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Understanding Contemporary Asymmetric Threats 了解当代的不对称威胁
IF 1.4 Q3 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Pub Date : 2018-10-01 DOI: 10.2478/cirr-2018-0013
Nikola Brzica
Abstract In the 21st century, warfare has evolved into a challenge that many countries are ill prepared to face. In contrast to the warfare of yesterday, victory is not defined by defeating an opposing military force, but rather defeating their ability to pursue political objectives by violent, often unconventional, means. Increasingly, these unconventional means are based on asymmetries between the two opposing forces. A plethora of definitions for the term ‘asymmetric conflict’ exist, but they can largely be summarized by a general idea that one side in a conflict, due to its own failings or its opponents’ strength, is unable to achieve its political aims through conventional (i.e. symmetric) military means. Because of this, the weaker side uses new ideas, weapons and tactics in a manner that is not expected, exploiting surprise to undermine the relative strength(s) of their opponent (Lele, 2014). The character of contemporary asymmetric threats can be analyzed through a framework of several key characteristics, which will be described in this paper. Understanding this framework, particularly in light of the horizontal transfer of technology, tactics, organization structure and procedures between emerging asymmetric threats may contribute to better understanding of such threats.
在21世纪,战争已经演变成许多国家都没有准备好面对的挑战。与过去的战争相比,胜利的定义不是击败对方的军事力量,而是击败他们通过暴力,通常是非常规的手段追求政治目标的能力。这些非常规手段越来越多地基于两种对立力量之间的不对称。关于“不对称冲突”的定义有很多,但它们基本上可以概括为一个普遍的想法,即冲突中的一方,由于自己的失败或对手的实力,无法通过传统的(即对称的)军事手段实现其政治目标。正因为如此,较弱的一方以一种意想不到的方式使用新的想法、武器和战术,利用惊喜来破坏对手的相对实力(乐乐,2014)。当代不对称威胁的特征可以通过几个关键特征的框架来分析,这将在本文中描述。理解这一框架,特别是考虑到新出现的不对称威胁之间的技术、战术、组织结构和程序的横向转移,可能有助于更好地理解此类威胁。
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引用次数: 4
Application of Legal Entities to the European Court of Human Rights: a Significant Disadvantage as the Condition of Admissibility 法律实体在欧洲人权法院的适用:作为可受理条件的一个重大不利因素
IF 1.4 Q3 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Pub Date : 2018-10-01 DOI: 10.2478/CIRR-2018-0015
L. Deshko
Abstract This article lists the content and deals with the criteria for assessing the presence or absence of material damage suffered by the applicant to the European Court of Human Rights, the subject of entrepreneurship, as a new condition for the admissibility of an individual application. The article establishes that the list and content of the criteria for assessing the presence or absence of material damage suffered by the applicant to the European Court of Human Rights are different for individuals and for legal entities – business entities. Moreover, the article initiates a discussion on the list and content of these criteria for the subjects of entrepreneurship – the applicants to the European Court of Human Rights. In the light of the Court’s practice, the author reveals their content as well as legal categories such as ‘substantial harm’, ‘financial harm’, ‘pecuniary damage’, ‘non-pecuniary damage’ incurred by the applicant, the subject of entrepreneurship, and highlights the issues to which objectives may be caused by ‘moral harm’ in case of violation of the rights of the subject of entrepreneurship.
摘要本文列举了欧洲人权法院作为创业主体的申请人是否存在实质损害的评估标准,作为个人申请可受理性的新条件。该条规定,评估申请人向欧洲人权法院是否遭受物质损害的标准的清单和内容对个人和法人实体- -商业实体是不同的。此外,该条还开始讨论企业主体- -欧洲人权法院申请人- -这些标准的清单和内容。结合法院的实践,揭示了其内容以及申请人、创业主体所遭受的“实质损害”、“经济损害”、“金钱损害”、“非金钱损害”等法律范畴,并着重指出了在侵犯创业主体权利的情况下,“精神损害”可能造成的目标问题。
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引用次数: 5
Note-taking and Notability: How to Succeed at Legal Doctoral Fieldwork 记笔记与引人注目:如何在法学博士实习中取得成功
IF 1.4 Q3 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Pub Date : 2018-10-01 DOI: 10.2478/cirr-2018-0016
Laura Panadès-Estruch
Abstract Fieldwork is the bridge between academia and practice. Often, this bridge is not crossed due to lack of guidance, time and practical experience. Academics are left on their own to guess what would work best. In facilitating this, this article assesses the methods used in a case study of doctoral fieldwork at the European Parliament within the civil service. Findings include identifying optimum methods to plan, develop and execute doctoral fieldwork. This research is structured in four parts, which covers a literature review on fieldwork in the social sciences, the case study, the methodologies used, and a problem-solving section giving tips to succeed at fieldwork. Findings include a selection of methodologies which include participant observation and note-taking. These methodologies assist in improving skills such as time management, working under high pressure and delivering quality reports with attention to detail, which are fundamental for a successful academic career. The experience covered in this article will assist academics in designing their fieldworks at all levels of their careers. The methods described are transferrable to fieldworks across legal, political and policy-making institutions.
