Pub Date : 2019-09-02DOI: 10.1080/14777622.2019.1675430
Yuan Yuan, W. Peeters
ABSTRACT There is a natural process that major technological activities are in a first stage supported by governments and later evolve into commercial and private activities. Space activities are a present example of this and this process is now also taking place in China. One of the prerequisites to commercial activities is flexibility in regulations, particularly export controls and technology transfer. The Chinese government is accelerating the adaption of regulations to facilitate the growth of the Chinese commercial space sector. An overview of this process, including the status and listing of the present regulations, is given in this paper. The success of this process is demonstrated by recent commercial space activities in China illustrating that there is a trend towards promoting such activities supported by the government. This paper conducts research and discussion on the Chinese space sector and its international cooperation in the field of legal implications, governance, and cooperation. It provides an understanding of evolving Chinese space regulations and the growth of present Chinese commercial space activities.
{"title":"Research Viewpoint: Rapid Growth of the Chinese Commercial Space Sector","authors":"Yuan Yuan, W. Peeters","doi":"10.1080/14777622.2019.1675430","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14777622.2019.1675430","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT There is a natural process that major technological activities are in a first stage supported by governments and later evolve into commercial and private activities. Space activities are a present example of this and this process is now also taking place in China. One of the prerequisites to commercial activities is flexibility in regulations, particularly export controls and technology transfer. The Chinese government is accelerating the adaption of regulations to facilitate the growth of the Chinese commercial space sector. An overview of this process, including the status and listing of the present regulations, is given in this paper. The success of this process is demonstrated by recent commercial space activities in China illustrating that there is a trend towards promoting such activities supported by the government. This paper conducts research and discussion on the Chinese space sector and its international cooperation in the field of legal implications, governance, and cooperation. It provides an understanding of evolving Chinese space regulations and the growth of present Chinese commercial space activities.","PeriodicalId":35153,"journal":{"name":"Astropolitics","volume":"144 1","pages":"191 - 207"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73442417","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-09-02DOI: 10.1080/14777622.2019.1675431
Kamil Muzyka
ABSTRACT Space manufacturing is an expectation since the rise of the space age. Because of shifts in both national and global space policies, along with accidents and loss of human life in space missions, the idea of space manufacturing was postponed. Today, it is viable due to the maturity of efficient reusable launch technologies and an emergent space renaissance in the commercialization and privatization of space activities. Manufacturing in space carries a promise of new products and improved articles of manufacture. At the same time, there are legal problems to address prior to capital investment in space manufacturing. The problems stem from the lack of proper regulation, and the duality of the two legal systems of international space law and patent law. Both systems are crucial to the development of a framework for space manufacturing operations, which are currently in an early experimental phase. The author argues that international space law requires the creation of new doctrines that aligns with patent law, ensuring proper recognition of products manufactured and traded in outer space, especially those that are manufactured using space resources.
{"title":"Space Manufacturing and Trade: Addressing Regulatory Issues","authors":"Kamil Muzyka","doi":"10.1080/14777622.2019.1675431","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14777622.2019.1675431","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Space manufacturing is an expectation since the rise of the space age. Because of shifts in both national and global space policies, along with accidents and loss of human life in space missions, the idea of space manufacturing was postponed. Today, it is viable due to the maturity of efficient reusable launch technologies and an emergent space renaissance in the commercialization and privatization of space activities. Manufacturing in space carries a promise of new products and improved articles of manufacture. At the same time, there are legal problems to address prior to capital investment in space manufacturing. The problems stem from the lack of proper regulation, and the duality of the two legal systems of international space law and patent law. Both systems are crucial to the development of a framework for space manufacturing operations, which are currently in an early experimental phase. The author argues that international space law requires the creation of new doctrines that aligns with patent law, ensuring proper recognition of products manufactured and traded in outer space, especially those that are manufactured using space resources.","PeriodicalId":35153,"journal":{"name":"Astropolitics","volume":"8 5","pages":"141 - 163"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/14777622.2019.1675431","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72545644","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-09-02DOI: 10.1080/14777622.2019.1672508
Vidya Sagar Reddy
ABSTRACT Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi announced support for a human spaceflight program during his 2018 Independence Day speech. The target year of 2022 is when India plans to realize its first indigenous human space mission. Human spaceflight is a high risk activity and in many ways unaffordable for a developing country. Moreover, India professes that space technology is best utilized for aiding socioeconomic development and not as a tool in geopolitical competition and prestige. By assessing relevant developments, this paper argues that a variety of concerns and ambitions compelled India to consider a human space mission. The main actors are India’s political and scientific leaders who found support for such a mission in response to China and international prestige factors. Indian political leaders also saw an opportunity for improving their domestic political image. Further, the Indian Space Research Organization views human space missions as providing a new raison d’etre to the organization and helping it retain a skilled workforce amidst industrialization of satellite and launch vehicle development.
