesuit censors, and the pope, and it was printed in three cities (Poznan, Cologne and Vilnius) at the same time with different titles and prefaces. Within a few years, the book was edited two more times. This history outlines some tactics on behalf of the Catholic Reformation, with a focus on the importance of printed books.","PeriodicalId":35072,"journal":{"name":"Hungarian Studies","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49599989","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Non-finite verb forms, in-between verbs and nouns and also in-between inflection and derivation, pose challenges to grammar writing. In the largely Latin-based European grammar traditions, three or four main types of non-finites are often distinguished: infinitives, participles, verbal adverbs (gerunds, converbs), and – often most closely connected to the participles but classified as derivation rather than inflection – deverbal noun derivatives. Hungarian, Finnish, and Estonian, the three Uralic state languages with a strong tradition of written cultivation, are situated at the western end of the language family and display a strong “Europeanization” also in their systems of non-finites. Yet, these systems differ greatly even from each other. In this paper, the classification and nomenclature of non-finites in Hungarian grammars are compared with Finnish and Estonian. The Finnish grammar tradition is based on morphological substance but, failing to acknowledge the category of converbs, ends up exploiting the term “infinitive” in a way which is syntactically and semantically meaningless. The Estonian grammars vacillate between an opportunistic use of traditional European grammar terms and a simple listing of forms at a minimal level of abstraction. Hungarian grammars, in turn, present the non-finites in a way which is incompatible with other grammar traditions and is internally contradictory.
{"title":"An infinitive by any other name: On the non-finites in Hungarian, Finnish and Estonian grammars","authors":"J. Laakso","doi":"10.1556/044.2022.00168","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1556/044.2022.00168","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Non-finite verb forms, in-between verbs and nouns and also in-between inflection and derivation, pose challenges to grammar writing. In the largely Latin-based European grammar traditions, three or four main types of non-finites are often distinguished: infinitives, participles, verbal adverbs (gerunds, converbs), and – often most closely connected to the participles but classified as derivation rather than inflection – deverbal noun derivatives. Hungarian, Finnish, and Estonian, the three Uralic state languages with a strong tradition of written cultivation, are situated at the western end of the language family and display a strong “Europeanization” also in their systems of non-finites. Yet, these systems differ greatly even from each other.\u0000 In this paper, the classification and nomenclature of non-finites in Hungarian grammars are compared with Finnish and Estonian. The Finnish grammar tradition is based on morphological substance but, failing to acknowledge the category of converbs, ends up exploiting the term “infinitive” in a way which is syntactically and semantically meaningless. The Estonian grammars vacillate between an opportunistic use of traditional European grammar terms and a simple listing of forms at a minimal level of abstraction. Hungarian grammars, in turn, present the non-finites in a way which is incompatible with other grammar traditions and is internally contradictory.","PeriodicalId":35072,"journal":{"name":"Hungarian Studies","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48089948","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The study discusses the possibilities of the scholarly processing of Hungarian queer literature. In particular, it takes into account the diversity of interpretive strategies and focuses on methods that can productively liberate canonized interpretations and act subversively against the expropriation and manipulation of literary texts. The imported categories of queer study of literature can often only be applied with modifications to Hungarian and Central European literature. The author argues that queer interpretation is not a stigma, nor is it a trademark, but a field of freedom.
{"title":"Hungarian queer: The chances of a paradigm in writing Hungarian literary history","authors":"Zoltán Csehy","doi":"10.1556/044.2022.00182","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1556/044.2022.00182","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The study discusses the possibilities of the scholarly processing of Hungarian queer literature. In particular, it takes into account the diversity of interpretive strategies and focuses on methods that can productively liberate canonized interpretations and act subversively against the expropriation and manipulation of literary texts. The imported categories of queer study of literature can often only be applied with modifications to Hungarian and Central European literature. The author argues that queer interpretation is not a stigma, nor is it a trademark, but a field of freedom.","PeriodicalId":35072,"journal":{"name":"Hungarian Studies","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49252969","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The present study offers a re-evaluation of literary production in Hungary under the Jagiellonian kings Wladislas II and Louis II. Traditionally, the literary works produced in this period have been contrasted to the blossoming of humanist literature under King Matthias, and disregarded in many respects. The aim of this study is to make a survey of the main authors and other agents of the literary culture of this period and to stress that this age experienced an unseen growth and expansion in late medieval and humanist scholarly and lay culture. While János Horváth called the authors of this period “humanists with party allegiances”, I argue that their stronger “party allegiance” is, in fact, the direct result of the steady growth in the number of intellectuals with a modern, humanistic educational outlook, and of a less centralized state.