田野调查是联系学术和实践的桥梁。通常,由于缺乏指导、时间和实践经验,人们无法跨越这条桥。学者们只能自己猜测什么是最好的。为了促进这一点,本文评估了在公务员欧洲议会博士实地工作的案例研究中使用的方法。研究结果包括确定计划、发展和执行博士实地工作的最佳方法。本研究分为四个部分,其中包括社会科学领域田野调查的文献综述、案例研究、使用的方法,以及解决问题的部分,给出了在田野调查中取得成功的技巧。调查结果包括对方法的选择,其中包括参与观察和记录。这些方法有助于提高技能,如时间管理,在高压下工作,并提供高质量的报告,注重细节,这是一个成功的学术生涯的基础。本文所涵盖的经验将有助于学者在其职业生涯的各个阶段设计他们的实地工作。所描述的方法可转移到法律、政治和决策机构的实地工作中。
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引用次数: 1
Camouflaged Culture: The ‘Discursive Journey’ of the EU’s Cultural Programmes 伪装的文化:欧盟文化计划的“探索之旅”
IF 1.4 Q3 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Pub Date : 2018-06-01 DOI: 10.2478/cirr-2018-0008
Bjarki Valtysson
Abstract This article inspects discursive shifts in the EU’s cultural policy and how these relate to the four ‘generations’ of EU cultural programmes: Raphaël, Ariane, Kaleidoscope; Culture 2000; Culture 2007; and the current Creative Europe programme. This paper therefore accounts for a ‘discursive journey’ that started in the 1970s and culminated with Article 128 in the Maastricht Treaty, which formally constituted the EU’s cultural policy. The article reveals that there can be detected certain shifts in discourses concerning the EU’s cultural programmes, but these shifts are aligned to older discourses within the cultural sector which, prior to the Maastricht Treaty, applied implicit cultural interventions. These therefore represented ‘camouflaged’ cultural understanding and appliances, which were instrumental and promoted economically and politically induced discourses. The major shift detected in the recent Creative Europe programme is a step away from discourses that facilitate the political construction of a ‘people’s Europe’, thereby utilising further discourses that promote aims which adhere to the Union’s Europe 2020 Strategy for smart, sustainable and inclusive growth.
摘要本文考察了欧盟文化政策的话语转变,以及这些转变与四代欧盟文化计划的关系:拉斐尔、阿丽亚娜、万花筒;文化2000;文化2007;以及目前的创意欧洲计划。因此,本文描述了一段始于20世纪70年代的“话语之旅”,并以《马斯特里赫特条约》第128条而告终,该条正式构成了欧盟的文化政策。这篇文章揭示了在关于欧盟文化计划的话语中可以发现某些变化,但这些变化与文化部门内部的旧话语一致,在《马斯特里赫特条约》之前,文化部门采用了隐含的文化干预。因此,这些代表了“伪装的”文化理解和工具,它们在经济和政治上起到了促进作用。在最近的创意欧洲计划中发现的主要转变是,远离了促进“人民的欧洲”政治建设的话语,从而利用进一步的话语来促进符合欧盟2020年欧洲战略的目标,实现智能、可持续和包容性增长。
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引用次数: 2
From Inconsistencies to Contingencies -Understanding Policy Complexity of Novi Sad 2021 European Capital of Culture 从矛盾到偶然——了解诺维萨德2021年欧洲文化之都的政策复杂性
IF 1.4 Q3 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Pub Date : 2018-06-01 DOI: 10.2478/cirr-2018-0010
G. Tomka, Višnja Kisić
Abstract The case of Novi Sad European Capital of Culture 2021 (NS2021), in which various rationales of cultural policy (local, national, supranational) thread a complex web of political interactions, brings interesting challenges to the theoretical landscape of cultural policy research. We start with the analysis of the Bidbook NS2021 as a cultural policy text, discussing its inconsistencies and ambiguities. Then we study the context and the policy process through participant observation and interviews with key authors. We find that the policy-making process is best explained as contingent - meaning that it is dependent on the historical discourses, demands of the specific policy genre, external requirements and internal pressures, and individual agencies and accidents. In the concluding section, we discuss theoretical and methodological implications that policy contingency poses to cultural policy studies.
