Artikkel toob esile, millised on mitme osalejaga multimodaalses suhtlussituatsioonis seosed modaalsuste vahel tahenduste kujundamisel ja vastuvotmisel. Teoreetiliselt lahtume suhtlusakti struktuuri analuusist ning keskendume multimodaalsele kommunikatsioonile. Naitame, millisel viisil on mitme osalejaga suhtluses voimalik kasutada osalejate kommunikatiivset potentsiaali, et edastada ja vastu votta tahendusi ning sooritada konkreetseid suhtlustegevusi. Analuus toob valja osalejate verbaalsete ja mitteverbaalsete suhtlusmodaalsuste rolli tahenduse konstrueerimisel ja uksteise moistmisel, kui kujutatakse referenti voi osutatakse sellele. Andmed parinevad Peipsi jarve rannakulade elanike suhtlussituatsioonide audio- ja videosalvestuste korpusest, mis on lindistatud loomulikus situatsioonis valitingimustes. "Structure of multimodal communicative acts and formation of meaning in multiparty communication situations" The article elaborates on the structure of a multimodal act, and thereby also the underlying cognitive processes. The current paper presents a study on the basis of empirical data concerning utilization of communication modalities on transmission and successful reception of the meaning in a situation with concurrent presence of objects in the communicative space. The analyzed materials originate from corpora of audio- and videotape recordings of native inhabitants from shore villages of the lake Peipus (Research Group on Multimodal Communication, University of Tartu). The method of microanalysis of video recordings as well as theories of multimodal communication were employed in the research. The method and theoretical term base were combined pursuant to the data under analysis. Five people participated in the communication situation and the conversation took place in Russian. The analysis encompasses identification of the conversational topic and description of the physical space, movements and linguistic aspects.
{"title":"Multimodaalse suhtlusakti struktuur ja tähenduse kujunemine mitme osalejaga suhtlussituatsioonis","authors":"Dmitri Kulakov, Silvi Tenjes","doi":"10.5128/ERYA13.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5128/ERYA13.12","url":null,"abstract":"Artikkel toob esile, millised on mitme osalejaga multimodaalses suhtlussituatsioonis seosed modaalsuste vahel tahenduste kujundamisel ja vastuvotmisel. Teoreetiliselt lahtume suhtlusakti struktuuri analuusist ning keskendume multimodaalsele kommunikatsioonile. Naitame, millisel viisil on mitme osalejaga suhtluses voimalik kasutada osalejate kommunikatiivset potentsiaali, et edastada ja vastu votta tahendusi ning sooritada konkreetseid suhtlustegevusi. Analuus toob valja osalejate verbaalsete ja mitteverbaalsete suhtlusmodaalsuste rolli tahenduse konstrueerimisel ja uksteise moistmisel, kui kujutatakse referenti voi osutatakse sellele. Andmed parinevad Peipsi jarve rannakulade elanike suhtlussituatsioonide audio- ja videosalvestuste korpusest, mis on lindistatud loomulikus situatsioonis valitingimustes. \"Structure of multimodal communicative acts and formation of meaning in multiparty communication situations\" The article elaborates on the structure of a multimodal act, and thereby also the underlying cognitive processes. The current paper presents a study on the basis of empirical data concerning utilization of communication modalities on transmission and successful reception of the meaning in a situation with concurrent presence of objects in the communicative space. The analyzed materials originate from corpora of audio- and videotape recordings of native inhabitants from shore villages of the lake Peipus (Research Group on Multimodal Communication, University of Tartu). The method of microanalysis of video recordings as well as theories of multimodal communication were employed in the research. The method and theoretical term base were combined pursuant to the data under analysis. Five people participated in the communication situation and the conversation took place in Russian. The analysis encompasses identification of the conversational topic and description of the physical space, movements and linguistic aspects.","PeriodicalId":35118,"journal":{"name":"Eesti Rakenduslingvistika Uhingu Aastaraamat","volume":"9 2 1","pages":"187-203"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78187301","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Artiklis tutvustame lugemiseksperimenti, mille pohjal uurime nn varieeruva valtega sonade haaldust. Varieeruva valtega sonade maaratlemisel lahtume oigekeelsussonaraamatu (OS 2013) normingutest – uurime sonu, mida lubatakse haaldada nii teises kui kolmandas valtes. Analuusime sonade pearohulise ja jargsilbi kestussuhteid ja vordleme saadud andmeid kuuldelise hinnangu tulemustega. Uurime, kas sarnase silbistruktuuri ja sama sonaliigilise kuuluvusega sonade haalduses on sarnaseid jooni. Rakenduslikust aspektist kannus- tab uurimust vajadus leida lahendus probleemidele, mida varieeruvus tekitab tekst-kone sunteesi protsessis. Uuringu tulemusel selgusid peamised trendid varieeruva valtega sonade haalduseelistustes. Nii silpide kestussuhete kui kuuldelise hinnangu alusel moodustusid kindlad sonaruhmad, kus domineeris uks voi teine valde. Sonatuupide kaupa analuus voimaldas maarata ka valte varieerumise trende tuubiti, nt koik kolmesilbilised lik -liitelised adjektiivid uhe erandiga haaldusid kolmandas valtes. "Words of variable quantity degrees as a problem for speech synthesis" Estonian text-to-speech synthesis relies in its determination of pronunciation on the Dictionary of Standard Estonian (OS 2013), which is the basis of standard Estonian. However, for roughly 300 words, this dictionary allows pronunciation with both the second and third quantity degree. This causes problems in the text-to-speech synthesis system, since the automatic text analysis cannot handle multiple outputs. It is necessary to give preference to one of the pronunciation variants in the text analysis process, and therefore it is important to identify which variant is more common among language users in actual speech. For the studies of quantity degrees, words were chosen which OS 2013 lists as being pronounced with both the second and third quantity degree. This study is based on a reading experiment conducted with 23 informants (15 women and 8 men), in which each informant read 52 sentences aloud. These sentences contained 47 target words, i.e. words of variable quantity degrees; in total, the study yielded 1080 pronunciation instances to examine. The group of target words includes those with varying vowel quantity degrees as well as those with varying consonant quantity degrees; the duration ratios characteristic of each quantity degree were calculated on the basis of the primary-stress syllable and the unstressed syllable following it. The average duration ratio for the second quantity degree is 1.8, and for the third quantity degree 2.9. These results are similar to those obtained in previous studies. On the basis of the informants’ pronunciation, the words were grouped into three categories: second quantity degree, variable quantity degree (where neither the second nor the third quantity degree accounted for more than 2/3 of all pronunciations) and third quantity degree. Based on the duration ratio, 8 words fell into the second quantity degree group; however, based on au
{"title":"Varieeruva vältega sõnade hääldusuuringud kõnesünteesi teenistuses","authors":"L. Piits, Mari-Liis Kalvik","doi":"10.5128/ERYA13.08","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5128/ERYA13.08","url":null,"abstract":"Artiklis tutvustame lugemiseksperimenti, mille pohjal uurime nn varieeruva valtega sonade haaldust. Varieeruva valtega sonade maaratlemisel lahtume oigekeelsussonaraamatu (OS 2013) normingutest – uurime sonu, mida lubatakse haaldada nii teises kui kolmandas valtes. Analuusime sonade pearohulise ja jargsilbi kestussuhteid ja vordleme saadud andmeid kuuldelise hinnangu tulemustega. Uurime, kas sarnase silbistruktuuri ja sama sonaliigilise kuuluvusega sonade haalduses on sarnaseid jooni. Rakenduslikust aspektist kannus- tab uurimust vajadus leida lahendus probleemidele, mida varieeruvus tekitab tekst-kone sunteesi protsessis. Uuringu tulemusel selgusid peamised trendid varieeruva valtega sonade haalduseelistustes. Nii silpide kestussuhete kui kuuldelise hinnangu alusel moodustusid kindlad sonaruhmad, kus domineeris uks voi teine valde. Sonatuupide kaupa analuus voimaldas maarata ka valte varieerumise trende tuubiti, nt koik kolmesilbilised lik -liitelised adjektiivid uhe erandiga haaldusid kolmandas valtes. \"Words of variable quantity degrees as a problem for speech synthesis\" Estonian text-to-speech synthesis relies in its determination of pronunciation on the Dictionary of Standard Estonian (OS 2013), which is