{"title":"Renaissance humanism in the age of the Jagiellonian kings in Hungary (1490–1526)","authors":"Farkas Gábor Kiss","doi":"10.1556/044.2022.00173","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1556/044.2022.00173","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The present study offers a re-evaluation of literary production in Hungary under the Jagiellonian kings Wladislas II and Louis II. Traditionally, the literary works produced in this period have been contrasted to the blossoming of humanist literature under King Matthias, and disregarded in many respects. The aim of this study is to make a survey of the main authors and other agents of the literary culture of this period and to stress that this age experienced an unseen growth and expansion in late medieval and humanist scholarly and lay culture. While János Horváth called the authors of this period “humanists with party allegiances”, I argue that their stronger “party allegiance” is, in fact, the direct result of the steady growth in the number of intellectuals with a modern, humanistic educational outlook, and of a less centralized state.","PeriodicalId":35072,"journal":{"name":"Hungarian Studies","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41480332","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The paper deals with the copperplate engraving that stands at the beginning of the main theological treatise of Álvaro de Cienfuegos, bishop of Pécs (Hungary) between 1737 and 1739. The sophisticated work includes also an artistic engraving which is clearly part of the written treatise. The study aims to point out how comprehensively the engraving presents the author's basic intellectual attitude and essential details of the theoretical work. It is a real challenge for the audience of all times: Only in the case of a successful decoding it is possible to feel not only worthy, but also suitable and prepared to read, study and understand the two-volume treatise.
本文论述了1737年至1739年间佩茨（匈牙利）主教阿尔瓦罗·德·西恩富戈斯（Álvaro de Cienfuegos）主要神学论文开头的铜版版画。这件复杂的作品还包括一个艺术雕刻，这显然是书面论文的一部分。本研究旨在指出版画如何全面地呈现作者的基本知识态度和理论工作的基本细节。这对所有时代的观众来说都是一个真正的挑战：只有在成功解码的情况下，才有可能感到不仅有价值，而且适合阅读、学习和理解这篇两卷本的论文。
{"title":"„Videmus nunc per speculum“ Selbstrepräsentation und Belehrung auf dem Kupferstich in Aenigma theologicum von Álvaro de Cienfuegos","authors":"Imre Gábor Majorossy","doi":"10.1556/044.2022.00171","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1556/044.2022.00171","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The paper deals with the copperplate engraving that stands at the beginning of the main theological treatise of Álvaro de Cienfuegos, bishop of Pécs (Hungary) between 1737 and 1739. The sophisticated work includes also an artistic engraving which is clearly part of the written treatise. The study aims to point out how comprehensively the engraving presents the author's basic intellectual attitude and essential details of the theoretical work. It is a real challenge for the audience of all times: Only in the case of a successful decoding it is possible to feel not only worthy, but also suitable and prepared to read, study and understand the two-volume treatise.","PeriodicalId":35072,"journal":{"name":"Hungarian Studies","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48555536","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Within half a century, there were two Unitarian authors who created rhymed Hungarian translations of the Book of Psalms – Miklós Fazakas Bogáti at the end of the 16th century and János Thordai in 1627. There are still unanswered questions regarding these translations: why did Bogáti's translation not spread among Unitarian congregations? Was Thordai acquainted with Bogáti's translation? This paper explores the circle of possible answers to these questions from various perspectives. It also examines Bogáti's biography and the subsequent legacy of his Psalterium, taking into account the context of Church history and the history of publishing Unitarian songbooks. In addition, the poetics of the two translations are analysed. Based on these it transpires that there were several circumstances that made the spreading of the Psalterium difficult. However, Thordai's work should not be viewed solely as depending on Bogáti's translation, since it is not certain that Thordai was trying to fill a gap with his translation. The Transylvanian Unitarians did not necessarily intend to publish a complete Unitarian translation of the Book of Psalms in their songbooks.
