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Olympic Diplomacy and the Emerging States: Striving for Influence in the Multipolar World 奥林匹克外交与新兴国家:在多极世界中争取影响力
IF 1.4 Q3 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Pub Date : 2017-09-20 DOI: 10.1515/cirr-2017-0015
Đana Luša
Abstract The world of sports is a reflection of the world of politics. It is becoming increasingly multipolar with the emerging states hosting mega sporting events. Firstly, the article problematizes the concept of multipolarity and, secondly, globalisation by questioning whether the Olympic Games reinforce national identities and promote national interests by using Olympic diplomacy as a soft power tool. In doing so, the article explores the correlation between the changes in international affairs and the hosting of and participation at the Olympic Games by emerging states such as Brazil, China and Russia. The analysis distinguishes globalisation from the role of the nation-state, by highlighting the evident differences between emerging states in terms of hosting the Games, but also takes into consideration geopolitical and geo-economic parameters.
体育世界是政治世界的反映。随着新兴国家举办大型体育赛事,它正变得越来越多极。首先,文章质疑了多极和全球化的概念,质疑奥运会是否通过将奥运外交作为软实力工具来强化国家身份和促进国家利益。在这样做的过程中,文章探讨了国际事务的变化与巴西、中国和俄罗斯等新兴国家举办和参加奥运会之间的相关性。该分析通过强调新兴国家在举办奥运会方面的明显差异,将全球化与民族国家的作用区分开来,但也考虑到了地缘政治和地缘经济参数。
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引用次数: 3
SWOT Analysis and Related Countermeasures for Croatia to Explore the Chinese Tourist Source Market 克罗地亚开拓中国客源市场的SWOT分析及对策
IF 1.4 Q3 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Pub Date : 2017-08-24 DOI: 10.1515/CIRR-2017-0012
Wang Qian
Abstract Croatia is a land endowed with rich and diversified natural and cultural tourist resources. Traveling around Croatia, I was stunned by its beauty. However, I noticed that there were few Chinese tourists in Croatia. How can we bring more Chinese tourists to Croatia? How can we make them happy and comfortable in Croatia? And, at the same time, how can we avoid polluting this tract of pure land? Based on first-hand research work, I make a SWOT analysis of the Chinese tourist source market of Croatia and put forward related countermeasures from the perspective of a native Chinese. The positioning of tourism in Croatia should be ingeniously packaged. I recommend developing diversified and specialized tourist products, various marketing and promotional activities, simple and flexible visa policies and regulations, and other related measures to further explore the Chinese tourist source market of Croatia.
克罗地亚是一个拥有丰富多样的自然和文化旅游资源的国家。在克罗地亚旅行时,我被它的美丽惊呆了。但是,我注意到克罗地亚的中国游客很少。如何吸引更多中国游客到克罗地亚旅游?我们怎样才能让他们在克罗地亚感到快乐和舒适?同时,如何避免污染这片净土呢?在第一手研究工作的基础上,我对克罗地亚的中国客源市场进行了SWOT分析,并从一个中国人的角度提出了相应的对策。克罗地亚旅游业的定位应该巧妙地包装起来。我建议开发多样化、专业化的旅游产品,开展多样化的营销推广活动,制定简单灵活的签证政策法规等相关措施,进一步开拓克罗地亚的中国客源市场。
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引用次数: 4
Towards a Balanced Synergy of Visions and Interests: Latvia’s Perspectives in 16+1 and Belt and Road Initiatives 拉脱维亚对“16+1”和“一带一路”倡议的看法
IF 1.4 Q3 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Pub Date : 2017-08-24 DOI: 10.1515/cirr-2017-0006
Andris Sprūds
Abstract The article analyses China’s 16+1 and Belt and Road initiatives from Latvia’s perspective. Although the initiatives provide engagement on a large scale, it is challenging to achieve the task of achieving a synergy between a variety of stakeholders and interests in the context of a diversity of visions and agendas. The strategic dimension of transcontinental initiatives complicates further the building of synergy. Connectivity is an important and promising principle of both initiatives and transcontinental infrastructural linkages are especially high on the agenda. Mutually beneficial progress, however, must yet be achieved. In times of uncertainty, Central and Eastern European countries, including Latvia, are engaged in a balancing process of potential economic benefits and strategic implications of the 16+1 and Belt and Road initiatives.