the basis of standard Estonian. However, for roughly 300 words, this dictionary allows pronunciation with both the second and third quantity degree. This causes problems in the text-to-speech synthesis system, since the automatic text analysis cannot handle multiple outputs. It is necessary to give preference to one of the pronunciation variants in the text analysis process, and therefore it is important to identify which variant is more common among language users in actual speech. For the studies of quantity degrees, words were chosen which OS 2013 lists as being pronounced with both the second and third quantity degree. This study is based on a reading experiment conducted with 23 informants (15 women and 8 men), in which each informant read 52 sentences aloud. These sentences contained 47 target words, i.e. words of variable quantity degrees; in total, the study yielded 1080 pronunciation instances to examine. The group of target words includes those with varying vowel quantity degrees as well as those with varying consonant quantity degrees; the duration ratios characteristic of each quantity degree were calculated on the basis of the primary-stress syllable and the unstressed syllable following it. The average duration ratio for the second quantity degree is 1.8, and for the third quantity degree 2.9. These results are similar to those obtained in previous studies. On the basis of the informants’ pronunciation, the words were grouped into three categories: second quantity degree, variable quantity degree (where neither the second nor the third quantity degree accounted for more than 2/3 of all pronunciations) and third quantity degree. Based on the duration ratio, 8 words fell into the second quantity degree group; however, based on au","PeriodicalId":35118,"journal":{"name":"Eesti Rakenduslingvistika Uhingu Aastaraamat","volume":"44 1","pages":"123-140"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84034024","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Luca At Vernich, Reili Argus, Laura Kamandulyte-Merfeldiene
Using different experimental tasks, researchers have pointed to a possible correlation between grammatical gender and classification behaviour. Such effects, however, have been found comparing speakers of a relatively small set of languages. Therefore, it’s not clear whether evidence gathered can be generalized and extended to languages that are typologically different from those studied so far. To the best of our knowledge, Baltic and Finno-Ugric languages have never been examined in this respect. While most previous studies have used English as an example of gender-free languages, we chose Estonian because – contrary to English and like all Finno-Ugric languages – it does not use gendered pronouns (‘he’ vs. ‘she’) and is therefore more suitable as a baseline. We chose Lithuanian because the gender system of Baltic languages is interestingly different from the system of Romance and German languages tested so far. Taken together, our results support and extend previous findings and suggest that they are not restricted to a small group of languages. "Grammatiline sugu objektide kategoriseerimise mojutajana: eesti, itaalia ja leedu keele vordlev uurimus" Eri tuupi eksperimente kasutades on uurijad osutanud grammatilise soo ja objektide klassifitseerimise voimalikele seostele. Senised tulemused on saadud siiski suhteliselt vaheste keelte andmete vordlemisel. Seetottu ei ole teada, kas need jareldused on uldistatavad ka nendele keeltele, mille struktuur erineb siiani uuritud keeltest. Probleemi uurimiseks laiendasime vaadeldavate keelte hulka ja tegime grammatilise soo ja objektide kategoriseerimise seoste katse labi balti ja soome-ugri keelte hulka kuuvate keeltega, mida ei ole konealusest vaatenurgast uuritud. Enamik seniseid uuringuid on seadnud nn lahtepunktiks ehk grammatilise soota keeleks inglise keele. Siinses uuringus valisime aga selliseks lahtepunktiks hoopis eesti keele, kus erinevalt inglise keelest ei ole ka isikulistel asesonadel sootunnuseid ja mis on seetottu grammatilise soota keelte ekstreemsem esindaja. Teiseks uuritavaks keeleks valitud leedu keeles on grammatilise soo susteem vorreldes seni uuritud romaani ja germaani keeltega paljuski eriparane. Uhe sellise eriparana olgu mainitud asjaolu, et leedu keeles ei ole artikleid. Kolmas uuritud keel on itaalia, kus grammatiline sugu realiseerub indo-euroopa keeltele usna tavaparasel moel. Saadud tulemused kinnitavad seost emakeele grammatilise soo ja objektide kategoriseerimise vahel . Eesti, itaalia ja leedu keele konelejate vastuste vordlus naitas, et senised tulemused on uldistatavad ka tupoloogiliselt erinevate keeltele. Kokkuvotlikult voib vaita, et koneldav keel ja keelespetsiifiline kognitiivne kaitumine on seotud. Veelgi enam, tulemustest selgus, et koneldava keele grammatiline sugu kaalub ule ja vahel isegi jatab taiesti tahelepanuta ilmselt universaalse kontseptuaalse kalduvuse tajuda artefakte kui pigem meessoost ja looduslikke objekte pigem kui naissoost objekte.
通过不同的实验任务，研究人员指出了语法性别和分类行为之间可能存在的联系。然而，这种影响是在比较一小部分语言的使用者时发现的。因此，目前尚不清楚收集到的证据是否可以推广到与目前研究的语言在类型学上不同的语言。据我们所知，波罗的海语和芬兰-乌戈尔语从来没有在这方面进行过研究。虽然之前的大多数研究都将英语作为无性别语言的例子，但我们选择爱沙尼亚语是因为——与英语和所有芬兰-乌戈尔语不同——爱沙尼亚语不使用性别代词(“he”和“she”)，因此更适合作为基准。我们之所以选择立陶宛语，是因为波罗的海语言的性别系统与迄今为止测试过的罗曼语和德语的性别系统有趣地不同。综上所述，我们的结果支持并扩展了之前的发现，并表明它们并不局限于一小部分语言。“gramatiline sugu objektide categorisiserimise mojutajana: esti, italy ja leedu keele vordlev uurimus”Eri tuupi的实验研究了uurjad osutanud grammatilise sujelise sujelise voimalike seostele。sensentuleum用于saadud siiski, suteliski, vaheste keelte和metevordlemisel。在传统的龙骨测试中，需要使用的金属材料主要用于非稳态龙骨测试、非稳态龙骨测试、非稳态龙骨测试。problem - unimiseks的词性和语法都是相同的，例如:词性、词性、词性、词性、词性、词性、词性、词性、词性、词性、词性等。英国人喜欢用英语表达自己的观点，而英国人喜欢用英语表达自己的观点。中文的“语法化”是“语法化”，“语法化”是“语法化”，“语法化”是“语法化”，“语法化”是“语法化”，“语法化”是“语法化”。在语法系统中，语法系统是一种非常有用的语法系统，语法系统是一种非常有用的语法系统。我们的selselise eriparana ololu是一种非常实用的工具。意大利的Kolmas大学龙骨，kus语法线sugu realiserub印欧语系龙骨，usna tavaparasel模型。Saadud tule使用了kinnitavad和sesead，使其语法化，从而使对象分类和词性化。意大利Eesti ja leedu keele konelejate vastuste vordlus nitas, et sensing turleum on uldisstatavavand ka tupologiliselt erinevate龙骨网。Kokkuvotlikult voib vaita, et koneleldav龙骨，龙骨，龙骨，龙骨对人类的认知认知。Veelgi enam, tulemustest selgus等koneldava基尔grammatiline sugu kaalub ule ja vahel isegi jatab taiesti tahelepanuta ilmselt universaalse kontseptuaalse kalduvuse tajuda artefakte亏pigem meessoost ja looduslikke objekte pigem亏naissoost objekte。
{"title":"Extending research on the influence of grammatical gender on object classification: A cross-linguistic study comparing Estonian, Italian and Lithuanian native speakers","authors":"Luca At Vernich, Reili Argus, Laura Kamandulyte-Merfeldiene","doi":"10.5128/ERYA13.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5128/ERYA13.14","url":null,"abstract":"Using different experimental tasks, researchers have pointed to a possible correlation between grammatical gender and classification behaviour. Such effects, however, have been found comparing speakers of a relatively small set of languages. Therefore, it’s not clear whether evidence gathered can be generalized and extended to languages that are typologically different from those studied so far. To the best of our knowledge, Baltic and Finno-Ugric languages have never been examined in this respect. While most previous studies have used English as an example of gender-free languages, we chose Estonian because – contrary to English and like all Finno-Ugric languages – it does not use gendered pronouns (‘he’ vs. ‘she’) and is therefore more suitable as a baseline. We chose Lithuanian because the gender system of Baltic languages is interestingly different from the system of Romance and German languages tested so far. Taken together, our results support and extend previous findings and suggest that they are not restricted to a small group of languages. \"Grammatiline sugu objektide kategoriseerimise mojutajana: eesti, itaalia ja leedu keele vordlev uurimus\" Eri tuupi eksperimente kasutades on uurijad osutanud grammatilise soo ja objektide klassifitseerimise voimalikele seostele. Senised tulemused on saadud siiski suhteliselt vaheste keelte andmete vordlemisel. Seetottu ei ole teada, kas need jareldused on uldistatavad ka nendele keeltele, mille struktuur erineb siiani uuritud keeltest. Probleemi uurimiseks laiendasime vaadeldavate keelte hulka ja tegime grammatilise soo ja objektide kategoriseerimise seoste katse labi balti ja soome-ugri keelte hulka kuuvate keeltega, mida ei ole konealusest vaatenurgast uuritud. Enamik seniseid uuringuid on seadnud nn lahtepunktiks ehk grammatilise soota keeleks inglise keele. Siinses uuringus valisime aga selliseks lahtepunktiks hoopis eesti keele, kus erinevalt inglise keelest ei ole ka isikulistel asesonadel sootunnuseid ja mis on seetottu grammatilise soota keelte ekstreemsem