{"title":"Research Viewpoint: India’s Human Spaceflight Program: Underlying Rationales","authors":"Vidya Sagar Reddy","doi":"10.1080/14777622.2019.1672508","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14777622.2019.1672508","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi announced support for a human spaceflight program during his 2018 Independence Day speech. The target year of 2022 is when India plans to realize its first indigenous human space mission. Human spaceflight is a high risk activity and in many ways unaffordable for a developing country. Moreover, India professes that space technology is best utilized for aiding socioeconomic development and not as a tool in geopolitical competition and prestige. By assessing relevant developments, this paper argues that a variety of concerns and ambitions compelled India to consider a human space mission. The main actors are India’s political and scientific leaders who found support for such a mission in response to China and international prestige factors. Indian political leaders also saw an opportunity for improving their domestic political image. Further, the Indian Space Research Organization views human space missions as providing a new raison d’etre to the organization and helping it retain a skilled workforce amidst industrialization of satellite and launch vehicle development.","PeriodicalId":35153,"journal":{"name":"Astropolitics","volume":"25 1","pages":"164 - 177"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75954575","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-09-02DOI: 10.1080/14777622.2019.1672507
J. Hickman
ABSTRACT How do the three major schools of international relations theory – liberal internationalism, realism, and constructivism – account for the second space race, the rivalry between China and the United States to scientifically explore and economically develop the Moon? This article assesses answers drawn from these three schools of international relations. Rather than distance from the Earth, surface area, and resource endowment, it is the lack of native population and status as a commons in international law that make the Moon a novel object of international relations. From the perspectives of both liberal internationalism and constructivism, the Sino-American rivalry represents failure. International institutions and organizations, which were established to extend the liberal world order into outer space, failed in this case to restrain the behavior of China and the United States. The diplomatic communication between Chinese and American national decision-makers failed to draw them into adherence with the norm of international cooperation encoded in those international institutions and organizations. By contrast, realism accounts for the second space race as an example of balancing of power. National decision-makers ignored international institutions and organizations together with international norms to gain or not lose relative international prestige, business opportunity, and potential economic growth.
{"title":"Research Viewpoint: International Relations and the Second Space Race Between the United States and China","authors":"J. Hickman","doi":"10.1080/14777622.2019.1672507","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14777622.2019.1672507","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT How do the three major schools of international relations theory – liberal internationalism, realism, and constructivism – account for the second space race, the rivalry between China and the United States to scientifically explore and economically develop the Moon? This article assesses answers drawn from these three schools of international relations. Rather than distance from the Earth, surface area, and resource endowment, it is the lack of native population and status as a commons in international law that make the Moon a novel object of international relations. From the perspectives of both liberal internationalism and constructivism, the Sino-American rivalry represents failure. International institutions and organizations, which were established to extend the liberal world order into outer space, failed in this case to restrain the behavior of China and the United States. The diplomatic communication between Chinese and American national decision-makers failed to draw them into adherence with the norm of international cooperation encoded in those international institutions and organizations. By contrast, realism accounts for the second space race as an example of balancing of power. National decision-makers ignored international institutions and organizations together with international norms to gain or not lose relative international prestige, business opportunity, and potential economic growth.","PeriodicalId":35153,"journal":{"name":"Astropolitics","volume":"36 6 1","pages":"178 - 190"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83123541","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-09-02DOI: 10.1080/14777622.2019.1672509
K. Szocik, Koji Tachibana
ABSTRACT This paper discusses key issues concerning robotic space missions and human enhancement for purposes of missions to deep space. Effective robotic exploration, especially to deep space, optimally requires advanced artificial intelligence not currently employed. This posits ethical and social challenges in interactions with humans. It is also argued that exploration of deep space by humans ideally requires physiological enhancement of future astronauts. At the same time, progress in space medicine, countermeasures to space radiation, and artificial gravity also provide solutions for deep space human missions. The paper concludes that deep space mission planners seriously account for both advanced robotic artificial intelligence and human physiological enhancement.