以诺维萨德2021年欧洲文化之都(NS2021)为例,文化政策的各种基本原理(地方、国家、超国家)贯穿了一个复杂的政治互动网络,给文化政策研究的理论景观带来了有趣的挑战。我们首先分析Bidbook NS2021作为文化政策文本,讨论其不一致性和模糊性。然后,我们通过参与观察和对主要作者的访谈来研究背景和政策过程。我们发现,政策制定过程最好被解释为偶然的——这意味着它取决于历史话语、特定政策类型的要求、外部要求和内部压力,以及个别机构和事故。在结论部分,我们讨论了政策偶然性对文化政策研究的理论和方法意义。
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引用次数: 3
European Union and Challenges of Cultural Policies: Critical Perspectives. An Introduction 欧盟与文化政策的挑战:批判的视角。介绍
IF 1.4 Q3 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Pub Date : 2018-06-01 DOI: 10.2478/cirr-2018-0007
Jaka Primorac, Aleksandra Uzelac, Paško Bilić
Abstract This introductory article contextually frames the contributions to the special issue gathering articles critically addressing the key questions and challenges that the European Union (EU) and national cultural policies are facing in the 21st century. Interdisciplinary contributions in this special issue point to the diverse understandings of culture, the complexity of the EU governance system, and the discrepancy and mismatch of the national and EU levels that regulate the field of culture. The authors detect the inconsistent development strategies on different policy levels, and point to the democratic deficits of the EU governance system and EU policies. Selected contributions address a further focal shift of EU culture policies toward an economistic orientation to culture, while others address the need for a more critical approach that moves beyond predominantly positivistic and normative approaches to cultural policy research in Europe.
这篇介绍性的文章从背景上构建了对特刊的贡献,收集了批判性地解决21世纪欧盟(EU)和国家文化政策面临的关键问题和挑战的文章。本期特刊的跨学科贡献指出了对文化的不同理解,欧盟治理体系的复杂性,以及规范文化领域的国家和欧盟层面的差异和不匹配。作者在不同的政策层面上发现了不一致的发展战略,并指出了欧盟治理体系和欧盟政策的民主赤字。部分文章论述了欧盟文化政策进一步向文化经济取向转变,而其他文章则论述了欧洲文化政策研究需要一种超越实证主义和规范方法的更具批判性的方法。
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引用次数: 3
Internal and External Factors in the Development of a Network Organization in the Arts: Case Study of Društvo Asociacija 艺术界网络组织发展的内外部因素:以Društvo协会为例
IF 1.4 Q3 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Pub Date : 2018-06-01 DOI: 10.2478/cirr-2018-0011
A. Srakar
Abstract Network organizations in the arts have recently received substantial discussion in cultural policy research. Yet, very seldom have they been empirically modeled. We analyze development of Društvo Asociacija, the umbrella network of nongovernmental organizations and freelancers in culture and the arts in Slovenia between 2004–2017. Using mediation analysis, we observe two breakpoint periods in the development of the network and explore if they were the effects of internal, organizationally related factors or the mere response to external, macroeconomic changes. Our findings demonstrate the importance of internal decisions of the organization which have a self-standing, but not a mediating effect to the consequences of external factors like financial crises. This has an important consequence for European cultural policies as it shows to which extent network organizations in the arts should be supported directly and to which manner their condition is just a consequence of the changes in their external environment.