esindaja. Teiseks uuritavaks keeleks valitud leedu keeles on grammatilise soo susteem vorreldes seni uuritud romaani ja germaani keeltega paljuski eriparane. Uhe sellise eriparana olgu mainitud asjaolu, et leedu keeles ei ole artikleid. Kolmas uuritud keel on itaalia, kus grammatiline sugu realiseerub indo-euroopa keeltele usna tavaparasel moel. Saadud tulemused kinnitavad seost emakeele grammatilise soo ja objektide kategoriseerimise vahel . Eesti, itaalia ja leedu keele konelejate vastuste vordlus naitas, et senised tulemused on uldistatavad ka tupoloogiliselt erinevate keeltele. Kokkuvotlikult voib vaita, et koneldav keel ja keelespetsiifiline kognitiivne kaitumine on seotud. Veelgi enam, tulemustest selgus, et koneldava keele grammatiline sugu kaalub ule ja vahel isegi jatab taiesti tahelepanuta ilmselt universaalse kontseptuaalse kalduvuse tajuda artefakte kui pigem meessoost ja looduslikke objekte pigem kui naissoost objekte.","PeriodicalId":35118,"journal":{"name":"Eesti Rakenduslingvistika Uhingu Aastaraamat","volume":"116 1","pages":"223-240"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90737670","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study focuses on the acquisition of Motion in Estonian by native English speakers. The aim was to determine how English learners of Estonian are influenced by their first language (L1) when describing Motion events in Estonian as their second language (L2). Prior studies have claimed that people develop certain ways of thinking for speaking when learning their first language which affect the acquisition of other languages (e.g. Slobin 1996, Pool, Pajusalu 2012 i.a. ). In order to find out how native English speakers are influenced by their L1 when acquiring Motion in Estonian, an experiment was implemented on 22 participants (11 native English speakers and 11 native Estonian speakers) in which they were asked to write a short narrative in Estonian based on a picture book by Mayer (1969). The Motion events found in the narratives were analysed one by one. The findings suggest that L1 thinking patterns influence the intermediate learners more than the advanced or beginner learners, thus partly supporting the findings of Cadierno and Ruiz (2006) who reached a similar conclusion. Liikumissundmuste omandamine eesti keeles teise keelena Kaesoleva artikli eesmargiks oli selgitada valja, kas ja kuidas mojutab inglise keelt emakeelena konelevate inimeste esimene keel liikumissundmuste valjendamist eesti keeles. Talmy (2000) teooriale toetudes voib vaita, et nimetatud keeled on tupoloogiliselt sarnased, st satelliidikeeled, milles liikumisteed valjendatakse verbisatelliitide abil. Kasutatavad verbisatelliidid erinevad neis keeltes aga oluliselt: eesti keeles kasutatakse liikumistee valjendamiseks kaandeloppe ning tagasonu, inglise keeles peamiselt eessonu. Uurimiskusimustele vastuste leidmiseks viidi labi eksperiment 11 inglise keelt emakeelena koneleva isikuga, mille kaigus paluti neil kirjutada luhike eestikeelne tekst Mayer’i (1969) “Frog, where are you?” piltide pohjal. Too tulemused toetavad pustitatud hupoteesi: inglise emakeelega eesti keele oppijad eksivad liikumissundmusi kirjeldades sageli selliste keeleliste elementide kasutamisel, mis ei ole omased nende esimesele keelele (naiteks kaandelopud ning tagasonad). Ootusparaselt esines koige enam nimetatud eksimusi algajate grupis ning koige vahem edasijoudnute grupis. Liikumissundmuste analuusi tulemusena voib vaita, et alg- ja edasijoudnute tasemel esineb emakeele mojutustega vigu koige vahem ning kesktasemel koige enam. Edasijoudnute tasemel eesti keele oppijad teevad vahe emakeele mojutustega vigu, kuna tunnevad piisavalt hasti eesti keele grammatikareegleid ning liikumissundmuste valjendamiseks kasutatavaid konstruktsioone. Algtasemel eesti keele oppijad aga ei ole veel piisavalt hasti vajalike konstruktsioonide kasutamisreeglitega kursis, mistottu on neil keeruline leida ka uhenduskohti oma emakeelega. Seega tekib vahe selliseid eksimusi, mida saaks seostada inglise keele reeglite eesti keelde mugandamisega. Kesktasemel eesti keele oppijate narratiivides leidus esimese keele mojutustega vi
本研究的重点是母语为英语的人对爱沙尼亚语动作的习得。目的是确定爱沙尼亚语的英语学习者在用爱沙尼亚语作为第二语言描述运动事件时，他们的第一语言(L1)是如何影响他们的。先前的研究声称，人们在学习第一语言时形成了一定的说话思维方式，这种思维方式会影响其他语言的习得(例如，Slobin 1996, Pool, Pajusalu 2012)。为了找出母语为英语的人在学习爱沙尼亚语的动作时如何受到母语的影响，对22名参与者(11名母语为英语的人和11名母语为爱沙尼亚语的人)进行了一项实验，要求他们根据梅尔(1969)的一本图画书用爱沙尼亚语写一篇短篇故事。在叙述中发现的运动事件逐一分析。研究结果表明，母语思维模式对中级学习者的影响大于高级或初级学习者，从而在一定程度上支持Cadierno和Ruiz(2006)的研究结果，他们得出了类似的结论。liukumisundmuste omandamine eestesti keeles keelina Kaesoleva artikli eesmargiks oli selgitada valja, kasja kuidas mojutab inglise keeles makeelena konelevate inmeestene龙骨liukumisundmuste valjendamist eesti keeles。Talmy(2000)提出了一种新的研究方法，研究了两种不同类型的卫星龙骨，一种不同类型的卫星龙骨，一种不同类型的卫星龙骨，一种不同类型的卫星龙骨。kasutatavi和verbisatelliiii的意思是，两种情况下，两种情况下，两种情况下，两种情况下，一种情况下，两种情况下，一种情况下，两种情况下，一种情况下，两种情况下，一种情况下，两种情况下，一种情况下，两种情况下，一种情况下，两种情况下，一种情况下，两种情况下。“青蛙，你在哪里?”(1969)“piltide pojal”。Too tulelemme常用来表示一种积极的情绪:inglise emakeelega eesti keele oppijad eksivand lilikumisundmusi kirjeldades sageliste eleliste element entide kasutamisel, misleole omned esimesele keelele (naiteks kaandelopud ning tagasonad)。卵卵双歧杆菌属海藻类，卵卵双歧杆菌属海藻类，卵卵双歧杆菌属，卵卵双歧杆菌属。likkumisundmuste analuusi tulemusena voib vaita, et al - as - joudnute tasemel esineb emakeele mojutustega vigu koige vahem (kesktasemel koige enam)。Edasijoudnute tasemel eesti keele oppijad teevu和emakeele mojutustega vigu, kuna tunneva和piisavalt haesti keele gramatitika - egleid ning liu和undmuste valjendamiseks kasutatavaid konstruksioone。altaesemel eestii keele oppijad和ei veel piisavalt都有vajalike konstruksioonide kasutamisreeglitega kursis, mistottu on neil keeruline leida ka uhenduskohti oma emakeelega。Seega tekib vahe selliseid eksimusi, mida saaks seostada inglise keele reeglite eesti keelde mugandamisega。Kesktasemel eestii keele oppijate叙事提供了leidus esimese keele mojutustega vigu koigenam, kuna selle grupi esindajad, juba pipiavast叙事提供了kaandeloppude ja tagasona konstrukstionide moddutamise reegid，以及需要oma makeakeele vastavate element entientiate seostada。Siiski jaid and tihti had nende reeglite oige kasutamisega, mistottu puudsid oma emakeeles kasutatavaid keelelisi vahendeid eesti keelega kohandada。
{"title":"Acquisition of motion in L2 Estonian","authors":"Liis Nelis, Merilin Miljan","doi":"10.5128/ERYA12.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5128/ERYA12.10","url":null,"abstract":"This study focuses on the acquisition of Motion in Estonian by native English speakers. The aim was to determine how English learners of Estonian are influenced by their first language (L1) when describing Motion events in Estonian as their second language (L2). Prior studies have claimed that people develop certain ways of thinking for speaking when learning their first language which affect the acquisition of other languages (e.g. Slobin 1996, Pool, Pajusalu 2012 i.a. ). In order to find out how native English speakers are influenced by their L1 when acquiring Motion in Estonian, an experiment was implemented on 22 participants (11 native English speakers and 11 native Estonian speakers) in which they were asked to write a short narrative in Estonian based on a picture book by Mayer (1969). The Motion events found in the narratives were analysed one by one. The findings suggest that L1 thinking patterns influence the intermediate learners more than the advanced or beginner learners, thus partly supporting the findings of Cadierno and Ruiz (2006) who reached a similar conclusion. Liikumissundmuste omandamine eesti keeles teise keelena Kaesoleva artikli eesmargiks oli selgitada valja, kas ja kuidas mojutab inglise keelt emakeelena konelevate inimeste esimene keel liikumissundmuste valjendamist eesti keeles. Talmy (2000) teooriale toetudes voib vaita, et nimetatud keeled on tupoloogiliselt sarnased, st satelliidikeeled, milles liikumisteed valjendatakse verbisatelliitide abil. Kasutatavad verbisatelliidid erinevad neis keeltes aga oluliselt: eesti keeles kasutatakse liikumistee valjendamiseks kaandeloppe ning tagasonu, inglise keeles peamiselt eessonu. Uurimiskusimustele vastuste leidmiseks viidi labi eksperiment 11 inglise keelt emakeelena koneleva isikuga, mille kaigus paluti neil kirjutada luhike eestikeelne tekst Mayer’i (1969) “Frog, where are you?” piltide pohjal. Too tulemused toetavad pustitatud hupoteesi: inglise emakeelega eesti keele oppijad eksivad liikumissundmusi kirjeldades sageli selliste keeleliste elementide kasutamisel, mis ei ole omased nende esimesele keelele (naiteks kaandelopud ning tagasonad). Ootusparaselt esines koige enam nimetatud eksimusi algajate grupis ning koige vahem edasijoudnute grupis. Liikumissundmuste analuusi tulemusena voib vaita, et alg- ja edasijoudnute tasemel esineb emakeele mojutustega vigu koige vahem ning kesktasemel koige enam. Edasijoudnute tasemel eesti keele oppijad teevad vahe emakeele mojutustega vigu, kuna tunnevad piisavalt hasti eesti keele grammatikareegleid ning liikumissundmuste valjendamiseks kasutatavaid konstruktsioone. Algtasemel eesti keele oppijad aga ei ole veel piisavalt hasti vajalike konstruktsioonide kasutamisreeglitega kursis, mistottu on neil keeruline leida ka uhenduskohti oma emakeelega. Seega tekib vahe selliseid eksimusi, mida saaks seostada inglise keele reeglite eesti keelde mugandamisega. Kesktasemel eesti keele oppijate narratiivides leidus esimese keele mojutustega vi","PeriodicalId":35118,"journal":{"name":"Eesti Rakenduslingvistika Uhingu Aastaraamat","volume":"10 1","pages":"161-185"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87790571","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Aleksei Kelli, Kadri Vider, Heiki Pisuke, Krister Lindén