文章从拉脱维亚的角度分析了中国16+1和“一带一路”倡议。尽管这些举措提供了大规模的参与,但在各种愿景和议程的背景下,实现各种利益攸关方和利益攸关方之间的协同作用是一项具有挑战性的任务。跨洲倡议的战略层面使建立协同作用进一步复杂化。连通性是这两项倡议的一项重要且有希望的原则,跨洲基础设施联系在议程上尤为重要。然而,还必须取得互利的进展。在不确定的时期,包括拉脱维亚在内的中欧和东欧国家正在平衡16+1和“一带一路”倡议的潜在经济利益和战略影响。
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引用次数: 12
The Baltic Sea Macro-Regional Transport Cluster as an Element of the Silk Road Economic Belt 作为丝绸之路经济带组成部分的波罗的海宏观区域运输集群
IF 1.4 Q3 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Pub Date : 2017-08-24 DOI: 10.1515/cirr-2017-0008
Olga Nežerenko, O. Koppel
Abstract This article analyzes the opportunities of the Chinese initiative “One Belt, One Road”, for the development of the Baltic Sea macro-region (BSR), as a single transport cluster. One of the objectives of the initiative is to strengthen transport linkages from the Pacific Ocean to the Baltic Sea Region. Thus, the contemporary macro-regional approach to the development of EU macro-regions can provide an additional impulse to the creation of formal macro-regional inter-cooperation, via in this case, the project that will advance the transport infrastructure of the region. This study examines the situation of the railway sector in the BSR in the period 2004–2015, through hierarchical cluster analysis, to identify countries with similar trends in cargo flow turnover. Taking into account the favorable geographical position of Poland, its transport performance and advanced (in comparison to other Baltic Sea region countries) relations with China, it is concluded that Poland’s conditions are more suitable to promote economic integration with its closest neighbors – the Baltic countries-through the creation of formal macro-regional railway transport within the Rail Baltic project.
摘要本文分析了中国“一带一路”倡议对波罗的海宏观区域(BSR)发展的机遇,作为一个单一的运输集群。该倡议的目标之一是加强从太平洋到波罗的海区域的运输联系。因此,欧盟宏观区域发展的当代宏观区域方法可以通过推进该地区交通基础设施的项目,为建立正式的宏观区域间合作提供额外的推动力。本研究通过层次聚类分析,考察了2004-2005年期间BSR中铁路部门的情况,以确定货物流量周转趋势相似的国家。考虑到波兰有利的地理位置、运输性能以及与中国的先进关系(与波罗的海地区其他国家相比),得出的结论是,波兰的条件更适合通过在波罗的海铁路项目中建立正式的宏观区域铁路运输来促进与其最亲密的邻国波罗的海国家的经济一体化。
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引用次数: 4
The Challenge of Different Perceptions on the Belt and Road Initiative 对“一带一路”不同认识的挑战
IF 1.4 Q3 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Pub Date : 2017-08-01 DOI: 10.1515/cirr-2017-0011
Ma Junchi
Abstract This article1 focuses on the perceptions of the Chinese and its partners on the Belt and Road Initiative. The author summarizes the existing foreign opinions about the initiative, one “inequality” of the market, three goals that China wants to achieve and two ways in which China wants to create domestic stability. In fact, the difference between foreign and Chinese perceptions is based on the relative national condition of the two sides, the perception of great powers, and the combination of domestic needs and foreign policy. Finally, the author points out that there are three paradoxes which exist in the differences between China and its partners, which is the biggest challenge of the Belt and Road Initiative.
本文主要探讨中国及其合作伙伴对“一带一路”倡议的看法。作者总结了国外已有的关于“一带一路”的观点,一个市场的“不平等”,中国想要实现的三个目标,以及中国想要创造国内稳定的两种方式。实际上,中外认知的差异是基于双方的相对国情、大国认知以及国内需求与外交政策的结合。最后,作者指出,中国与合作伙伴之间的差异存在三个悖论,这是“一带一路”倡议面临的最大挑战。
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引用次数: 12
China-CEEC Cooperation: China’s Building of a New Type of International Relations 中国与中东欧国家合作:构建新型国际关系的中国
IF 1.4 Q3 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Pub Date : 2017-08-01 DOI: 10.1515/cirr-2017-0005
Liu Zuokui
Abstract The article analyzes how the 16+1 Cooperation promotes the Chinese new type of international relations from four perspectives: firstly, the “16+1 Cooperation” insists on not rejecting third parties and promotes the idea of open and inclusive international cooperation; Secondly, the cooperation framework adheres to the principle of mutually-beneficial and win-win cooperation, and proposes to wisely handle differences and divergences; Thirdly, this framework never engages in zero-sum games, instead, it fully respects and closely watches the core interests and major concerns of the relevant parties; Fourthly, it is committed to creating a cooperative platform through consultation, to meet the interests of all. The article also makes an analysis of the challenges facing 16+1 Cooperation and gives some suggestions.