{"title":"Biblical criticism and congregational singing two Unitarian translations of the Book of Psalms in 16–17th-century Transylvania","authors":"Mihály Etlinger, Áron Szatmári","doi":"10.1556/044.2022.00196","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1556/044.2022.00196","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Within half a century, there were two Unitarian authors who created rhymed Hungarian translations of the Book of Psalms – Miklós Fazakas Bogáti at the end of the 16th century and János Thordai in 1627. There are still unanswered questions regarding these translations: why did Bogáti's translation not spread among Unitarian congregations? Was Thordai acquainted with Bogáti's translation?\u0000 This paper explores the circle of possible answers to these questions from various perspectives. It also examines Bogáti's biography and the subsequent legacy of his Psalterium, taking into account the context of Church history and the history of publishing Unitarian songbooks. In addition, the poetics of the two translations are analysed. Based on these it transpires that there were several circumstances that made the spreading of the Psalterium difficult.\u0000 However, Thordai's work should not be viewed solely as depending on Bogáti's translation, since it is not certain that Thordai was trying to fill a gap with his translation. The Transylvanian Unitarians did not necessarily intend to publish a complete Unitarian translation of the Book of Psalms in their songbooks.","PeriodicalId":35072,"journal":{"name":"Hungarian Studies","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41423897","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
When one examines the descriptions of Hungarian travellers of the 16th–17th centuries, it can be stated that the young people – as the listed examples all bring to life the journeys of young people – were prepared for the trips. These young travellers were also accompanied by teachers, and they could read about the geography and people of the area to be visited in the libraries at home. It is also important that eruditive knowledge, complemented by the experience of the trip, reinforces the knowledge read. They also knew the importance of book publishing and the book trade, and we could cite more passages in this regard than in the case of libraries. The libraries they saw were admired, but usually left unmentioned. They must have visited the university library, yet we can hardly find any information about this in the letters and diaries sent to patrons and parents. In our study, we present and cite some examples, but we mention cases where the traveller also noticed the decoration of the library – paintings, sculptures – and furnishings. Globes are mentioned more often. At the end of the study, I mention that from the end of the 17th century we know of a university debate (dissertation) about libraries. Under the leadership of praesens Johann Georg Zihn, Adam Gruber, a citizen of Sopron, defended his thesis, Disputatio de bibliothecis (Leipzig, 1678). It is also the first library science work by an author from Hungary.
当我们审视16-17世纪匈牙利旅行者的描述时，可以说，年轻人——正如列举的所有例子都让年轻人的旅程栩栩如生——已经为旅行做好了准备。这些年轻的旅行者也有老师陪同，他们可以在家里的图书馆里阅读该地区的地理和人民。同样重要的是，渊博的知识，再加上旅行的经验，可以加强知识的阅读。他们也知道图书出版和图书贸易的重要性，我们可以在这方面引用比图书馆更多的段落。他们看到的图书馆令人钦佩，但通常没有提及。他们一定参观过大学图书馆，但在发给读者和家长的信件和日记中，我们几乎找不到任何关于这方面的信息。在我们的研究中，我们列举了一些例子，但我们提到了旅行者也注意到图书馆装饰——绘画、雕塑和家具的案例。金球奖被提及的频率更高。在研究的最后，我提到，从17世纪末开始，我们就知道有一场关于图书馆的大学辩论（论文）。在哲学家Johann-Georg Zihn的领导下，索布隆市民Adam Gruber为他的论文《文献争议》（Disputatio de bibliothecis）进行了辩护（莱比锡，1678年）。这也是匈牙利作家的第一部图书馆学著作。
{"title":"Ungarische Reisende über europäische Bibliotheken im 16. und 17. Jahrhundert","authors":"István Monok","doi":"10.1556/044.2022.00172","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1556/044.2022.00172","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 When one examines the descriptions of Hungarian travellers of the 16th–17th centuries, it can be stated that the young people – as the listed examples all bring to life the journeys of young people – were prepared for the trips. These young travellers were also accompanied by teachers, and they could read about the geography and people of the area to be visited in the libraries at home. It is also important that eruditive knowledge, complemented by the experience of the trip, reinforces the knowledge read. They also knew the importance of book publishing and the book trade, and we could cite more passages in this regard than in the case of libraries. The libraries they saw were admired, but usually left unmentioned. They must have visited the university library, yet we can hardly find any information about this in the letters and diaries sent to patrons and parents. In our study, we present and cite some examples, but we mention cases where the traveller also noticed the decoration of the library – paintings, sculptures – and furnishings. Globes are mentioned more often. At the end of the study, I mention that from the end of the 17th century we know of a university debate (dissertation) about libraries. Under the leadership of praesens Johann Georg Zihn, Adam Gruber, a citizen of Sopron, defended his thesis, Disputatio de bibliothecis (Leipzig, 1678). It is also the first library science work by an author from Hungary.","PeriodicalId":35072,"journal":{"name":"Hungarian Studies","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41741373","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
One of the most outstanding cultural events of the year 2019 is the facsimile edition of the Hungarian Szalkai Codex, thanks for which are due to cooperation between the Library of the Primate of Esztergom and the Collection of the Roman Catholic Church at Sárospatak. This outstanding cultural asset, written at Sárospatak (called Patak at that time) and guarded at Esztergom, serves as a curiosity not only for researchers interested in palaeography but also for specialists working in different fields of the history of education. This codex is not only the oldest, but at the same time the only surviving Hungarian schoolbook from the Middle Ages. With its help we may reconstruct some of the ways in which town (parish) schools operated under the reign of King Matthias. The present study focuses on medieval music education.