Artikkel keskendub keeleressurssidega seonduvatele oiguslikele kusimustele. Aluseks voetakse protsess, mis algab keeleressursside loomisega ning lopeb nende levitamisega. Keeleressurss on oma olemuselt autorioiguslikult kaitstav andmebaas, mida katavad kahetasemelised oigused (oigused autorioiguslikult kaitstavale materjalile, mida ressursside loomisel kasutati, ja oigused ressursile endale), millega tuleb levitamise protsessis arvestada. Keeleressursside loomine saab tugineda kahele voimalikule oiguslikule mudelile: 1) litsentsipohine mudel ja 2) erandipohine mudel. Molemaga kaasnevad positiivsed ja negatiivsed aspektid, mida kaesolevas artiklis ka analuusitakse, vottes arvesse arenguid Euroopa Liidus. Enne kui keeleressurssi saab levitada CLARIN-i vorgustikus, on oluline, et oigused levitada oleks ule antud monele Eesti Keeleressursside Keskuse konsortsiumipartnerile. Oigused ressursile lahevad ule kas toosuhtes voi siis lepinguga. Sel eesmargil on tootatud valja CLARIN-i deponeerimislepingud. Enne kui kasutaja saab ressursile ligipaasu, peab ta noustuma CLARIN-i teenusetingimustega. Artikkel selgitab CLARIN-i tuuplepingutega seonduvaid kusimusi ning tutvustab CLARIN-i lepingute viimaseid parandusi. Regulatory framework determining the development and utilization of digital language resources in Estonia and its compatibility with CLARIN infrastructure The article focuses on legal issues relating to language resources. These issues are analyzed throughout the process of the creation of language resources and their subsequent distribution. Language resources can be defined as copyright protected databases, which are governed by two tiers of rights: 1) rights in material used to create the database and 2) rights in this database. The creation of language resources can be subject to two models: 1) the contract model and 2) the exception model. Both models have their advantages and disadvantages. The models are analyzed in the light of developments at the EU level. Before language resources can be distributed, it is necessary to transfer copyright covering resources to a partner of the Center of Estonian Language Resources. The rights are transferred within employment or contractually. For this purpose, CLARIN deposition license agreement templates have been developed. Before end users can access language resources they have to accept CLARIN Terms of Service. The scope of the article is not confined to the explanation of CLARIN agreement templates. The article also highlights the latest amendments to these templates.
{"title":"Digitaalsete keeleressursside loomist ja kasutamist määrav õiguslik raamistik Eestis ja selle ühildumine CLARIN-i infrastruktuuriga","authors":"Aleksei Kelli, Kadri Vider, Heiki Pisuke, Krister Lindén","doi":"10.5128/ERYA12.05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5128/ERYA12.05","url":null,"abstract":"Artikkel keskendub keeleressurssidega seonduvatele oiguslikele kusimustele. Aluseks voetakse protsess, mis algab keeleressursside loomisega ning lopeb nende levitamisega. Keeleressurss on oma olemuselt autorioiguslikult kaitstav andmebaas, mida katavad kahetasemelised oigused (oigused autorioiguslikult kaitstavale materjalile, mida ressursside loomisel kasutati, ja oigused ressursile endale), millega tuleb levitamise protsessis arvestada. Keeleressursside loomine saab tugineda kahele voimalikule oiguslikule mudelile: 1) litsentsipohine mudel ja 2) erandipohine mudel. Molemaga kaasnevad positiivsed ja negatiivsed aspektid, mida kaesolevas artiklis ka analuusitakse, vottes arvesse arenguid Euroopa Liidus. Enne kui keeleressurssi saab levitada CLARIN-i vorgustikus, on oluline, et oigused levitada oleks ule antud monele Eesti Keeleressursside Keskuse konsortsiumipartnerile. Oigused ressursile lahevad ule kas toosuhtes voi siis lepinguga. Sel eesmargil on tootatud valja CLARIN-i deponeerimislepingud. Enne kui kasutaja saab ressursile ligipaasu, peab ta noustuma CLARIN-i teenusetingimustega. Artikkel selgitab CLARIN-i tuuplepingutega seonduvaid kusimusi ning tutvustab CLARIN-i lepingute viimaseid parandusi. Regulatory framework determining the development and utilization of digital language resources in Estonia and its compatibility with CLARIN infrastructure The article focuses on legal issues relating to language resources. These issues are analyzed throughout the process of the creation of language resources and their subsequent distribution. Language resources can be defined as copyright protected databases, which are governed by two tiers of rights: 1) rights in material used to create the database and 2) rights in this database. The creation of language resources can be subject to two models: 1) the contract model and 2) the exception model. Both models have their advantages and disadvantages. The models are analyzed in the light of developments at the EU level. Before language resources can be distributed, it is necessary to transfer copyright covering resources to a partner of the Center of Estonian Language Resources. The rights are transferred within employment or contractually. For this purpose, CLARIN deposition license agreement templates have been developed. Before end users can access language resources they have to accept CLARIN Terms of Service. The scope of the article is not confined to the explanation of CLARIN agreement templates. The article also highlights the latest amendments to these templates.","PeriodicalId":35118,"journal":{"name":"Eesti Rakenduslingvistika Uhingu Aastaraamat","volume":"35 1","pages":"81-98"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75420703","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Artikkel kirjeldab eesti keele kitsenduste grammatika kohandamist internetikeelele. Selleks parsiti 19 809 sone suurune jututubade korpus eesti kirjakeele jaoks valjatootatud reeglistikuga. Korpuse margenduse kasitsi kontrollimisel leitud vigade pohjal tehti reeglistikku muudatusi neljas etapis: osalausepiiride tuvastamine, uhendverbide tuvastamine, pindsuntaktiline analuus ning soltuvussuntaktiline analuus. Too kaigus leiti, et internetikeele suntaksi olulisemateks erijoonteks on laialdane partiklite ja utete kasutus, vaiksem taiendite osakaal, lausete luhidus ja valjajatteliste lausete sage esinemine. Reeglistiku kohandamise tulemusel paranesid nii pind- kui soltuvussuntaktilise analuusi naitajad. Koige enam vigu tekkis subjektide, predikatiivide ja adverbiaalide funktsioonide margendamisel. Soltuvussuntaktilisel analuusil esines enim vigu adverbiaalide soltuvusmargendites. Syntactic analysis of Estonian netspeak using Constraint Grammar The paper provides an overview of an attempt to adapt the Estonian Constraint Grammar rule set for netspeak. The rule set has been developed by Kaili Muurisep and Tiina Puolakainen for shallow and dependency parsing of Estonian literary language, and it has previously been adapted for shallow parsing of spoken Estonian by Kaili Muurisep and Heli Uibo. First, in order to adapt the rules, a chatroom corpus was parsed with the existing rule set. The corpus was manually revised and based on the errors that were found, changes were made to the rule set. The changes regarded detection of clause boundaries and particle verbs, as well as assignment of syntactic tags and dependency relations. Extensive use of discourse particles and direct addresses, short sentence length, and small percentage of attributes among the syntactic functions used in text appeared to be the most distinctive features of netspeak, as well as the large amount of elliptical sentences from which, in addition to other syntactic functions, a predicate can be left out. As a result of adapting the rule set, the results of both shallow and dependency parsing improved. The most error-prone syntactic functions were subjects, predicatives, and adverbials. In dependency parsing, the largest number of errors was made in determining the governors of adverbials.