摘要艺术领域的网络组织最近在文化政策研究中受到了大量的讨论。然而,很少对它们进行实证建模。我们分析了2004年至2017年间斯洛文尼亚文化和艺术领域非政府组织和自由职业者的伞式网络Društvo Asociacija的发展情况。使用中介分析,我们观察了网络发展中的两个断点期,并探讨它们是内部组织相关因素的影响,还是仅仅是对外部宏观经济变化的反应。我们的研究结果表明了组织内部决策的重要性,这些决策具有独立性,但对金融危机等外部因素的后果没有中介作用。这对欧洲文化政策有着重要的影响,因为它表明了艺术领域的网络组织应该在多大程度上得到直接支持,以及它们的状况在多大意义上只是外部环境变化的结果。
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引用次数: 1
The Impact of the European Union on Cultural Policy in Malta 欧盟对马耳他文化政策的影响
IF 1.4 Q3 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Pub Date : 2018-06-01 DOI: 10.2478/cirr-2018-0009
Karsten Xuereb
Abstract This paper will address the impact of the European Union (EU) on cultural policy development in Malta. The attention paid by the EU to globalising matters through culture, particularly i) citizenship participation in relation to social integration, ii) economic revival through urban regeneration, and iii) cultural diplomacy with regard to internationalisation efforts, is acknowledged and assessed through a focus on recent Maltese cultural practice. Impact will be assessed in relation to a) policy as well as legislation, b) funding structures and incentives, and c) implementation measures through initiatives taken by Maltese public cultural institutions. Convergences and divergences in comparison with key EU strategic actions will be discussed, with reference made to major legislative documents, funding programmes, and cultural projects undertaken by Maltese authorities and other cultural stakeholders in response or in relation to European developments.
摘要本文将探讨欧盟(EU)对马耳他文化政策发展的影响。欧盟通过文化对全球化问题的关注,特别是i)与社会融合有关的公民参与,ii)通过城市复兴实现经济复兴,以及iii)与国际化努力有关的文化外交,通过关注马耳他最近的文化实践得到了承认和评估。将评估以下方面的影响:a)政策和立法,b)资金结构和激励措施,以及c)通过马耳他公共文化机构采取的举措实施措施。将讨论与欧盟关键战略行动相比的趋同和分歧,并参考马耳他当局和其他文化利益攸关方为应对或与欧洲发展相关而实施的主要立法文件、资助计划和文化项目。
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引用次数: 5
Isolate or Engage: Adversarial States, U.S. Foreign Policy, and Public Diplomacy 孤立或介入:敌对国家、美国外交政策和公共外交
IF 1.4 Q3 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Pub Date : 2018-05-07 DOI: 10.5860/choice.194202
K. Ayhan
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引用次数: 5
Right of Access to Supreme Courts in Light of the Guarantees under Article 6 § 1 of the Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (civil aspect) 根据《人权和基本自由公约》第6条第1款的保证向最高法院申诉的权利(民事方面)
IF 1.4 Q3 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Pub Date : 2018-05-07 DOI: 10.2478/cirr-2018-0004
Nikolina Katić, Matea Bašić, Morana Briški
Abstract Right of access to a court, enshrined in Article 6 § 1 of the European Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms forms one of the basis for reinforcement of the principle of rule of law. However, the right of access to a court may be limited by provisions of national legislation regulating the functioning of the judicial system and rules of judicial procedure. The higher the hierarchy of the court, the more limits may be placed on the right of access to it. The aim of this article is to examine the different modalities of organisation of supreme judiciaries in European countries (members of the Council of Europe) and mechanisms established in national legislation for filtering applications to those jurisdictions in civil cases, in light of the principles set forth in that regard by the ever evolving case-law of the European Court of Human Rights, and the effects of its judgments and decisions on national legal systems.
《欧洲人权与基本自由公约》第6条第1款规定的诉诸法院的权利是加强法治原则的基础之一。但是,向法院申诉的权利可能受到有关司法制度运作和司法程序规则的国家立法规定的限制。法院的等级越高,对进入法院的权利的限制就越多。本文的目的是研究欧洲国家(欧洲委员会成员国)最高司法机构的不同组织模式,以及根据欧洲人权法院不断发展的判例法所规定的原则,在国家立法中建立的过滤民事案件适用于这些司法管辖区的机制,以及欧洲人权法院的判决和决定对国家法律体系的影响。
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引用次数: 1
期刊
Croatian International Relations Review
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