本文从四个方面分析了“16+1合作”对中国新型国际关系的推动作用:一是“16+1合作”坚持不排斥第三方,倡导开放包容的国际合作理念;第二,合作框架坚持互利共赢的原则,主张明智处理分歧和分歧;第三,这一框架不搞零和游戏,而是充分尊重和关注有关各方的核心利益和重大关切;第四,致力于打造共商共建合作平台,实现各方利益共赢。文章还分析了“16+1合作”面临的挑战,并提出了一些建议。
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引用次数: 9
China’s Belt and Road Initiative Extension to Central and Eastern European Countries - Sixteen Nations, Five Summits, Many Challenges 中国“一带一路”倡议延伸至中东欧国家——16国、5次峰会、诸多挑战
IF 1.4 Q3 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Pub Date : 2017-08-01 DOI: 10.1515/cirr-2017-0007
Marsela Musabelliu
Abstract The Belt and Road Initiative proclaimed by President Xi in 2013, a strategy developed by the Chinese government, is very important to China but is not confined to China. In order for the initiative to be successful it needs to be embraced by the countries on the terrestrial and maritime route indicated in the plan. In the late 1980s Deng Xiaoping proposed to integrate Socialism with Chinese Characteristics (Zhongguo Tese Shehui Zhuyi, ) into global capitalism and in the 1990s the Jiang Zemin leadership initiated the Going out policy (Zouchuqu Zhanlue, ) – the current Belt and Road Initiative is China’s continuation in implementing those policies into actual deeds. China’s accession to WTO in 2001 marked China’s full integration into the global economy and since then the People’s Republic of China (PRC) has become the largest trading partner for more than 180 countries. The Xi-Li administration has been extremely proactive since it was established in 2012; from that year on, Chinese behavior in international affairs has gained an ever-growing role as a forger of economic and diplomatic ties between countries. The primary example of this behavior is the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). As every serious foreign policy plan, the BRI is an accumulation of various other initiatives. For example, the cooperation mechanism “16+1”, with which the PRC has approached Central and Eastern European Countries (CEEC), can be integrated under the BRI. This paper analizes the “16+1” China-CEEC cooperation mechanism in the context of the bigger BRI initiative, and tries to comprehend the economic and political factors intertwined with its implementation.
摘要Xi主席在2013年宣布的“一带一路”倡议倡议是中国政府制定的一项战略,对中国非常重要,但并不局限于中国。为了使这一举措取得成功,计划中所示的陆地和海上路线上的国家需要接受这一举措。20世纪80年代末,邓小平提出将中国特色社会主义融入全球资本主义,20世纪90年代,江泽民领导层提出“走出去”政策(邹初渠,)——当前的“一带一路”倡议是中国将这些政策落实到实际行动中的延续。中国于2001年加入世贸组织,标志着中国全面融入全球经济,自那时以来,中华人民共和国已成为180多个国家的最大贸易伙伴。西丽政府自2012年成立以来一直非常积极主动;从那一年起,中国在国际事务中的行为越来越成为国家间经济和外交关系的推动者。这种行为的主要例子是“一带一路”倡议倡议。作为每一项严肃的外交政策计划,“一带一路”倡议都是其他各种倡议的积累。例如,中华人民共和国与中东欧国家接触的“16+1”合作机制可以纳入“一带一路”倡议。本文将“16+1”中国-中东欧国家合作机制放在更大的“一带一路”倡议背景下进行分析,试图理解其实施过程中交织的经济和政治因素。
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引用次数: 15
Using Patent Development, Education Policy and Research and Development Expenditure Policy to Increase Technological Competitiveness of Small European Union Member States 利用专利开发、教育政策和研发支出政策提高欧盟小成员国的技术竞争力
IF 1.4 Q3 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Pub Date : 2017-08-01 DOI: 10.1515/cirr-2017-0009
S. Ferraro, P. Dutt, T. Kerikmäe
Abstract The Chinese Belt and Road Initiative will open new trade routes between China and the European Union (EU) and increase competition pressures on smaller EU member states. This article ranks where states like Estonia stand internationally in terms of innovativeness (and consequent competitiveness) by conducting an econometric study of patent development, education policy and research and development (R&D) expenditure policy. The authors claim that small member states such as Estonia should follow the example of countries such as Germany and adopt policies which focus more on increased public spending on R&D and innovation in public universities of science and technology, and raise support for high tech startups with a strong focus on international patenting. Member States must go further and subsidise R&D activities by focusing, inter alia, on filing of foreign patents such as triadic patents.