{"title":"Internetikeele automaatne süntaktiline analüüs kitsenduste grammatikaga","authors":"Dage Särg","doi":"10.5128/ERYA12.15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5128/ERYA12.15","url":null,"abstract":"Artikkel kirjeldab eesti keele kitsenduste grammatika kohandamist internetikeelele. Selleks parsiti 19 809 sone suurune jututubade korpus eesti kirjakeele jaoks valjatootatud reeglistikuga. Korpuse margenduse kasitsi kontrollimisel leitud vigade pohjal tehti reeglistikku muudatusi neljas etapis: osalausepiiride tuvastamine, uhendverbide tuvastamine, pindsuntaktiline analuus ning soltuvussuntaktiline analuus. Too kaigus leiti, et internetikeele suntaksi olulisemateks erijoonteks on laialdane partiklite ja utete kasutus, vaiksem taiendite osakaal, lausete luhidus ja valjajatteliste lausete sage esinemine. Reeglistiku kohandamise tulemusel paranesid nii pind- kui soltuvussuntaktilise analuusi naitajad. Koige enam vigu tekkis subjektide, predikatiivide ja adverbiaalide funktsioonide margendamisel. Soltuvussuntaktilisel analuusil esines enim vigu adverbiaalide soltuvusmargendites. Syntactic analysis of Estonian netspeak using Constraint Grammar The paper provides an overview of an attempt to adapt the Estonian Constraint Grammar rule set for netspeak. The rule set has been developed by Kaili Muurisep and Tiina Puolakainen for shallow and dependency parsing of Estonian literary language, and it has previously been adapted for shallow parsing of spoken Estonian by Kaili Muurisep and Heli Uibo. First, in order to adapt the rules, a chatroom corpus was parsed with the existing rule set. The corpus was manually revised and based on the errors that were found, changes were made to the rule set. The changes regarded detection of clause boundaries and particle verbs, as well as assignment of syntactic tags and dependency relations. Extensive use of discourse particles and direct addresses, short sentence length, and small percentage of attributes among the syntactic functions used in text appeared to be the most distinctive features of netspeak, as well as the large amount of elliptical sentences from which, in addition to other syntactic functions, a predicate can be left out. As a result of adapting the rule set, the results of both shallow and dependency parsing improved. The most error-prone syntactic functions were subjects, predicatives, and adverbials. In dependency parsing, the largest number of errors was made in determining the governors of adverbials.","PeriodicalId":35118,"journal":{"name":"Eesti Rakenduslingvistika Uhingu Aastaraamat","volume":"27 1","pages":"253-267"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81865414","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The article compares the acquisition of epistemic modality in typologically different languages, Estonian and Russian. The longitudinal data of 4 children was used to analyse the first emergence and the further development of lexical markers expressing certainty and uncertainty. Developmental analysis of micro fields of epistemic modality has shown that in both languages the semantics of uncertainty starts to be acquired slightly earlier than certainty. The main tendencies in the usage of epistemic markers in utterances are similar in our corpora. Since the acquisition of epistemic modality is similar in the two languages, it would be reasonable to assume that some categories, like epistemic modality, rely more on general cognitive development than others. Episteemilise modaalsuse markerite omandamine eesti ja vene keeles Artiklis kirjeldatakse episteemilise modaalsuse markerite omandamist eesti ja vene keeles. Kuigi tegemist ei ole sugulaskeeltega ning igale uksikule episteemilisuse markerile uksuhest tolkevastet leida ei ole voimalik, on toenaosushinnangu valjendusvahendite jaotumine skaalal vahe toenaoline – tosikindel kahes keeles usna sarnane. Nelja lapse (kaks vene ja kaks eesti keelt omandavat last) pikiuuringu andmete pohjal kirjeldatakse artiklis esimeste episteemilise modaalsuse markerite ilmumist laste keelekasutusse ning toenaosust ja ebatoenaosust valjendavate markerite edasist arengut. Analuusist selgus, et molemas keeles hakkavad lapsed kasutama vahest toenaosust valjendavaid markereid pisut varem kui tosikindlust valjendavaid. Samuti on sarnased markerite kasutamise strateegiad: laste kones on pisut suurem valik ebatoenaosust valjendavaid markereid kui toenaosust valjendavaid, samuti moodustavad molemas keeles ebatoenaosuse valjendusvahendid koikidest episteemilise modaalsuse markeritest kaks kolmandikku. Episteemilise modaalsuse markerite kasutamise areng toimub kognitiivselt lihtsamatest situat- sioonidest keerukamateni: esialgu kasutavad lapsed markereid kolmanda isiku tegevusi voi mingit uldist olukorda kirjeldavates lausetes, seejarel oskavad nad neid kasutada enda tegevuse ehk selle toenaosuse kirjeldamiseks ning alles seejarel vestluspartneri (nn sina-lausetes) tegevuste voi kavatsuste toenaosuse kirjeldamiseks. Lapsele suunatud kone analuus naitas, et markerid, mis on lapsele suunatud kones sagedased, ilmusid varakult ka laste keelde ja olid nendegi keeles sagedased. Taiskasvanutele suunatud kones esinevad aga episteemilise modaalsuse markerid monevorra teistsuguse sagedusega ja nii voib vaita, et lapsele suunatud kone on justkui taiskasvanutele suunatud kone ja laste enda kone vahevariant. Kahe keele episteemilise modaalsuse markerite omandamises olulisi erinevusi ei olnud. Ainukese erinevusena voib markida seda, et markerid minu arvates ja minu meelest olid eesti lastele suunatud kones usna harvad ning eesti laste keeles esines minu meelest vaid kahel korral, markeri vaste po-moemu vene lastele suunatud keeles aga oli u
本文比较了爱沙尼亚语和俄语两种类型语言中认知情态的习得情况。采用4个儿童的纵向数据分析确定性和不确定性词汇标记的首次出现和进一步发展。对认知情态微观领域的发展分析表明，在两种语言中，不确定性语义的习得时间略早于确定性语义。在我们的语料库中，话语中认知标记语使用的主要趋势是相似的。由于认知情态的习得在两种语言中是相似的，我们可以合理地假设，一些类别，如认知情态，比其他类别更依赖于一般认知发展。Episteemilise modaalsuse markerite omandamine eesti ja vene龙骨Artiklis kirjeldatakse Episteemilise modaalsuse markerite omandamist eesti ja vene龙骨。Kuigi tegemist认为suulaskeeltega是一种知识分子，用markekerle uksuest来描述一种知识分子，用markekerle uksuest来描述一种知识分子，用markekerle uksuest来描述一种知识分子，用markekerle keeltega来描述一种知识分子。内隐(kaks venes)和内隐(kaks estest)和外隐(mejjjjjdata)数据(artiklis)、外隐(estestemist)、外隐(emestemist)、外隐(emestemist)、外隐(emestemist)、外隐(emestemist)、外隐(emestemist)、外隐(emestemist)、外隐(emestemist)、外隐(emestemist)、外隐(emestemist)、外隐(emestemist)、外隐(emestemist)、外隐(emestemist)、外隐(emestemist)、外隐(emestemist)。分析学家selgus，等molemas keeles hakkavad将kasutama vahest替换为“不确定的valjendavaid”，将valjendavaid替换为“不确定的valjendavaid”。Samuti on sarnise markerite kasutamise策略:最后一项研究表明，在不同的情况下，Samuti在不同的情况下，在不同的情况下，Samuti在不同的情况下，在不同的情况下，Samuti在不同的情况下，在不同的情况下，Samuti在不同的情况下，在不同的情况下，Samuti在不同的情况下，在不同的情况下，Samuti在不同的情况下，在不同的情况下，Samuti的情况不同。认识论的模式是指认识论的模式，即认知的模式，即认知的模式，即认知的模式，即认知的模式，认知的模式，认知的模式，认知的模式，认知的模式，认知的模式，认知的模式，认知的模式，认知的模式，认知的模式，认知的模式，认知的模式，认知的模式，认知的模式，认知的模式，认知的模式，认知的模式，认知的模式，认知的模式，认知的模式，认知的模式。松香松香，松香松香，松香松香，松香松香，松香松香，松香松香，松香松香，松香松香，松香松香，松香松香。Taiskasvanutele suunatud kone = 1 / 2 = 1 / 2 = 1 / 2 = 1 / 2 = 1 / 2 = 1 / 2 = 1 / 2 = 1 / 2 = 1 / 2 = 1 / 2 = 1 / 2 = 1 / 2 = 1 / 2 = 1 / 2 = 1卡基勒的认知模式与市场模式是一致的。日本的erinevusena voib markida seda，日本的markerid minu到达日本，日本的minkerid到达日本，日本的minkerid到达日本，日本的minkerid到达日本，日本的minkerid到达日本，日本的minkerid到达日本。研究结果表明:1)研究结果表明:1)研究结果表明:1)研究结果表明:1)研究结果表明:1)研究结果表明:1)研究结果表明:1)研究结果表明:1)研究结果表明:1)研究结果表明:研究结果表明:1)研究结果表明:研究结果表明:2)对认知能力认知能力的研究(nt volume tabada ja valjendada vestluspartneri kavatsusi areneb valja suhteliselt hilja);3)甘露甘露胺对神经系统疾病的影响(对神经系统疾病的影响较小，对神经系统疾病的影响较小);4)认识论模式论(emiliise modalese valjendusvahendite omandamist mojutab ka lapselle suunatud kone)，论市场模式论(markerite omandamise jarjekord soltub)。