{"title":"Research Viewpoint: Human Enhancement and Artificial Intelligence for Space Missions","authors":"K. Szocik, Koji Tachibana","doi":"10.1080/14777622.2019.1672509","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14777622.2019.1672509","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This paper discusses key issues concerning robotic space missions and human enhancement for purposes of missions to deep space. Effective robotic exploration, especially to deep space, optimally requires advanced artificial intelligence not currently employed. This posits ethical and social challenges in interactions with humans. It is also argued that exploration of deep space by humans ideally requires physiological enhancement of future astronauts. At the same time, progress in space medicine, countermeasures to space radiation, and artificial gravity also provide solutions for deep space human missions. The paper concludes that deep space mission planners seriously account for both advanced robotic artificial intelligence and human physiological enhancement.","PeriodicalId":35153,"journal":{"name":"Astropolitics","volume":"1 1","pages":"208 - 219"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89276430","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-05-04DOI: 10.1080/14777622.2019.1636634
Zaeem Shabbir, Ali Sarosh, Mahhad Nayyer
ABSTRACT Outer space, as the ultimate high ground, offers potential for contributing towards maritime domain awareness, which is dependent on Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance (ISR). This research discusses several utilizations and limitations of space technologies in the realm of maritime ISR through use of electronic intelligence, and electro-optical and radar imagery payload sensors. Technological and financial options for nascent and smaller space powers through dual-purpose commercial and civilian space technologies towards sea surveillance are elaborated as well. Finally, from an operational perspective of ISR, the methodology of frame-by-frame mosaicking of satellite images utilizing commercial remote sensing satellites towards space-based maritime ISR is explained using hypothetical scenarios.
{"title":"Space Technology Applications for Maritime Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance","authors":"Zaeem Shabbir, Ali Sarosh, Mahhad Nayyer","doi":"10.1080/14777622.2019.1636634","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14777622.2019.1636634","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Outer space, as the ultimate high ground, offers potential for contributing towards maritime domain awareness, which is dependent on Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance (ISR). This research discusses several utilizations and limitations of space technologies in the realm of maritime ISR through use of electronic intelligence, and electro-optical and radar imagery payload sensors. Technological and financial options for nascent and smaller space powers through dual-purpose commercial and civilian space technologies towards sea surveillance are elaborated as well. Finally, from an operational perspective of ISR, the methodology of frame-by-frame mosaicking of satellite images utilizing commercial remote sensing satellites towards space-based maritime ISR is explained using hypothetical scenarios.","PeriodicalId":35153,"journal":{"name":"Astropolitics","volume":"10 1","pages":"104 - 126"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82155320","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-05-04DOI: 10.1080/14777622.2019.1638679
Naman Khatwani
ABSTRACT The paper examines the intention of the drafters of the Outer Space Treaty regime to advance from the principle of “common province of mankind” and adopt “Common Heritage of Mankind”. In this context, the drafting history of the Moon Agreement, which helps discern the meanings ascribed to Common Heritage of Mankind by various countries, is considered. Moreover, the usage of the term in other realms, such as the deep seabed regime and Antarctica, is essential to understand the concept. The introduction of Common Heritage of Mankind in the United Nations Law of the Sea led to various industrialized developed countries, including the United States, to oppose the law. Hence, the approach was diluted to ensure it converts into a more liberal condition that does not enforce strict mandates on parties to the Law of the Sea. A similar view of states exists with respect to the Moon Agreement resulting to date in only 17 ratifications by states with no spacefaring states among them. Consequently, most states argue that the Common Heritage of Mankind principle in the Moon Agreement is not applicable due to not being party to the agreement. It is also argued that since there is no state practice suggesting opinion juris regarding Common Heritage of Mankind, it is not part of customary international law. The non-inclusion of the principle as a customary norm makes the relevance of Common Heritage of Mankind in the present world debatable and uncertain.