摘要中国“一带一路”倡议倡议将为中国和欧盟开辟新的贸易路线,并增加欧盟较小成员国的竞争压力。本文通过对专利开发、教育政策和研发支出政策进行计量经济学研究,对爱沙尼亚等国在创新性(以及由此产生的竞争力)方面的国际地位进行了排名。作者声称,爱沙尼亚等小成员国应该效仿德国等国,采取更加注重增加公立科技大学研发和创新公共支出的政策,并加大对高科技初创企业的支持力度,重点关注国际专利。成员国必须更进一步,通过集中精力申请外国专利(如三元专利)来补贴研发活动。
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引用次数: 16
The Security Challenges of the “One Belt, One Road” Initiative and China’s Choices “一带一路”倡议的安全挑战与中国的选择
IF 1.4 Q3 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Pub Date : 2017-08-01 DOI: 10.1515/cirr-2017-0010
Haiquan Liu
Abstract The Silk Road Economic Belt and the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road initiatives (“One Belt, One Road”) are of significance in enhancing China’s open economy. This article explores the dual security challenges faced by the “One Belt, One Road” initiative. These challenges include both traditional security challenges, such as great power competition, territorial and island disputes, and political turmoil in the region, as well as non-traditional threats such as terrorism, piracy, and transnational organized crime. This article analyzes the present situation of security cooperation in the region covered by “One Belt, One Road” and also suggests that China needs to pay special attention to three issues, namely the supply of public security goods, the interests of the United States and Russia, and the pivot of Pakistan, besides developing its own strength.
摘要丝绸之路经济带和21世纪海上丝绸之路倡议(“一带一路”)对加强中国开放型经济具有重要意义。本文探讨了“一带一路”倡议面临的双重安全挑战。这些挑战既包括大国竞争、领土和岛屿争端、该地区政治动荡等传统安全挑战,也包括恐怖主义、海盗和跨国有组织犯罪等非传统威胁。本文分析了“一带一路”区域安全合作的现状,提出中国在发展自身实力的同时,还需要特别关注公共安全产品的供给、美俄利益和巴基斯坦的支点三个问题。
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引用次数: 36
The Struggle of Benchmarking and Ranking Gender Equality: The Case of the European Institute for Gender Equality 性别平等的基准和排名之争——以欧洲性别平等研究所为例
IF 1.4 Q3 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Pub Date : 2017-03-01 DOI: 10.1515/cirr-2017-0001
Veronika Valkovičová
Abstract The aim of this article is to explore the conceptualisation of benchmarking, ranking and good practice sharing tools within European Union gender equality policymaking. In the first part, the article looks at these soft law measures applied within intergovernmental cooperation. Stemming from the extensive body of literature, the study approaches these measures as a form of scientific knowledge, which is diversely applied within policymaking. Next, the article directs various points of criticism at these policymaking tools through different variables that may hinder knowledge use. The second section of this article further focuses on the Open Method of Coordination and the role of the European Institute for Gender Equality (EIGE) in relation to gender equality policies. The empirical part of this article is focused on the criticism of EIGE’s External Evaluation Report and the different conceptualisations of scientific knowledge use which are presented within this audit document. As such, this article aims to contribute to a new conceptualisation of the technocratic tools of benchmarking, ranking and good practice sharing within the highly ideological area of gender equality policies.
摘要本文旨在探讨欧盟性别平等政策制定中基准、排名和良好做法共享工具的概念。在第一部分中,文章探讨了在政府间合作中适用的这些软法律措施。该研究源于大量文献,将这些措施视为科学知识的一种形式,在决策中得到了不同的应用。接下来,文章通过可能阻碍知识使用的不同变量,将不同的批评点指向这些决策工具。本文的第二节进一步侧重于公开协调方法以及欧洲两性平等研究所在两性平等政策方面的作用。本文的实证部分侧重于对EIGE外部评估报告的批评,以及本审计文件中对科学知识使用的不同概念。因此,本文旨在促进在高度意识形态化的性别平等政策领域内,对基准、排名和良好做法共享的技术官僚工具进行新的概念化。
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引用次数: 1
期刊
Croatian International Relations Review
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