{"title":"Acquisition of epistemic marking in Estonian and Russian","authors":"Viktoria V. Kazakovskaya, Reili Argus","doi":"10.5128/ERYA12.04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5128/ERYA12.04","url":null,"abstract":"The article compares the acquisition of epistemic modality in typologically different languages, Estonian and Russian. The longitudinal data of 4 children was used to analyse the first emergence and the further development of lexical markers expressing certainty and uncertainty. Developmental analysis of micro fields of epistemic modality has shown that in both languages the semantics of uncertainty starts to be acquired slightly earlier than certainty. The main tendencies in the usage of epistemic markers in utterances are similar in our corpora. Since the acquisition of epistemic modality is similar in the two languages, it would be reasonable to assume that some categories, like epistemic modality, rely more on general cognitive development than others. Episteemilise modaalsuse markerite omandamine eesti ja vene keeles Artiklis kirjeldatakse episteemilise modaalsuse markerite omandamist eesti ja vene keeles. Kuigi tegemist ei ole sugulaskeeltega ning igale uksikule episteemilisuse markerile uksuhest tolkevastet leida ei ole voimalik, on toenaosushinnangu valjendusvahendite jaotumine skaalal vahe toenaoline – tosikindel kahes keeles usna sarnane. Nelja lapse (kaks vene ja kaks eesti keelt omandavat last) pikiuuringu andmete pohjal kirjeldatakse artiklis esimeste episteemilise modaalsuse markerite ilmumist laste keelekasutusse ning toenaosust ja ebatoenaosust valjendavate markerite edasist arengut. Analuusist selgus, et molemas keeles hakkavad lapsed kasutama vahest toenaosust valjendavaid markereid pisut varem kui tosikindlust valjendavaid. Samuti on sarnased markerite kasutamise strateegiad: laste kones on pisut suurem valik ebatoenaosust valjendavaid markereid kui toenaosust valjendavaid, samuti moodustavad molemas keeles ebatoenaosuse valjendusvahendid koikidest episteemilise modaalsuse markeritest kaks kolmandikku. Episteemilise modaalsuse markerite kasutamise areng toimub kognitiivselt lihtsamatest situat- sioonidest keerukamateni: esialgu kasutavad lapsed markereid kolmanda isiku tegevusi voi mingit uldist olukorda kirjeldavates lausetes, seejarel oskavad nad neid kasutada enda tegevuse ehk selle toenaosuse kirjeldamiseks ning alles seejarel vestluspartneri (nn sina-lausetes) tegevuste voi kavatsuste toenaosuse kirjeldamiseks. Lapsele suunatud kone analuus naitas, et markerid, mis on lapsele suunatud kones sagedased, ilmusid varakult ka laste keelde ja olid nendegi keeles sagedased. Taiskasvanutele suunatud kones esinevad aga episteemilise modaalsuse markerid monevorra teistsuguse sagedusega ja nii voib vaita, et lapsele suunatud kone on justkui taiskasvanutele suunatud kone ja laste enda kone vahevariant. Kahe keele episteemilise modaalsuse markerite omandamises olulisi erinevusi ei olnud. Ainukese erinevusena voib markida seda, et markerid minu arvates ja minu meelest olid eesti lastele suunatud kones usna harvad ning eesti laste keeles esines minu meelest vaid kahel korral, markeri vaste po-moemu vene lastele suunatud keeles aga oli u","PeriodicalId":35118,"journal":{"name":"Eesti Rakenduslingvistika Uhingu Aastaraamat","volume":"1 1","pages":"57-80"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85466981","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kohalikud omavalitsused korraldavad haldusaktide kaudu enda, muude ametkondade, ettevotete, eraisikute jt tegevust. Et haldusakt taidaks oma eesmarki voimalikult hasti, tuleb valida sobiv tekstistrateegia, mis holmab nii struktuuri- kui ka keelevalikuid. Keelekasutaja ei ole valikute tegemisel kunagi paris vaba, vaid ta lahtub suuremal voi vahemal maaral varasemate tekstide eeskujust ehk žanri- ja laiemalt kultuuritavadest. Artikli valimi moodustavad 75 korraldust, otsust ja kaskkirja, mille uurimine žanrianaluusi meetodil voimaldab valja selgitada nende tekstiliikide uhis- ja erijooned, sealhulgas tekstistrateegilised votted, mida kasutatakse kommunikatiivse eesmargi saavutamiseks. Tekstistrateegia holmab tekstituubi valikut: kuna nii korralduse, otsuse kui ka kasu eesmark on tegu (keegi peab midagi tegema), esindavad need tekstid makrotasandil instruktiivset tekstituupi, mikrotasand pakub aga mitme tekstituubi poimingut. Juhiste esitamise viis on koigi vaatlusaluste haldusaktide puhul standardne ning tekstiliikide vahel markimisvaarseid struktuurilisi ja keelelisi erinevusi ei esine. Presenting instructions in administrative acts Local governments employ administrative acts for managing their own activities as well as those of other offices, businesses, private persons, etc. In order for an administrative act to best fulfil its purpose, a suitable textual strategy, covering both structural and linguistic choices, must be selected. No language user is entirely free in making such choices, but rather proceeds to a greater or lesser degree from examples set by previous texts, i.e. from conventions of genre and of the wider culture. The purpose of this paper is to determine what kinds of textual strategies and devices (including text types) are employed in orders, decisions, and directives for the purpose of achieving a genre-specific goal. Since the law specifies the issuer of the act, their sphere of competence, and the conditions for the issuance of the act, it can be presumed that some of the genre-specific characteristics are related to extra-linguistic factors. This paper focuses on the general and sentence structure of administrative acts, in order to determine whether such acts can be regarded as a distinct genre based on linguistic properties as well. The administrative acts under consideration have a structure as standardised by the corresponding domain. In 64% of the administrative acts background information (reasoning, and references to legislation) is syntactically connected to the conclusion. As such, the content is conveyed in the form of declarative speech acts: the issuer of the act describes their own activity (e.g. X issues an order , X decides + da -infinitive), rather than giving out instructions. However, in 26% of administrative acts there is no syntactic connection between background information and the conclusion, for which reason the conclusion, constructed from da- infinitives, takes the form of instructions. Consequentl
{"title":"Juhiste esitamine haldusaktides","authors":"R. Reinsalu","doi":"10.5128/ERYA12.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5128/ERYA12.13","url":null,"abstract":"Kohalikud omavalitsused korraldavad haldusaktide kaudu enda, muude ametkondade, ettevotete, eraisikute jt tegevust. Et haldusakt taidaks oma eesmarki voimalikult hasti, tuleb valida sobiv tekstistrateegia, mis holmab nii struktuuri- kui ka keelevalikuid. Keelekasutaja ei ole valikute tegemisel kunagi paris vaba, vaid ta lahtub suuremal voi vahemal maaral varasemate tekstide eeskujust ehk žanri- ja laiemalt kultuuritavadest. Artikli valimi moodustavad 75 korraldust, otsust ja kaskkirja, mille uurimine žanrianaluusi meetodil voimaldab valja selgitada nende tekstiliikide uhis- ja erijooned, sealhulgas tekstistrateegilised votted, mida kasutatakse kommunikatiivse eesmargi saavutamiseks. Tekstistrateegia holmab tekstituubi valikut: kuna nii korralduse, otsuse kui ka kasu eesmark on tegu (keegi peab midagi tegema), esindavad need tekstid makrotasandil instruktiivset tekstituupi, mikrotasand pakub aga mitme tekstituubi poimingut. Juhiste esitamise viis on koigi vaatlusaluste haldusaktide puhul standardne ning tekstiliikide vahel markimisvaarseid struktuurilisi ja keelelisi erinevusi ei esine. Presenting instructions in administrative acts Local