{"title":"Common Heritage of Mankind for Outer Space","authors":"Naman Khatwani","doi":"10.1080/14777622.2019.1638679","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14777622.2019.1638679","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The paper examines the intention of the drafters of the Outer Space Treaty regime to advance from the principle of “common province of mankind” and adopt “Common Heritage of Mankind”. In this context, the drafting history of the Moon Agreement, which helps discern the meanings ascribed to Common Heritage of Mankind by various countries, is considered. Moreover, the usage of the term in other realms, such as the deep seabed regime and Antarctica, is essential to understand the concept. The introduction of Common Heritage of Mankind in the United Nations Law of the Sea led to various industrialized developed countries, including the United States, to oppose the law. Hence, the approach was diluted to ensure it converts into a more liberal condition that does not enforce strict mandates on parties to the Law of the Sea. A similar view of states exists with respect to the Moon Agreement resulting to date in only 17 ratifications by states with no spacefaring states among them. Consequently, most states argue that the Common Heritage of Mankind principle in the Moon Agreement is not applicable due to not being party to the agreement. It is also argued that since there is no state practice suggesting opinion juris regarding Common Heritage of Mankind, it is not part of customary international law. The non-inclusion of the principle as a customary norm makes the relevance of Common Heritage of Mankind in the present world debatable and uncertain.","PeriodicalId":35153,"journal":{"name":"Astropolitics","volume":"3 1","pages":"103 - 89"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73045265","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-05-04DOI: 10.1080/14777622.2019.1636633
Biswanath Gupta, Ekta Rathore
ABSTRACT The launch of Sputnik in 1957 followed by Explorer in 1958 showcased the potential of space and stressed the need for a robust body of law legislating space as beneficial to all states. Following the launches, a series of resolutions by the United Nations’ General Assembly developed the core principles of international space law. This article conducts an analysis of resolutions passed from 1957 to 1967 to understand the genesis of space law principles as reflected in the Outer Space Treaty of 1967. These principles include sovereign equality, peaceful purposes and international cooperation, non-appropriation of space, common heritage of mankind, environmental protection, and how to address non-governmental entities engaged in space activities.
{"title":"United Nations General Assembly Resolutions in the Formation of the Outer Space Treaty of 1967","authors":"Biswanath Gupta, Ekta Rathore","doi":"10.1080/14777622.2019.1636633","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14777622.2019.1636633","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The launch of Sputnik in 1957 followed by Explorer in 1958 showcased the potential of space and stressed the need for a robust body of law legislating space as beneficial to all states. Following the launches, a series of resolutions by the United Nations’ General Assembly developed the core principles of international space law. This article conducts an analysis of resolutions passed from 1957 to 1967 to understand the genesis of space law principles as reflected in the Outer Space Treaty of 1967. These principles include sovereign equality, peaceful purposes and international cooperation, non-appropriation of space, common heritage of mankind, environmental protection, and how to address non-governmental entities engaged in space activities.","PeriodicalId":35153,"journal":{"name":"Astropolitics","volume":"19 1","pages":"77 - 88"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89669906","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-05-04DOI: 10.1080/14777622.2019.1641689
Aleksander M. Lubojemski
ABSTRACT The paper examines the linkage between satellites and the security dilemma. There are currently over 2000 satellites in Earth orbit with various applications ranging from observations, remote sensing, telecommunications, to navigation, among other uses. This multitude of possible usages cause uncertainty concerning intentions and fear in the international system, which leads to security build-ups. This paper first looks at the dual-use nature of satellites and by giving examples, explains what exactly is meant by this. Second, it delves into the theories behind the security dilemma, especially analyzing the differences in theory between offensive and defensive weapons. And third, it builds on the theory concerning the security dilemma to examine how exactly satellites and their dual-use applications affect the dilemma.