{"title":"The first surviving ‘schoolbook’ of Hungarian music education: The Szalkai Codex","authors":"J. Kelemen","doi":"10.1556/044.2022.00201","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1556/044.2022.00201","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 One of the most outstanding cultural events of the year 2019 is the facsimile edition of the Hungarian Szalkai Codex, thanks for which are due to cooperation between the Library of the Primate of Esztergom and the Collection of the Roman Catholic Church at Sárospatak. This outstanding cultural asset, written at Sárospatak (called Patak at that time) and guarded at Esztergom, serves as a curiosity not only for researchers interested in palaeography but also for specialists working in different fields of the history of education. This codex is not only the oldest, but at the same time the only surviving Hungarian schoolbook from the Middle Ages. With its help we may reconstruct some of the ways in which town (parish) schools operated under the reign of King Matthias. The present study focuses on medieval music education.","PeriodicalId":35072,"journal":{"name":"Hungarian Studies","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47231221","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Carolus Clusius (Charles de l’Écluse, 1526–1609), one of the most renowned naturalists of sixteenth-century Europe, was a versatile man of letters. One of his fields of interest neglected in scholarship is his attitude and activities around what was called fossilia at that time, and what can today be called non-living naturalia: metals, gems, various strange „stones”, fossils, medicinal earths. Such naturalia appear several times in his correspondence: this study reviews how Clusius took part in the collecting, exchange and discussions about these inorganic objects in the European respublica litteraria. He could even be involved in geological or palaeontological issues of his age. The investigation will not only throw light on the activities of Clusius and some of his correspondents, but also taps into to the broader topic of communication and exchange in the Literary Republic of the time, and may even contribute to the history of the natural sciences in the period. Some of the non-living naturalia Clusius was interested in (like „Saint Ladislaus's coin” or the medicinal earth of Tokaj) could be found in Hungary and he looked for them by way of friends in that region (it is known that one of his most important patrons was the Hungarian aristocrat Boldizsár Batthyány). For reasons of space, the study will be published in two parts: Sections 1–3 can be read in this issue, while Sections 4–7 will be published in the next.
克劳修斯(Charles de l ' Écluse, 1526-1609)是16世纪欧洲最著名的博物学家之一，也是一位多才多艺的文学家。他感兴趣的一个领域被学术界忽视了，那就是他对当时被称为化石的东西的态度和活动，以及今天被称为无生命的自然物:金属、宝石、各种奇怪的“石头”、化石、药用土。这样的自然物在克劳修斯的书信中多次出现:本研究回顾了克劳修斯是如何参与欧洲文学史上对这些无机物的收集、交流和讨论的。他甚至可能涉及他那个时代的地质或古生物学问题。这一调查不仅可以揭示克劳修斯和他的一些通讯记者的活动，而且还可以探讨当时文学共和国的交流和交流这一更广泛的话题，甚至可能对这一时期的自然科学史有所贡献。克劳修斯感兴趣的一些非生物自然物(如“圣拉迪斯劳斯的硬币”或托卡伊的药用土)可以在匈牙利找到，他通过该地区的朋友寻找它们(众所周知，他最重要的赞助人之一是匈牙利贵族Boldizsár Batthyány)。由于篇幅的原因，该研究将分为两部分发表:1-3部分可以在本期中阅读，4-7部分将在下一期中发表。
{"title":"Non-living naturalia in Clusius's correspondence, Part I. Clusius's collection and Cromer's subterranean adventures","authors":"Á. Orbán","doi":"10.1556/044.2022.00208","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1556/044.2022.00208","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Carolus Clusius (Charles de l’Écluse, 1526–1609), one of the most renowned naturalists of sixteenth-century Europe, was a versatile man of letters. One of his fields of interest neglected in scholarship is his attitude and activities around what was called fossilia at that time, and what can today be called non-living naturalia: metals, gems, various strange „stones”, fossils, medicinal earths. Such naturalia appear several times in his correspondence: this study reviews how Clusius took part in the collecting, exchange and discussions about these inorganic objects in the European respublica litteraria. He could even be involved in geological or palaeontological issues of his age. The investigation will not only throw light on the activities of Clusius and some of his correspondents, but also taps into to the broader topic of communication and exchange in the Literary Republic of the time, and may even contribute to the history of the natural sciences in the period. Some of the non-living naturalia Clusius was interested in (like „Saint Ladislaus's coin” or the medicinal earth of Tokaj) could be found in Hungary and he looked for them by way of friends in that region (it is known that one of his most important patrons was the Hungarian aristocrat Boldizsár Batthyány). For reasons of space, the study will be published in two parts: Sections 1–3 can be read in this issue, while Sections 4–7 will be published in the next.","PeriodicalId":35072,"journal":{"name":"Hungarian Studies","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42804854","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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