governments employ administrative acts for managing their own activities as well as those of other offices, businesses, private persons, etc. In order for an administrative act to best fulfil its purpose, a suitable textual strategy, covering both structural and linguistic choices, must be selected. No language user is entirely free in making such choices, but rather proceeds to a greater or lesser degree from examples set by previous texts, i.e. from conventions of genre and of the wider culture. The purpose of this paper is to determine what kinds of textual strategies and devices (including text types) are employed in orders, decisions, and directives for the purpose of achieving a genre-specific goal. Since the law specifies the issuer of the act, their sphere of competence, and the conditions for the issuance of the act, it can be presumed that some of the genre-specific characteristics are related to extra-linguistic factors. This paper focuses on the general and sentence structure of administrative acts, in order to determine whether such acts can be regarded as a distinct genre based on linguistic properties as well. The administrative acts under consideration have a structure as standardised by the corresponding domain. In 64% of the administrative acts background information (reasoning, and references to legislation) is syntactically connected to the conclusion. As such, the content is conveyed in the form of declarative speech acts: the issuer of the act describes their own activity (e.g. X issues an order , X decides + da -infinitive), rather than giving out instructions. However, in 26% of administrative acts there is no syntactic connection between background information and the conclusion, for which reason the conclusion, constructed from da- infinitives, takes the form of instructions. Consequentl","PeriodicalId":35118,"journal":{"name":"Eesti Rakenduslingvistika Uhingu Aastaraamat","volume":"3 1","pages":"219-236"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89481489","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Artiklis on vaatluse all eesti keele uhendverbid ja nende suntaktiline staatus. Esmalt on valja toodud peamised probleemid uhendverbide senisel maaratlemisel eesti keeles (uhendverbide eristamine valjendverbidest, afiksaaladverb kui eraldiseisev sonaliik, uhendverbide klassi sisemine heterogeensus), seejarel keskendume kusimusele, kuidas on kasitletud uhendverbe lausemoodustajatena. Toome valja kaks peamist seisukohta: koik uhendverbid moodustavad suntaktiliselt lahutamatu terviku (maarates lausemalli) voi uhendverbide suntaktiline staatus soltub sellest, kas tegemist on ainukordsete voi korraparaste uhendverbidega. Pogusalt puudutame sama kusimust ka teiste keelte naitel. Artiklis on esitatud nii teoreetiline kui ka metodoloogiline uurimiskusimus, kuidas uhendverbide suntaktilist staatust maaratleda. Metodoloogiliselt on oluline naidata, et prosoodia abil saab selgitada suntaktilise struktuuri kusimusi. Teoreetilisest seisukohast naitame, kuidas prosoodia andmed kinnitavad kontiinumi, mis valitseb selgelt liitsete verbivormide ja fraaside vahel (st leksikoni ja suntaksi vahel). Particle verbs and prosody This paper investigates a class of verb-particle combinations in Estonian and their status as particle verbs vs. syntactic phrases. The paper first gives a brief overview of the main difficulties with defining and classifying particle verbs in Estonian (the difference between noun-verb combinations and adverb-verb combinations; verbal particle ( afiksaaladverb ) as a separate word class in Estonian, etc.). The second part of the paper presents the results of a prosodic study. The study has two primary aims: 1. To ascertain whether we can use prosody to investigate the grammatical status of verb-particle combinations, and 2. to contribute to the discussion of the lexical vs. syntactic nature of compositional verb-particle combinations in Estonian. The results of the study suggest that complex predicates and syntactics phrases are prosodically different, and, consequently, that prosodic analysis can be used as a method to study the lexical vs. phrasal status of verb-particle combinations. As to the status of compositional verb-particle combinations, the results support their treatment as complex predicates rather than phrases. The results further suggest that elements that are intermediate between lexicon and syntax may also be in some sense located on a prosodic continuum.
{"title":"Ühendverbidest läbi prosoodia prisma","authors":"Ann Veismann, Heete Sahkai","doi":"10.5128/ERYA12.16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5128/ERYA12.16","url":null,"abstract":"Artiklis on vaatluse all eesti keele uhendverbid ja nende suntaktiline staatus. Esmalt on valja toodud peamised probleemid uhendverbide senisel maaratlemisel eesti keeles (uhendverbide eristamine valjendverbidest, afiksaaladverb kui eraldiseisev sonaliik, uhendverbide klassi sisemine heterogeensus), seejarel keskendume kusimusele, kuidas on kasitletud uhendverbe lausemoodustajatena. Toome valja kaks peamist seisukohta: koik uhendverbid moodustavad suntaktiliselt lahutamatu terviku (maarates lausemalli) voi uhendverbide suntaktiline staatus soltub sellest, kas tegemist on ainukordsete voi korraparaste uhendverbidega. Pogusalt puudutame sama kusimust ka teiste keelte naitel. Artiklis on esitatud nii teoreetiline kui ka metodoloogiline uurimiskusimus, kuidas uhendverbide suntaktilist staatust maaratleda. Metodoloogiliselt on oluline naidata, et prosoodia abil saab selgitada suntaktilise struktuuri kusimusi. Teoreetilisest seisukohast naitame, kuidas prosoodia andmed kinnitavad kontiinumi, mis valitseb selgelt liitsete verbivormide ja fraaside vahel (st leksikoni ja suntaksi vahel). Particle verbs and prosody This paper investigates a class of verb-particle combinations in Estonian and their status as particle verbs vs. syntactic phrases. The paper first gives a brief overview of the main difficulties with defining and classifying particle verbs in Estonian (the difference between noun-verb combinations and adverb-verb combinations; verbal particle ( afiksaaladverb ) as a separate word class in Estonian, etc.). The second part of the paper presents the results of a prosodic study. The study has two primary aims: 1. To ascertain whether we can use prosody to investigate the grammatical status of verb-particle combinations, and 2. to contribute to the discussion of the lexical vs. syntactic nature of compositional verb-particle combinations in Estonian. The results of the study suggest that complex predicates and syntactics phrases are prosodically different, and, consequently, that prosodic analysis can be used as a method to study the lexical vs. phrasal status of verb-particle combinations. As to the status of compositional verb-particle combinations, the results support their treatment as complex predicates rather than phrases. The results further suggest that elements that are intermediate between lexicon and syntax may also be in some sense located on a prosodic continuum.","PeriodicalId":35118,"journal":{"name":"Eesti Rakenduslingvistika Uhingu Aastaraamat","volume":"80 1","pages":"269-285"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77993823","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Publishing scientific articles in English is often a prerequisite for academic success. Thus, developing effective pedagogies to support Estonian university students develop writing skills in L2 (English) is becoming increasingly more important. One such method is by forming small writing groups where each member periodically gives written feedback on their colleague’s writing. Here, the affective language used in the written