{"title":"Satellites and the Security Dilemma","authors":"Aleksander M. Lubojemski","doi":"10.1080/14777622.2019.1641689","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14777622.2019.1641689","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The paper examines the linkage between satellites and the security dilemma. There are currently over 2000 satellites in Earth orbit with various applications ranging from observations, remote sensing, telecommunications, to navigation, among other uses. This multitude of possible usages cause uncertainty concerning intentions and fear in the international system, which leads to security build-ups. This paper first looks at the dual-use nature of satellites and by giving examples, explains what exactly is meant by this. Second, it delves into the theories behind the security dilemma, especially analyzing the differences in theory between offensive and defensive weapons. And third, it builds on the theory concerning the security dilemma to examine how exactly satellites and their dual-use applications affect the dilemma.","PeriodicalId":35153,"journal":{"name":"Astropolitics","volume":"2 1","pages":"127 - 140"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87430610","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-02DOI: 10.1080/14777622.2019.1589996
Ahmad Khan, E. Sadeh
Space is a congested, crowded, and contested domain. This is creating multidimensional strategic competition between the United States and China at the global level, and between China, India, and Pakistan at the regional level in South Asia. In this scenario, understanding space security is instrumental to managing and preventinf potential conflicts in space. Currently, the United States is a global space power with the most advanced space capabilities employed in the pursuit of national security, and civil and economic interests. Recently, China has emerged as a rival global space power. Both states understand the importance of space for achieving their national security goals and objectives. U.S. national space security strategy considers new actors in space as a threat to its space supremacy, leading to U.S. vulnerability in maintaining the present status quo in space. Chinese space ambitions are largely focused on achieving socioeconomic and political objectives, but there is a growing sense of space power projection as a core element of national power. Space relations between China and the United States are characterized by a misperception-misunderstanding dynamic, in addition to space competition that posits implications for international and regional security. At the global level, space is amedium of political, economic, strategic, andmilitary competition. This has impacts on establishing an international code of conduct for peaceful uses of space. Likewise, competition dynamics constrainmultilateral efforts to establish a universally accepted treaty to prohibit the weaponization of space. At the regional level of South Asia, China and India have gained political, economic, and military influence in terms of changing the polarity of the region. This makes South Asia a complex security region where relations between China, India, and Pakistan, as the nuclear powers of South Asia, frame a security trilemma. The security trilemma profoundly impinges upon the space programs of these three states. India has undeniably emerged as a regional space superpower with global ambitions. Likewise, Pakistan is an aspiring space power and, with the help of China, can become a regional space power in the coming years. The changing dynamics of the power structure in South Asia
{"title":"Introduction: Space Power and Security Trilemma in South Asia","authors":"Ahmad Khan, E. Sadeh","doi":"10.1080/14777622.2019.1589996","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14777622.2019.1589996","url":null,"abstract":"Space is a congested, crowded, and contested domain. This is creating multidimensional strategic competition between the United States and China at the global level, and between China, India, and Pakistan at the regional level in South Asia. In this scenario, understanding space security is instrumental to managing and preventinf potential conflicts in space. Currently, the United States is a global space power with the most advanced space capabilities employed in the pursuit of national security, and civil and economic interests. Recently, China has emerged as a rival global space power. Both states understand the importance of space for achieving their national security goals and objectives. U.S. national space security strategy considers new actors in space as a threat to its space supremacy, leading to U.S. vulnerability in maintaining the present status quo in space. Chinese space ambitions are largely focused on achieving socioeconomic and political objectives, but there is a growing sense of space power projection as a core element of national power. Space relations between China and the United States are characterized by a misperception-misunderstanding dynamic, in addition to space competition that posits implications for international and regional security. At the global level, space is amedium of political, economic, strategic, andmilitary competition. This has impacts on establishing an international code of conduct for peaceful uses of space. Likewise, competition dynamics constrainmultilateral efforts to establish a universally accepted treaty to prohibit the weaponization of space. At the regional level of South Asia, China and India have gained political, economic, and military influence in terms of changing the polarity of the region. This makes South Asia a complex security region where relations between China, India, and Pakistan, as the nuclear powers of South Asia, frame a security trilemma. The security trilemma profoundly impinges upon the space programs of these three states. India has undeniably emerged as a regional space superpower with global ambitions. Likewise, Pakistan is an aspiring space power and, with the help of China, can become a regional space power in the coming years. The changing dynamics of the power structure in South Asia","PeriodicalId":35153,"journal":{"name":"Astropolitics","volume":"27 1","pages":"1 - 3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74055231","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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