communication between the reviewer and writer may strongly influence their relationship. This in turn may have a significant impact on the writing process. This study describes the development of a novel taxonomy to measure the cumulative effect of affective factors by accounting for the uniqueness of each individual, and how they project their distinct personalities or ‘social presence’ to build rapport within the group. The hypothesis is that individuals exhibiting a high social presence are more likely to produce higher-quality feedback and more improved subsequent texts than those with a lower social presence. The paper concludes by illustrating how this taxonomy can be used to both test this hypothesis and gain further insight into the peer feedback process in future studies. Akadeemiliste tekstide tagasisides esineva afektiivse keelekasutuse mootmine uudse lahenemisviisiga Ingliskeelsete teadusartiklite avaldamine on sageli uks akadeemilise edasijoudmise eeltingimusi. Seeparast muutub uha olulisemaks selliste toimivate oppemeetodite valjatootamine, mis aitaksid Eesti ulikoolides oppivatel uliopilastel arendada akadeemiliste tekstide kirjutamise oskust voorkeelena (L2) opitud inglise keeles. Uks voimalikke meetodeid on moodustada vaikesed kirjutamisruhmad, kus koik liikmed annavad regulaarselt tagasisidet teiste ruhmakaaslaste kirjutatu kohta. Niisugusel puhul voib tagasiside kommentaarides esinev afektiivne keelekasutus tugevasti mojutada teksti autori ja hindaja vahelisi suhteid. See omakorda voib maarata, kas tekstikirjutaja votab tehtud markusi oma too edaspidisel redigeerimisel arvesse voi mitte. Artiklis on vaadeldud, kas on voimalik kasutada uudset lahenemisviisi, et moota uhes magistrioppe uliopilaste L2 kirjutamisruhmas afektiivseid tegureid tagasisidestamise protsessis. Esitatav lahenemisviis on uks sellise metoodika aspekt, mille kaudu uuritakse, kuidas afektiivsed tegurid voivad mojutada vastastikuse tagasiside protsessi; konealune uuring on uhes Eesti ulikoolis labiviidava pikiuuringu osa. Uudne lahenemisviis moodab afektiivsete tegurite kumulatiivset moju, vottes arvesse iga isiku eripara ja seda, kuidas aja jooksul konkreetne isiksus avaldub ehk milline on tema sotsiaalne kohalolu emotsioonide valjendamisel ning grupikuuluvuse loomisel ja hoidmisel. Konealust lahenemisviisi kasutatakse nii ruhma kui ka iga isiku sotsiaalse kohalolu mootmiseks. Pustitatud hupoteesi kohaselt on toenaoline, et suure kohalolufaktoriga tagasisidestajad ja autorid annavad vastavalt kvaliteetsemat tagasisidet ja koostavad lopuks
用英语发表科学论文通常是学术成功的先决条件。因此，开发有效的教学方法来支持爱沙尼亚大学生发展第二语言(英语)写作技能变得越来越重要。其中一种方法是组成小型写作小组，每个成员定期对同事的写作进行书面反馈。在这里，审稿人和作者之间的书面交流中使用的情感语言可能会强烈影响他们的关系。这反过来又可能对写作过程产生重大影响。这项研究描述了一种新的分类法的发展，通过考虑每个个体的独特性，以及他们如何投射自己独特的个性或“社会存在”来建立群体内的融洽关系，来衡量情感因素的累积效应。这个假设是，表现出高社会存在感的个体比那些社会存在感较低的个体更有可能产生高质量的反馈，并在随后的文本中得到更多的改进。论文最后说明了如何使用这种分类法来检验这一假设，并在未来的研究中进一步了解同行反馈过程。Akadeemiliste tekstide tagasisides esineva afektiivse keelekasutuse mootmine uudse lahenemisviisiga Ingliskeelsete teadusartiklite avaldamine在sageli已经akadeemilise edasijoudmise eeltingimusi。在此基础上，研究人员对缬沙妥胺类药物进行了研究，并对缬沙妥胺类药物进行了研究，并对缬沙妥胺类药物进行了研究，并对缬沙妥胺类药物进行了研究。英国的女议员们开会讨论了一项名为“kirjutamiskohta”的活动，该活动被称为“kirjutatu kohta”，而英国的女议员们则被称为“kirjutatu kohta”。niugusel puhul voetaside评论提供了一种有效的方法，即keelekasutus tugevasti mojutada teksti autori ja hindaja vahelisi suhtei。参见omakorda voib maarata, kas tekstikirjutaja votab tehtud markusi oma too, aspidisel redigerisel arvesse voi mitte。Artiklis on vaadeldud, kas on voimalik kasutada uset lahenemisvisi，以及momota使用magririopililaste kirjutamisruhmas ektitiseid guguisisstamisessessi。研究结果表明:两种植物的生长发育有不同程度的差异，一种植物生长发育有不同程度的差异，一种植物生长发育有不同程度的差异;黄酮类化合物在黄酮类化合物中的作用与黄酮类化合物的作用相似。Uudne lahenemisviis moodab afektiivsete tegurite kumulatiivset moju, vottes arvesse iga isiku eripara ja seda kuidas aja jooksul konkreetne isiksus avaldub ehk milline在特马sotsiaalne kohalolu emotsioonide valjendamisel ning grupikuuluvuse loomisel ja hoidmisel。Konealust lahenemisvisisi kasutatakse nii ruhma kui ka iga isiku socitsalse kohalolu motmiseks。如果有必要，请确保有必要，请确保有必要，请确保有必要，请确保有必要，请确保有必要，请确保有必要，请确保有必要。lahenemisvisus主要研究社会文化和社会主义的波希涅夫模式，主要研究社会主义和社会主义的行动主义范式。两种类型的粉尘对烟碱、烟碱、烟碱、烟碱、烟碱、烟碱、烟碱、烟碱、烟碱、烟碱、烟碱、烟碱都有影响。
{"title":"Measuring affective language in known peer feedback on L2 Academic writing courses: A novel approach","authors":"R. M. A. Yallop","doi":"10.5128/ERYA12.17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5128/ERYA12.17","url":null,"abstract":"Publishing scientific articles in English is often a prerequisite for academic success. Thus, developing effective pedagogies to support Estonian university students develop writing skills in L2 (English) is becoming increasingly more important. One such method is by forming small writing groups where each member periodically gives written feedback on their colleague’s writing. Here, the affective language used in the written communication between the reviewer and writer may strongly influence their relationship. This in turn may have a significant impact on the writing process. This study describes the development of a novel taxonomy to measure the cumulative effect of affective factors by accounting for the uniqueness of each individual, and how they project their distinct personalities or ‘social presence’ to build rapport within the group. The hypothesis is that individuals exhibiting a high social presence are more likely to produce higher-quality feedback and more improved subsequent texts than those with a lower social presence. The paper concludes by illustrating how this taxonomy can be used to both test this hypothesis and gain further insight into the peer feedback process in future studies. Akadeemiliste tekstide tagasisides esineva afektiivse keelekasutuse mootmine uudse lahenemisviisiga Ingliskeelsete teadusartiklite avaldamine on sageli uks akadeemilise edasijoudmise eeltingimusi. Seeparast muutub uha olulisemaks selliste toimivate oppemeetodite valjatootamine, mis aitaksid Eesti ulikoolides oppivatel uliopilastel arendada akadeemiliste tekstide kirjutamise oskust voorkeelena (L2) opitud inglise keeles. Uks voimalikke meetodeid on moodustada vaikesed kirjutamisruhmad, kus koik liikmed annavad regulaarselt tagasisidet teiste ruhmakaaslaste kirjutatu kohta. Niisugusel puhul voib tagasiside kommentaarides esinev afektiivne keelekasutus tugevasti mojutada teksti autori ja hindaja vahelisi suhteid. See omakorda voib maarata, kas tekstikirjutaja votab tehtud markusi oma too edaspidisel redigeerimisel arvesse voi mitte. Artiklis on vaadeldud, kas on voimalik kasutada uudset lahenemisviisi, et moota uhes magistrioppe uliopilaste L2 kirjutamisruhmas afektiivseid tegureid tagasisidestamise protsessis. Esitatav lahenemisviis on uks sellise metoodika aspekt, mille kaudu uuritakse, kuidas afektiivsed tegurid voivad mojutada vastastikuse tagasiside protsessi; konealune uuring on uhes Eesti ulikoolis labiviidava pikiuuringu osa. Uudne lahenemisviis moodab afektiivsete tegurite kumulatiivset moju, vottes arvesse iga isiku eripara ja seda, kuidas aja jooksul konkreetne isiksus avaldub ehk milline on tema sotsiaalne kohalolu emotsioonide valjendamisel ning grupikuuluvuse loomisel ja hoidmisel. Konealust lahenemisviisi kasutatakse nii ruhma kui ka iga isiku sotsiaalse kohalolu mootmiseks. Pustitatud hupoteesi kohaselt on toenaoline, et suure kohalolufaktoriga tagasisidestajad ja autorid annavad vastavalt kvaliteetsemat tagasisidet ja koostavad lopuks","PeriodicalId":35118,"journal":{"name":"Eesti Rakenduslingvistika Uhingu Aastaraamat","volume":"2015 1","pages":"287-308"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87774202","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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